Promising Candidates For Tissue Engineering Research Articles

Photocrosslinked Silk Fibroin Microgel Scaffolds for Biomedical Applications

AbstractSilk fibroin hydrogels are extensively explored for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine as an artificial extracellular matrix (ECM) that can support tissue growth. However, the nanometer pore size of hydrogels limits adequate cell, tissue, and vascular infiltration. Microgel scaffolds are an emerging class of microporous biomaterials formed by annealing small microscale hydrogels (microgels) into a 3D construct. In this work, silk microgels are generated using a microfluidic device that allows tuning of the microgel diameter (100–400 µm) and are stabilized via visible light‐initiated photo‐crosslinking of native tyrosine residues in silk. Microgels are then covalently annealed using silk solution as glue and the same cytocompatible visible light‐initiated crosslinking to form microgel scaffolds. Unlike the nano‐porosity of bulk photo‐crosslinked silk hydrogels, the microgel scaffolds have an average pore diameter of 29 ± 17 or 192 ± 81 µm depending on the microgel size, with enhanced mechanical properties compared to bulk hydrogels. This microporosity supports enhanced cell spreading and proliferation in vitro and increases scaffold remodeling in vivo, encouraging improved tissue infiltration and matrix deposition. The microgel size and material format also affect inflammatory responses in vivo. This work demonstrates that silk microgels and microgel scaffolds are promising candidates for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine applications.

Effect of incorporation of star‐shaped polycaprolactone on structure‐properties relationship of chitosan‐based networks via urethane/urea linkage

AbstractA chitosan‐based network was fabricated using hexamethylene diisocyanate as a crosslinking agent. The effect was investigated of incorporating star‐shaped polycaprolactone (stPCL) into chitosan‐based networks (CS/stPCL), where the stPCL content varied from 10 to 50 wt%. Quantitative analyses of the urethane/urea linkages and of the stPCL content in the networks were determined based on curve fitting and Soxhlet extraction, respectively. The optimum weight ratio was 80:20 for CS and stPCL (80CS20stPCL), with the highest urethane/urea linkages and stPCL content in the network (30.73%). The compressive testing and rheological analysis indicated that incorporating stPCL enhanced the compressive strength and rheological properties of the chitosan‐based network. In addition, the 3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyl‐2H‐tetrazolium bromide assay of the CS/stPCL network had a cell viability percentage greater than 70%. The CS/stPCL network promoted the formation of an apatite layer on the surface, indicating that the CS/stPCL network could be a promising candidate for tissue engineering.

Biogenic Selenium Nanoparticles Loaded Alginate-Gelatin Scaffolds for Potential Tissue Engineering Applications

Selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) were reported for its anticancer and antimicrobial properties. Alginate and gelatin scaffolds can act as an important biomaterial, more specifically in bone tissue engineering. Green synthesis of SeNPs from Luffa cylindrica (LC) and loading of SeNPS with alginate-gelatin scaffold and to check its biocompatibility. The SeNPs were prepared via the green synthesis method and loaded into an alginate-gelatin scaffold. Characterization studies such as UV-Vis spectroscopy, FTIR, and SEM were carried out in LC-SeNPs and Se-NPs loaded scaffold. The hydrophilicity of the scaffolds was determined using water contact angle measurements. Annexin V PI assay was conducted to determine the biocompatible nature of prepared SeNPs-loaded alginate-gelatin scaffolds. The UV-VIS spectrum gave an intense peak at 266 and 384 nm, whereas the FTIR gave a strong peak at 3500-500 cm-1 fingerprint regions. SEM images showed flower-shaped LC-SeNPs and their distribution of SeNPs on the surface of alginate-gelatin scaffolds. water contact angle measurement was found to be 29.21°. Cell viability results showed 78.11% viable cells following treatment with alg-gel-Se scaffold, revealing its biocompatibility towards peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Overall, it could be concluded that the SeNP-loaded alg-gel scaffold is a promising candidate for tissue engineering, but further studies are required to confirm its potential role. Keywords- Selenium nanoparticles, Alginate-gelatin scaffolds, tissue engineering, biocompatibility.

Poly(Vinyl Alcohol)/Bovine Serum Albumin Hybrid Hydrogels with Tunable Mechanical Properties.

In this study, a new strategy was adopted for obtaining polymer/protein hybrid hydrogels with shape stability and tunable mechanical or rheological characteristics by using non-toxic procedures. A chemical network was created using a poly(vinyl alcohol)(PVA)/bovine serum albumin (BSA) mixture in aqueous solution in the presence of genipin and reduced glutathione (GSH). Then, a second physical network was formed through PVA after applying freezing/thawing cycles. In addition, the protein macromolecules formed intermolecular disulfide bridges in the presence of GSH. In these conditions, multiple crosslinked networks were obtained, determining the strengthening and stiffening into relatively tough porous hydrogels with tunable viscoelasticity and a self-healing ability. A SEM analysis evidenced the formation of networks with interconnected pores of sizes between 20 μm and 50 μm. The mechanical or rheological investigations showed that the hydrogels' strength and response in different conditions of deformation were influenced by the composition and crosslinking procedure. Thus, the dynamics of the hybrid hydrogels can be adjusted to mimic the viscoelastic properties of the native tissues. The dynamic water vapor-sorption ability, swelling behavior in an aqueous environment, and bioadhesive properties were also investigated and are discussed in this paper. The hybrid hydrogels with tunable viscoelasticity can be designed on request, and they are promising candidates for tissue engineering, bioinks, and wound dressing applications.

Fabrication of elliptically constructed liquid crystalline elastomeric scaffolds for 3D artificial tissues

Inspired by the orientation and the fibrous structure of human muscle tissues, we fabricated preconstructed porous liquid crystalline (LC) scaffolds through a two-step polymerization and salt leaching method. A novel strategy combining the aligning properties of LCs and the ease of processing of elastomers for the preparation of elliptical scaffolds for muscle cell culture was proposed in this research. Different from the other types of scaffolds, our biocompatible LC scaffold that can be implanted into the human body using a supporting unit to improve the mechanical properties compared with those of natural muscle. To evaluate the synthesized scaffolds, in vitro experiments using normal human dermal fibroblast (NHDF) cells and smooth muscle cells from rats were carried out, and the sample cells were cultured on each sample scaffold. Based on the results of long-term culture of NHDF cells on the LC scaffolds, it can be confirmed that all three kinds of LC scaffolds have good biocompatibility and provide enough space for cell growth. The addition of gelatin can significantly enhance the biocompatibility of the synthesized scaffolds. Evaluation of scaffold morphologies on cell growth indicates that the molecular arrangement on the scaffolds can induce the growth direction of smooth muscle cells to a certain extent, thereby increasing the formation of highly ordered arrangement tissues. The population doubling time of NHDF cells on the different scaffolds suggest that gelatin can improve the attachment and growth of cells. Investigation of cell viability on LC scaffolds shows that the original LC scaffolds already possess excellent biocompatibility. Additionally, the average cell viability of smooth muscle cells was above 90%, showing that the LC scaffolds in this research are suitable for application in muscle tissue engineering. Based on the results, the gelatin-coated scaffolds are more conducive to the growth of cells in this research and provide promising candidates for tissue engineering in biomedical fields and research fields.

TRPM7 is Involved in the Regulation of Proliferation, Migration and Osteogenic Differentiation of Human Dental Follicle Cells.

Dental follicle cells (DFCs) are promising candidates for tissue engineering. However, the molecular mechanisms that regulate the biological characteristics of DFCs are still unclear. Transient receptor potential melastatin 7 (TRPM7) is a Ca2+- and Mg2+-permeable cation channel. The aim of this study was to determine the impact of TRPM7 on the proliferation, migration and osteogenic differentiation of DFCs. PCR, Western blotting, Immunocytochemical staining and Patch clamp methods were used to identify the gene and protein expression of TRPM7 in DFCs. DFCs were infected with lentiviruses that expressed either TRPM7 specific shRNA or scrambled non-effective shRNA to investigate its functional role. Cell proliferation and migration were assessed using Cell Counting Kit-8 assays and transwell cell culture chambers separately. Cell osteogenic differentiation were determined by ALP assay kit and Alizarin Red staining. Gene and protein expression of TRPM7 were detected in DFCs, but not of TRPM6, which is a closely related channel with similar function. In the absence of Mg2+, typical whole cell TRPM7-like currents were recorded by patch clamp. These were inhibited by low concentrations of 2-APB, but activated by high concentrations of 2-APB. Functional studies demonstrated that suppression of TRPM7 expression inhibited the proliferation and migration of DFCs, and promoted their osteogenic differentiation. Furthermore, Mg2+ deficiency mimicked the effects of TRPM7 knockdown in terms of osteogenic differentiation of DFCs. These results demonstrate that TRPM7 is involved in regulating the proliferation, migration and osteogenic differentiation of DFCs.

Conductive poly(ε‐caprolactone)/polylactic acid scaffolds for tissue engineering applications: Synergy effect of zirconium nanoparticles and polypyrrole

AbstractBiocompatible and electrically conductive porous scaffolds with a desirable hydrophilicity and degradation rate and suitable mechanical performance are highly favorable for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine applications. In this study, we fabricated three‐dimensional (3D) porous bioscaffolds from poly(ε‐caprolactone) and polylactic acid containing different concentrations of zirconia nanoparticles (n‐ZrO2) through freeze‐drying technique. Afterward, the surface of the scaffolds was coated with an electrically conductive layer through in situ polymerization of polypyrrole (PPy) on the samples. Bioscaffolds exhibited a favorable range of mechanical properties and electrical conductivity, meeting the required mechanical performances and conductivity for a broad range of tissue engineering applications. Coating PPy on the scaffolds resulted in significantly higher hydrophilicity and faster biodegradation rate, as well as a noticeable enhancement on the in vitro cell attachment, proliferation, and viability. Our findings indicated that the simultaneous presence of n‐ZrO2 and PPy in the system presents a noticeable synergistic effect in overall properties and introduces the fabricated 3D porous scaffolds as promising candidates for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine applications.

Application of dental stem cells in three-dimensional tissue regeneration.

Dental stem cells can differentiate into different types of cells. Dental pulp stem cells, stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth, periodontal ligament stem cells, stem cells from apical papilla, and dental follicle progenitor cells are five different types of dental stem cells that have been identified during different stages of tooth development. The availability of dental stem cells from discarded or removed teeth makes them promising candidates for tissue engineering. In recent years, three-dimensional (3D) tissue scaffolds have been used to reconstruct and restore different anatomical defects. With rapid advances in 3D tissue engineering, dental stem cells have been used in the regeneration of 3D engineered tissue. This review presents an overview of different types of dental stem cells used in 3D tissue regeneration, which are currently the most common type of stem cells used to treat human tissue conditions.

Electro-deposition synthesis of tube-like collagen–chitosan hydrogels and their biological performance

Electro-deposition is a smart, safe and efficient method for biomaterial manufacturing. Collagen, a functional protein with excellent biocompatibility and biosafety, is a promising candidate for tissue engineering and biomedical applications. However, there are few reports on electro-deposition of biomaterials using collagen without electrically or magnetically active nanoparticles. In this study, electro-deposition was employed to swiftly fabricate tube-like collagen–chitosan hydrogels in a mild environment. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was employed to analyze the ingredients of the tube-like hydrogels. The result showed that the hydrogels contained both collagen and chitosan. The distribution and content of collagen in the hydrogels was further measured by hematoxylin–eosin staining and hydroxyproline titration. Collagen was distributed homogeneously and its content was related to the initial collagen:chitosan ratio. The tension resistance of the composite gels and the thermal stability of collagen in the composites were obviously enhanced by the chitosan doping. Meanwhile, the tube-like hydrogels retained a good ability to promote cell proliferation of collagen. This method offers a convenient approach to the design and fabrication of collagen-based materials, which could effectively retain the bioactivity and biosafety of collagen and furnish a new way to enhance the stability of collagen and the tensile strength of collagen-based materials.

Preparation and Properties of Silk Fibroin Electro Hydrogels via a Low Voltage Electrostatic Field

Protein hydrogels is an important biomaterial for soft tissue repair in biomedical applications. However, the most extracellular matrixes are structured and ordered, the morphology of common hydrogels are of random network structures that impeded their applications in tissue engineering. In this study, silk fibroin hydrogels with different morphologies (i.e., microspheres, regularized beads, nano/micro fibers, intertwined networks, and multi-walls) were prepared under low voltage electrostatic fields by regulating the concentration of silk fibroin solution. Additionally, their stability can be regulated with further processing routes to satisfy the tailored requirements for different applications. Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) provided evidence of the stability of silk fibroin electro materials was tuned by this method effectively. Therefore, these silk fibroin electro hydrogels with various morphologies, high orientation, and stability-regulatable properties provided a promising candidate for tissue engineering.

Characterization of Tissue Engineered Endothelial Cell Networks in Composite Collagen-Agarose Hydrogels.

Scaffolds constitute an important element in vascularized tissues and are therefore investigated for providing the desired mechanical stability and enabling vasculogenesis and angiogenesis. In this study, supplementation of hydrogels containing either MatrigelTM and rat tail collagen I (MatrigelTM/rCOL) or human collagen (hCOL) with SeaPlaqueTM agarose were analyzed with regard to construct thickness and formation and characteristics of endothelial cell (EC) networks compared to constructs without agarose. Additionally, the effect of increased rCOL content in MatrigelTM/rCOL constructs was studied. An increase of rCOL content from 1 mg/mL to 3 mg/mL resulted in an increase of construct thickness by approximately 160%. The high rCOL content, however, impaired the formation of an EC network. The supplementation of MatrigelTM/rCOL with agarose increased the thickness of the hydrogel construct by approximately 100% while supporting the formation of a stable EC network. The use of hCOL/agarose composite hydrogels led to a slight increase in the thickness of the 3D hydrogel construct and supported the formation of a multi-layered EC network compared to control constructs. Our findings suggest that agarose/collagen-based composite hydrogels are promising candidates for tissue engineering of vascularized constructs as cell viability is maintained and the formation of a stable and multi-layered EC network is supported.

Evaluation of New Film Based on Chitosan/Gold Nanocomposites on Antibacterial Property and Wound-Healing Efficacy

Chitosan (CS) is a natural polymer with applications in wound restorations and coatings for artificial implants. However, the lack of antimicrobial activity restricts its further application. Thus, the purpose of this study is to prepare CS/AuNPs film by adding gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) to modify chitosan. Through transmission electron microscopy, we found that the presence of CS can effectively prevent the agglomeration of nanoparticles. Furthermore, through the CCK experiment, we found that AuNPs at a certain concentration can improve the adhesion and proliferation of cells, which has also been proved in animal experiments, including gross appearance, histological observations, and immunofluorescence staining. Such findings support the feasibility of using the film as a promising candidate for tissue engineering of skin in a near future.

Mussel-Inspired Naturally Derived Double-Network Hydrogels and Their Application in 3D Printing: From Soft, Injectable Bioadhesives to Mechanically Strong Hydrogels.

As promising candidates for tissue engineering, hydrogels possess great potential, especially in bioadhesives and load-bearing tissue scaffolds. However, a strategy for synthesizing hydrogels that could achieve the above requirements remains a challenge. Here, a mussel-inspired naturally derived double-network (DN) hydrogel composed of a special combination of two well-characterized natural polymers, hyaluronic acid and alginate, is presented. The key features are its two-step synthesis strategy, which generates injectable and adhesive properties in the first step and then transforms into a DN hydrogel with high mechanical strength and good resilient properties. Based on this strategy, the DN hydrogel could be tamed into a self-supporting three-dimensional (3D) printable bioink. As a rheological modifier, alginate was used to lubricate the covalent cross-linking hydrogels for better extrusion performance. The incorporation of alginate also enhanced the mechanical performance of the soft covalent network by forming reversible alginate-Ca2+ ionic cross-links, which interpenetrate through the outer water-retention scaffold with delicate weblike structures. In vitro cell culture data indicated that our bioink formulation and printing strategy are compatible with human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs).

Rapid expansion of mesenchymal stem/stromal cells using optimized media supplemented with human platelet lysate PLTMax® or PLTGold®, suitable for cGMP expansion at large scale.

Background & Aim Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells (MSCs) are a promising candidate for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine applications due to their capacity of self-renewal and multilineage differentiation, ease of isolation and ability to grow in vitro. They are currently being used in hundreds of clinical trials and have been safely administered to thousands of patients with an expanding body of evidence of therapeutic efficacy. Mill Creek Life Sciences’ PLTMax®, derived from normal human donor platelets, arose as an alternative to FBS to be used as a supplement for in vitro expansion of human cells used in clinical applications. It is the only media supplement to date demonstrating clinical cultures of MSCs with long term genetic fidelity, rapid expansion and potent clinical activity. PLTMax® is being used worldwide in over 30 clinical trials including Phase I, II and III. Our latest product PLTGold®, is a second-generation human platelet lysate that does not require the addition of heparin to remain clot free, thus providing a fully xenogeneic free alternative supplement. Methods, Results & Conclusion In traditional monolayer expansion systems, we have demonstrated growth of adipose derived and bone marrow derived MSCs using an optimized, fully cGMP compliant culture system. We have found that MSC NutriStem® XF Basal Medium (Biological Industries USA, Inc, Cromwell, CT) supplemented with PLTMax® or PLTGold® exceeds the performance of other conventional media products, obtaining up to 5 × 108 cells in only 5 passages (5 times more cells than with other commercially available products). Furthermore, when we use MSC NutriStem® XF Complete Medium supplemented with PLTMax® or PLTGold®, we obtained up to 2 × 1010 cells in only 5 passages (200 times more cells than with other commercially available products). Cells grown in these media maintained MSC phenotype and capacity to undergo differentiation. The effective transfer into the clinic of allogeneic cell therapies using MSCs will depend predominantly on the development of large scale and cost effective manufacturing platforms that allow production of functional cells at the scale required to meet clinical demand. We also present the extension of these studies using this optimized method to evaluate 9 different microcarriers. Together, we will present an optimized protocol for the establishment of large scale expansion of MSCs in bioreactors.

Biocompatibility and biodegradation properties of polycaprolactone/polydioxanone composite scaffolds prepared by blend or co-electrospinning

Electrospun polymer scaffolds are regarded as an ideal tissue engineering scaffold due to similar morphological properties with the native extracellular matrix. Among these, polycaprolactone is widely used to fabricate electrospun fibrous scaffolds due to its excellent biocompatibility, good mechanical properties, and ease of manufacture. However, its low biodegradation rate has a negative influence on its application in tissue engineering scaffold. To address this issue, this study prepared hybrid scaffolds composed of polycaprolactone and polydioxanone (a fast-degrading polyether-ester) via either the blend or co-electrospinning. Subsequently, the structural characteristics, mechanical strength, in vitro/vivo degradation, cellularization, and vascularization of two kinds of hybrid scaffolds were evaluated to decide which method is more suitable for producing tissue engineering scaffolds. The incorporation of polydioxanone increased the mechanical strength of both composite scaffolds. Moreover, co-electrospun scaffolds exhibited improved hydrophilicity compared to blend scaffolds. The results of in vitro and in vivo degradation studies showed that the degradation rate of both composite scaffolds was faster than that of neat polycaprolactone scaffolds due to the incorporated polydioxanone component. Especially in co-electrospun scaffolds, the fast degradation of polydioxanone fiber gave rise to larger pore size, thus leading to faster cellularization and better vascularization compared to blend scaffolds. Therefore, co-electrospinning was demonstrated to be superior to blend electrospinning for the preparation of composite scaffolds. Co-electrospun polycaprolactone–polydioxanone scaffolds may be promising candidates for tissue engineering.

Injectable polyphosphazene/gelatin hybrid hydrogel for biomedical applications

Injectable hydrogels are promising candidates for tissue engineering because of their easy and minimally invasive manipulation, and their ability to mimic the features of the extracellular matrix. Hydrogels developed from water-soluble polyphosphazenes are attractive due to the unique flexibility of phosphazene chemistry. In this study, a photocrosslinkable water-soluble polyphosphazene was synthesized by introducing citronellol with a double bond and hydrophilic diethylene glycol monomethyl ether as cosubstituted side groups; the corresponding hydrogel was obtained by exposing the polyphosphazene aqueous solution to ultraviolet light. Benefiting from the elastic polyphosphazene backbone and the flexible ether side group, the hydrogel exhibited excellent injectability and mechanical stability. To improve the hydrogel's mechanical and biological properties targeting biomedical applications, photocrosslinkable methacrylate gelatin and inorganic calcium phosphate were incorporated. The resulting composite hydrogels were able to retain excellent injectability, deformability and fatigue resistance, and were evaluated to be excellent for biomedical applications via in vitro cell culture and in vivo subcutaneous implantation.

Graphene-based papers as substrates for cell growth: Characterisation and impact on mammalian cells

Graphene based material (GBM) substrates are promising candidates for tissue engineering and as cell scaffolds owing to their outstanding properties that favour cell adhesion and growth. In this study, we report the fabrication and use of different oxidised graphene-based ‘papers’ as substrates for cell culture, using starting materials of different thickness and lateral dimensions. Graphite oxide (GTO) consisted of thicker sheets than the thinner large graphene oxide (l-GO) and small graphene oxide (s-GO) sheets. The ‘papers’ were prepared by vacuum filtration of the material suspensions and characterised by an array of experimental techniques. The substrates were then evaluated for cellular adhesion and proliferation with two epithelial cell lines that differ in their morphologies, the human lung cell culture (A549) model and the human neural cell culture (SH-SY5Y) model using microscopic analysis. Release of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in cell supernatants was measured to assess any cytotoxic responses. Our results revealed that the GO papers had similar physicochemical properties but differing topographies. The papers supported cell growth and no cytotoxicity was observed. These results suggest that substrates based on graphite and graphene oxide papers are suitable biocompatible cellular supports for anchorage-dependent cell growth and can be further explored for tissue engineering, regenerative medicine, substrates for cell growth and bionic applications.

A Biomimetic Emu Oil-Blended Electrospun Nanofibrous Mat for Maintaining Stemness of Adipose Tissue-Derived Stem Cells.

Emu oil (EO) with anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, and wound healing properties can be blended for preparing bioactive nanofibrous scaffold. Adipose tissue-derived stem cells (ADSCs) are promising candidates for tissue engineering, and preserving their stemness potential is vital for further therapeutic applications. The aim of this study was to fabricate EO-blended nanofiber and investigate its effect on proliferation, survival, and stemness preservation of ADSCs. Pure EO composition was characterized using a gas chromatograph mass spectrometer. EO-PCL-polyethylene glycol (PEG) nanofibers were successfully fabricated using an electrospinning technique and characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Cell viability and adhesion were measured using the MTT assay and FE-SEM. Finally, quantitative PCR (qPCR) was used to quantify the expression level of cell cycle regulated genes and pluripotency-associated transcription factors. Findings showed that 20% (w/w) of EO is the optimum oil content in the electrospun solution to achieve good morphology and ultrafine fibers. The relatively high optical densities and FE-SEM images indicated that EO highly supported cell adhesion and proliferation on the matrices. In addition, EO-PCL-PEG electrospun nanofibrous mats significantly upregulated the expression levels of cell cycle regulated genes (Cyclin D1, pRb, and P53) and stemness markers (Nanog, OCT-4, Rex-1, and Sox-2) than PCL-PEG nanofiber and tissue culture polystyrene in 7 and 14 days of cell culture. These results demonstrate that the EO-blended nanofibrous mat can be used as a bioactive scaffold to support cell adhesion and proliferation while simultaneously maintaining the stemness of ADSCs.

Surface modification and characterization of GO/polymer thin coatings as excellent bio-active platforms for tissue regeneration

Osteo-integration and tissue regeneration are vital for the longevity, durability, and unremitting functionality of medical implants/scaffolds implanted in vivo. It's essential for biomaterials used for in vivo implantation to induce the cellular secretion of growth factors, necessary for the desired tissue generation, since the administration of artificial growth factors, in vivo, is largely prohibited. Plasma functionalized (N2 and O2) and stabilized Graphene Oxide (GO) thin layers in a hybrid with amorphous carbon (aC) induced the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and osteoprotegerin (OPG) growth factors in fibroblasts (hGF) and, more remarkably, in osteoblasts (hFOB) cells confirming the suitability for tissue regeneration and osteo-integration applications. We also observed a negative trend between hGF fibroblasts, but not hFOB osteoblasts, cellular viability and GO presence in the hybrid films that might indicate the phenomenon of oxidative stress. We traced that back to the presence of higher concentrations of carboxyl and the carbonyl groups on the surface of the GO rich coatings. The above described properties provided by GO coatings might be desirable for bio-selectivity applications and for the reduction of the undesired fibrosis process that is associated with medical implants in vivo environment. Moreover, novel plasma functionalized GO/polymer hybrid thin coating hybrid compositions are promising candidates for tissue engineering and bioengineering applications as excellent antimicrobial and anticancer platforms.

Comparison of explant-derived and enzymatic digestion-derived mesenchymal stem cells from Wharton�s jelly

Comparison of explant-derived and enzymatic digestion-derived mesenchymal stem cells from Wharton�s jelly