Prolonged Exercise Training Research Articles

Right ventricular remodeling induced by prolonged excessive endurance exercise is mediated by upregulating Wnt/β-catenin signaling in rats

BackgroundThe aim of this study was to develop an animal model to investigate whether prolonged intensive endurance exercise induces RV remodeling, taking into account the involvement of Wnt/β-catenin signaling. MethodsFour-week-old male Wistar rats (100 to 125 g) were assigned to four groups (n = 8/group): 1) sixteen weeks of intensive (36 m/min) exercise (INT), 2) twelve weeks of the intensive exercise followed by four weeks of moderate intensity (18 m/min) exercise (INT + MOD), 3) twelve weeks of the intensive exercise followed by four weeks of detraining (INT + DT), and 4) sedentary rats (SED). The exercise protocols were performed five days a week for one h/day. Echocardiography, real-time PCR, western blotting, and histological staining were performed at the end of week sixteen. ResultsINT rats developed concentric hypertrophy without diastolic dysfunction compared to SED (p = 0.006) and INT + DT (p = 0.035). Wnt1, β-catenin and CyclinD1 proteins in the training groups were significantly higher than SED rats (p < 0.001). Interestingly, INT rats had higher protein levels than INT + DT and INT + MOD (p < 0.001), with higher gene expression compared to SED rats (p < 0.05). There was also a significant increase in collagen deposition in INT rats compared to SED (p = 0.046) and INT + DT (p = 0.034). Furthermore, INT + MOD and INT + DT rats did not show any adverse structural, functional, or histological changes. ConclusionsLong-term intensive endurance training seems to be associated with increased collagen deposition and wall thickness in the RV through Wnt/β-catenin signaling (which is concentration dependent), without changes in diastolic function. Clinical perspectiveOver the past decades, there has been an ongoing debate about whether the structural and functional adaptations of the cardiovascular system in trained endurance athletes are benign physiological responses to training or potentially pathological changes related to disease. While the adaptations of the left heart are well-documented, the remodeling of the right heart remains a subject of discussion. To gain insights into the ability of sustained high-intensity exercise to cause adverse right ventricular (RV) remodeling, we conducted an experimental study in which male rats were trained to run vigorously for 1 h daily over a 16-week period and compared them to a parallel group of sedentary control rats. Our findings revealed that intense long-term exercise induced morphological changes along with fibrosis affecting the RV. These fibrotic changes were a result of the 16-week vigorous exercise training regimen. If these results are confirmed in humans, they suggest that prolonged high-intensity endurance exercise training may lead to adverse cardiac remodeling. Our findings have important potential implications for the assessment of cardiac remodeling in individuals engaged in high-level exercise training.

Application Of Resistance Training And Strength Exercises For Improving Explosive Force In Students Of Sports University Of Tirana

Resistance training is a potent stimulus to the neuromuscular system for muscle hypertrophy and strength gain which is known to have positive effects on health, weight control and performance The capacity for human exercise performance can be enhanced with prolonged exercise training, whether it is endurance or strength-based. The purpose of this study is to analyse the effectiveness of RT performed with strength exercises for improving body composition, muscle strength and explosive force of SUT students. 45 male students of SUT, aged 18-25 years old, had participated in this study. The training period lasted 12 weeks with 3 times per week sessions. The study was performed following a training protocol by control and experimental groups. The paired samples t-test was used to the comparisons within group, whilst the independent samples t-test was used to compare variables between groups at baseline. The main findings of this study is that HIRT procedures improvements in the maximum power output (peak power) and efficiency of the motion at experimental group are slightly greater than those reported at control group and the estimated mean change in maximum power output and efficiency over the training program was 4.08 W/kg and 4.2% efficiency (p &lt; 0.05) when compared the experimental group to control group. In conclusion, the present study suggest that, the high intensity resistance training program composed by functional training, fitness challenge and core &amp; abdominal exercises have the most benefit form improving body composition, peak maximum power, efficiency and explosive force.

Whole Body Substrate Metabolism during Different Exercise Intensities with Special Emphasis on Blood Protein Changes in Trained Subjects-A Pilot Study.

Contrary to carbohydrate and fat metabolism, the influence of a single exercise dose on protein metabolism has not been adequately explored yet. We assessed the effects of different exercise intensities and durations on blood protein changes and their association with carbohydrate (CHO) and fat metabolism in six eligible trained subjects. Subjects performed maximal incremental (IE100: at 100%VO2max) and submaximal continuous exercise (CE) at 75%VO2max for 30 min (CE75) and at 50%VO2max for 90 min (CE50). Blood samples were collected at rest (R), end of exercise (EE), and 1 h after recovery to assess blood urea nitrogen (BUN), plasma amino acids (AA), glucose, lactate, FFA, and glycerol. In IE100 blood lactate, CHO-oxidation (g/min), energy expenditure (kcal/min), and RER were significantly increased during rest (p < 0.05). CE50 induced significantly higher BUN, FFA, glycerol, and fat oxidation (g/min) (p < 0.05). At recovery, the mean sum of the free AA pool (µmol/L) reduced by 8% (p < 0.03) during CE50. Values for CE75 were between IE100 and CE50. Beside lipolysis, also proteolysis (BUN) was an important source of fuel for low-to-moderate intensity CE50. An increased uptake of AA from the plasma bed during CE50 suggests the importance for oxidation and synthesis of other metabolic sources such as gluconeogenesis necessary for recovery. Therefore, one needs to be cautious of protein diet following prolonged cycle exercise training.

The state of the art exercise recommendations for older adults with cognitive impairments: A meta‐analysis of the meta‐analysis

AbstractBackgroundThere is accumulative evidence supporting the benefits of regular physical activity in improving cognition in older adults with cognitive impairments (OAwCIs). In the past decades, multiple meta‐analyses (MA) have been published, adding to the body of literature. However, there is limited information on the overall quality and synthesized results of these studies. Thus, initiating an umbrella review, our review synthesis team appraised the evidence generated from the meta‐analysis reviews that included randomized exercise trials for OAwCIs.MethodUpon completing the Prospero registration (ID:109720), we followed the PRISMA guidelines for reviews and performed a literature search up to January 1, 2022 to identify all published meta‐analyses which used randomized controlled trial (RCT) design. Once all potential studies were identified, three reviewers screened and reviewed studies to identify included studies, three reviewers collected and validated the data, and two reviewers assess risk of bias using the AMSTAR 2. After applying the study’s a priori inclusion and exclusion criteria, we quantitatively analyzed the effects of exercise on cognitive performance in OAwCIs.ResultOver 2000 studies were screened for inclusion, 21 MA studies met our inclusion criteria. Based on the AMSTAR 2, three studies were high quality, nine studies were moderate quality, and nine studies were low quality. The included MA evaluated 280 RCTs, which included 22,315 participants over the age of 65 years old diagnosed with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), dementia, or Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Combined exercise training paradigms averaged 188.48±40.72 minutes per week and lasted for 18.49±4.53 weeks. Exercise training significantly improved global cognitive function, with an effect size of 0.55 (95% CI = 0.36‐0.73)ConclusionSustained and prolonged exercise training (cardio endurance type) might provide an attractive and effective intervention for individuals with MCI and AD. This comprehensive umbrella review of meta‐analyses offers valuable and strong evidence‐based exercise recommendations for OAwCIs.

Does right ventricular remodeling in elite athletes persist years after training cessation?

Abstract Funding Acknowledgements Type of funding sources: None. Background Intense and prolonged exercise training induces morpho-functional cardiac changes, known as "athlete’s heart". The physiologic nature of this cardiac remodeling has been questioned and data on reversibility of cardiac remodeling, especially of the right ventricle (RV), after the suspension of high intensity training are scarce. Purpose To describe cardiac morpho-functional changes by echocardiography in a group of Olympic athletes prior the Olympic games (T1) and years after cessation of their competitive athletic career (T2). Methods Endurance athletes evaluated prior their participation to the Olympic games (edition 2004-2008-2012) and after cessation of their athletic career (&amp;gt; 3 years of cessation of intensive exercise training) were invited to be evaluated at our Institute. 12-lead ECG, exercise ECG test and echocardiogram were performed. Echocardiogram parameters at T1 and T2 were compared including left ventricle (LV) and RV dimension, systolic and diastolic function. Results 25 athletes were enrolled (mean age 47±2 years). The mean time from the end of their agonistic activity was 12 ± 7 years. No differences in terms of LV dimensions and function were observed (Table). Veterans showed a significant decrease in RV dimensions and improvement in function at T2 compared to T1. Conclusion After suspension of competitive training, Veteran athletes showed reverse remodeling of the right ventricle compared with the evaluation during the peak training by echocardiography.

Long-Term Regular Exercise Increases V̇O2max for Cardiorespiratory Fitness

This study tries to discuss maximum oxygen consumption (V̇O2max) strategy and its importance to build up a healthy society worldwide. V̇O2max is an important predictive factor of cardiovascular health, morbidity, and all-cause mortality; and consider it as the gold standard measure of cardiorespiratory fitness. Regular and long-time physical exercise, and exercise training are effective means of increasing V̇O2max. This research aims to increase V̇O2max and endurance capacity through the prolonged strenuous exercise, hardworking, and exercise training.

Muscle fiber type grouping does not change in response to prolonged resistance exercise training in healthy older men

BackgroundAgeing of skeletal muscle is characterized in some by muscle fiber type grouping due to denervation-reinnervation cycles, but the severity of fiber type grouping varies widely across individuals of the same chronological age. It remains unknown whether fiber type grouping is associated with lower muscle mass and/or reduced physical function in elderly. Therefore, we assessed the relationship between fiber type grouping and indices of muscle mass and physical function in older adults. In addition, we assessed whether fiber type grouping is affected by prolonged resistance training in older adults. MethodsTwenty young (21 ± 2 y) and twenty older (70 ± 4 y) healthy men participated in the present study. Body composition (DXA-scan), quadriceps cross-sectional area (CT-scan) and muscle strength (1RM) were assessed at baseline (young and old) and following 12 weeks of resistance training (old only). Percutaneous skeletal muscle biopsies from the vastus lateralis were collected at baseline (young and old) and following exercise training (old only). Immunohistochemical analyses were performed to evaluate type I and type II muscle fiber distribution, size, myonuclear content and grouping. ResultsAt baseline, type II fibers were significantly (P < 0.05) smaller in older compared with young adults (5366 ± 1288 vs 6705 ± 1168 μm2). Whereas no differences were observed in type I, type II fiber grouping was significantly (P < 0.05) lower in older (18 ± 18 %) compared with young (32 ± 25 %) men. No significant correlations were observed between fiber type grouping and muscle mass or physical function. Prolonged resistance training in old men resulted in a significant increase (P < 0.05) in type II fiber size (from 5366 ± 1288 to 6165 ± 1484 μm2) with no significant changes in the proportion of type I muscle fibers found grouped. ConclusionMuscle fiber type grouping is not associated with lower body strength or muscle mass in healthy, older men. In addition, twelve weeks of resistance exercise training results in type II muscle fiber specific hypertrophy but does not affect fiber type grouping.

Beneficial for mental health, exercise more or less?

Regular physical activity may improve mental health during the pandemic by reducing inflammatory responses. However, overtraining or prolonged exercise training may adversely affect mental health.

Three hours of Moderate Intensity Exercise Training Reduces Glucose Tolerance in Endurance Trained Athletes

Objectives:It is well accepted that exercise training improves glucose uptake and insulin sensitivity, and that endurance trained athletes in general show a high capacity for these parameters. However, some studies have observed negative effects on glucose regulation in healthy, trained subjects the day after exercise. These, often unexpected, results have been postulated to be caused by excessive training loads, muscle damage, energy deficit, differences in glucose uptake in the exercised and non-exercised musculature and a metabolic interaction through increased fatty acid metabolism. The mode or volume of exercise that can lead to glucose intolerance in trained athletes as well as its relevance for health and performance are, however, not fully understood. We here studied the metabolic response to a glucose load the day after a session of high intensity interval training (HIIT) or three hours of continuous exercise (3h) in endurance trained athletes and compared the results with measurements during rest.Methods:Nine endurance trained athletes underwent oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTT) after rest and ˜14 hours after exercise on a cycle ergometer (HIIT 5x4 minutes at ˜95% of VO2max or 3h at 65% of VO2max). Concentrations of glucose, insulin, free fatty acids (FFA) and ketones (β-hydroxybutyrate) were measured. Statistical analysis was performed using a RM one-way ANOVA.Results:The area under the curve (AUC) during the OGTT increased greatly after 3h (668±124 mM · min) (p<0.01) compared to rest (532±89) but was found to be unchanged after HIIT (541±96). Resting values of FFA and ketones were increased after 3h (p<0.01 and p<0.05, respectively) but not after HIIT. Insulin was found to be unaltered during all conditions.Conclusion:Here, we show manifestation of glucose intolerance in endurance trained athletes together with concomitant increases in plasma concentrations of FFA and ketones the day after a session of prolonged exercise training but not after HIIT. This could be a protective response for securing glucose delivery to the brain and therefore have a positive effect on endurance. It also has the potential to reduce the recovery of glycogen depots, glucose uptake during exercise and performance at higher work rates.

Myofibrillar protein synthesis rates are increased in chronically exercised skeletal muscle despite decreased anabolic signaling

The molecular responses to acute resistance exercise are well characterized. However, how cellular signals change over time to modulate chronic adaptations to more prolonged exercise training is less well understood. We investigated anabolic signaling and muscle protein synthesis rates at several time points after acute and chronic eccentric loading. Adult rat tibialis anterior muscle was stimulated for six sets of ten repetitions, and the muscle was collected at 0 h, 6 h, 18 h and 48 h. In the last group of animals, 48 h after the first exercise bout a second bout was conducted, and the muscle was collected 6 h later (54 h total). In a second experiment, rats were exposed to four exercise sessions over the course of 2 weeks. Anabolic signaling increased robustly 6 h after the first bout returning to baseline between 18 and 48 h. Interestingly, 6 h after the second bout mTORC1 activity was significantly lower than following the first bout. In the chronically exercised rats, we found baseline anabolic signaling was decreased, whereas myofibrillar protein synthesis (MPS) was substantially increased, 48 h after the last bout of exercise. The increase in MPS occurred in the absence of changes to muscle fiber size or mass. In conclusion, we find that anabolic signaling is already diminished after the second bout of acute resistance type exercise. Further, chronic exposure to resistance type exercise training results in decreased basal anabolic signaling but increased overall MPS rates.

Oxidative stress biomarkers and free amino acid concentrations in the blood plasma of moderately exercised horses indicate adaptive response to prolonged exercise training.

Oxidative stress caused by routine physical stressors may negatively impact the performance of equine athletes; thus, the present study identifies oxidative biomarkers in the blood plasma of exercising horses. Stock-type horses were subject to a standardized moderate-intensity exercise protocol 3 times per week for 8wk. Exercise protocol followed NRC guidelines consisting of 30% walk, 55% trot, and 15% canter, with a target heart rate (HR) of 90 BPM. Blood plasma was collected in wk 1, 2, 7, and 8 immediately before and 0, 30, 60, and 90min after exercise and analyzed for total antioxidant capacity (TAC), thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS), glutathione peroxidase activity (GPx), and superoxide dismutase activity (SOD). Data were analyzed as repeated measures with wk, d, time, and their interactions as fixed effects. The TAC on day 2 (0.40mM Trolox) was 7.5% greater than on day 3 (P = 0.013). There were wk × d × time interactions for SOD, TBARS, and GPx (P < 0.001). The TBARS remained at pre-exercise baseline (d-1 wk-1; 2.7 µM malondialdehyde) for most collection times within weeks 1, 7, and 8 (P ≥ 0.058); however, TBARS increased by 0.24 to 0.41 µM on day 2 of week 2 post-exercise (P < 0.001) and remained similarly elevated on day 3 pre- and immediately post-exercise (P < 0.001). The GPx similarly remained at baseline (172.6 µM/min; P ≥ 0.621) but increased by 48.18 to 83.4 µM/min at most collection times on days 1 and 2 of week 2 (P ≤ 0.023). The SOD remained at baseline (167.2 U/ mL; P ≥ 0.055) until increasing by 11.28 to 15.61 U/mL at 30min post-exercise on day 1, week 1 and at most collection times on day 3, week 8 (P ≤ 0.043). Amino acids with antioxidant properties such as Met, Tyr, and Trp drastically decreased from weeks 2 to 8 (P < 0.001). Met and Tyr also decreased from -60 to 90min (P < 0.047), whereas there was no time effect on Trp concentration (P = 0.841). The current study indicates the time-dependent nature of oxidative stress concerning persistent stressors such as exercise.

Viral Infection in Athletes

Most epidemiological and clinical studies suggest that systematic physical activity increases the body's immune capacity against infections. On the contrary, much evidence suggests that prolonged vigorous exercise training favors the development of infections, particularly viral ones. This twoway exercise effect is described as a “paradox” of exercise. Some theories have been developed about these adverse effects of exhaustive exercise on cellular and humoral immunity, such as open window theory, the J-curve, and the S-curve. However, some questions remain regarding the prevalence of these mechanisms, and the level of the exercise that leads to immunosuppression. Other factors favoring the onset of viral infections in athletes are stress, climatic conditions, incorrect nutrition, crowding, etc. The most common infections are viral infections of the upper respiratory tract, influenza, infection from the Epstein Barr virus. There is no information available to correlate the volume of physical stress with COVID-19 infection. The best preventive measures are to avoid exercising during a febrile infection, vaccination, adequate nutrition, and reduce stress..

Intermittent Hypoxia Exposure Helps to Restore the Reduced Hemoglobin Concentration During Intense Exercise Training in Trained Swimmers

In prolonged intense exercise training, the training load of athletes may be reduced once their hemoglobin concentrations ([Hb]s) are decreased dramatically. We previously reported that intermittent hypoxia exposure (IHE) could be used to alleviate the decrease of [Hb] and help to maintain the training load in rats. To further explore the feasibility of applying IHE intervention to athletes during prolonged intense exercise training, 6 trained swimmers were recruited to conduct a 4-week IHE intervention at the intervals after their [Hb] dropped for 10% or more during their training season. IHE intervention lasted 1 h and took place once a day and five times a week. Hematological and hormonal parameters, including [Hb], red blood cells (RBC), hematocrit (Hct), reticulocytes, serum erythropoietin (EPO), testosterone (T) and cortisol (C) were examined. After the IHE intervention was launched, [Hb], RBC and Hct of the subjects were increased progressively with their maximum levels (P < 0.01) showing at the third or fourth week, respectively. An increase in reticulocyte count (P < 0.01) suggests that IHE intervention promotes erythropoiesis to increase [Hb]. Besides, serum level of EPO, the hormone known to stimulate erythropoiesis, was overall higher than that before the IHE intervention, although it was statistically insignificant. Furthermore, the serum level of T, another hormone known to stimulate erythropoiesis, was increased progressively with the maximum level showing at the fourth week. Collectively, this study further confirms that IHE intervention may be used as a new strategy to prevent intense exercise training-induced reductions in [Hb].

Nutritional supplementation to enhance the efficacy of exercise training in older adults: what is the evidence from the latest randomized controlled trials?

This review summarizes recent studies that assessed whether nutritional supplementation enhances the efficacy of exercise training in older adults, focusing on the benefits for physical/functional performance of protein, vitamin D, or multi-ingredient supplementation. Studies applying long-term exercise training strongly support the benefits of different exercise regimens for muscle strength and function but most studies do not provide direct evidence for protein, vitamin D, or multi-ingredient supplementation to further augment such improvements in older adults. Several methodological limitations are addressed that likely limited the reliability to convincingly establish or refute any additive effects of supplementation. Only when specifically tailored to the population under study, ensuring proper intensity, duration, and adherence to exercise, and aiming for a daily intake of ∼1.5 g protein per kg body mass, and ∼800 IU of vitamin D supplementation, there appears to be some potential to augment the efficacy of long-term exercise training in older adults, with potentially greater benefits in compromised older subpopulations. There is some support for the efficacy of nutritional supplementation to further augment the beneficial effects of prolonged exercise training in older adults but any intervention needs tailoring of both the exercise and the nutritional intervention towards the intended (sub)population.

One-Year Committed Exercise Training Reverses Abnormal Left Ventricular Myocardial Stiffness in Patients With Stage B Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction.

Individuals with left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy and elevated cardiac biomarkers in middle age are at increased risk for the development of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Prolonged exercise training reverses the LV stiffening associated with healthy but sedentary aging; however, whether it can also normalize LV myocardial stiffness in patients at high risk for heart failure with preserved ejection fraction is unknown. In a prospective, randomized controlled trial, we hypothesized that 1-year prolonged exercise training would reduce LV myocardial stiffness in patients with LV hypertrophy. Forty-six patients with LV hypertrophy (LV septum >11 mm) and elevated cardiac biomarkers (N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide [>40 pg/mL] or high-sensitivity troponin T [>0.6 pg/mL]) were randomly assigned to either 1 year of high-intensity exercise training (n=30) or attention control (n=16). Right-heart catheterization and 3-dimensional echocardiography were performed while preload was manipulated using both lower body negative pressure and rapid saline infusion to define the LV end-diastolic pressure-volume relationship. A constant representing LV myocardial stiffness was calculated from the following: P=S×[Exp {a (V-V0)}-1], where "P" is transmural pressure (pulmonary capillary wedge pressure - right atrial pressure), "S" is the pressure asymptote of the curve, "V" is the LV end-diastolic volume index, "V0" is equilibrium volume, and "a" is the constant that characterizes LV myocardial stiffness. Thirty-one participants (exercise group [n=20]: 54±6 years, 65% male; and controls (n=11): 51±6 years, 55% male) completed the study. One year of exercise training increased max by 21% (baseline 26.0±5.3 to 1 year later 31.3±5.8 mL·min-1·kg-1, P<0.0001, interaction P=0.0004), whereas there was no significant change in max in controls (baseline 24.6±3.4 to 1 year later 24.2±4.1 mL·min-1·kg-1, P=0.986). LV myocardial stiffness was reduced (right and downward shift in the end-diastolic pressure-volume relationship; LV myocardial stiffness: baseline 0.062±0.020 to 1 year later 0.031±0.009), whereas there was no significant change in controls (baseline 0.061±0.033 to 1 year later 0.066±0.031, interaction P=0.001). In patients with LV hypertrophy and elevated cardiac biomarkers (stage B heart failure with preserved ejection fraction), 1 year of exercise training reduced LV myocardial stiffness. Thus, exercise training may provide protection against the future risk of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction in such patients. Registration: URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov; Unique identifier: NCT03476785.

Understanding the effects of nutrition and post-exercise nutrition on skeletal muscle protein turnover: Insights from stable isotope studies

Understanding the effects of nutrition and post-exercise nutrition on skeletal muscle protein turnover: Insights from stable isotope studies

Myonuclear content and domain size in small versus larger muscle fibres in response to 12 weeks of resistance exercise training in older adults.

AimTo assess the relation between muscle fibre hypertrophy and myonuclear accretion in relatively small and large muscle fibre size clusters following prolonged resistance exercise training in older adults.MethodsMuscle biopsies were collected before and after 12 weeks of resistance exercise training in 40 healthy, older men (70 ± 3 years). All muscle fibres were ordered by size and categorized in four muscle fibre size clusters: ‘Small’: 2000‐3999 µm2, ‘Moderate’: 4000‐5999 µm2, ‘Large’: 6000‐7999 µm2 and ‘Largest’: 8000‐9999 µm2. Changes in muscle fibre size cluster distribution were related to changes in muscle fibre size, myonuclear content and myonuclear domain size.ResultsWith training, the percentage of muscle fibres decreased in the Small (from 23 ± 12 to 17 ± 14%, P < .01) and increased in the Largest (from 11 ± 8 to 15 ± 10%, P < .01) muscle fibre size clusters. The decline in the percentage of Small muscle fibres was accompanied by an increase in overall myonuclear domain size (r = −.466, P = .002) and myonuclear content (r = −.390, P = .013). In contrast, the increase in the percentage of the Largest muscle fibres was accompanied by an overall increase in myonuclear content (r = .616, P < .001), but not in domain size.ConclusionProlonged resistance‐type exercise training induces a decline in the percentage of small as well as an increase in the percentage of the largest muscle fibres in older adults. Whereas the change in the percentage of small fibres is best predicted by an increase in overall myonuclear domain size, the change in the percentage of the largest fibres is associated with an overall increase in myonuclear content.

Evidence-Based Exercise Recommendations for Older Adults With Cognitive Impairments

Since the publishing of our meta-analysis evaluating the effects of randomized exercise trials on cognitive function of Older Adults with Cognitive Impairments (OAwCIs) (Heyn et al 2004), several meta-analysis reviews were published addressing similar question. We currently appraised this evidence and preliminary synthesis of twelve, well-designed meta-analysis reports resulted in 193 RCTs and 15,614 participants over the age of 65 years old diagnosed with MCI or Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Exercise prescription paradigms averaged 156 minutes per week for 20-week. The combined cognitive function outcome mean effect size was medium; 0.67 (0.06-1.34 95% CI). Grounded in this unique umbrella study results, sustained and prolonged exercise training might provide an effective intervention for the maintenance or enhancement of cognitive function for MCI and AD. This comprehensive meta-analysis umbrella offers valuable and strong exercise recommendations for OAwCIs. This study results will be of great significance to professionals involved in the care of OAwCIs.

Ketone bodies as an energy source: regular-grade, premium, or super-fuel to power the mitochondrial engine?

Ketone bodies as an energy source: regular-grade, premium, or super-fuel to power the mitochondrial engine?

저 HDL-C 여성 노인의 장기간 운동 트레이닝 후 HDL-C 기능성 및 심혈관질환 위험 요인의 변화

저 HDL-C 여성 노인의 장기간 운동 트레이닝 후 HDL-C 기능성 및 심혈관질환 위험 요인의 변화