Intermittent Hypoxia Exposure Helps to Restore the Reduced Hemoglobin Concentration During Intense Exercise Training in Trained Swimmers

Xiquan Weng,Hiu Tung Tin,Jieru Lin,Baoxuan Lin,Hao Chen,Weiwei Huang,Jia Li,Wentao Lin,Yu Yuan,Xu Yan

doi:10.3389/fphys.2021.736108

Abstract

In prolonged intense exercise training, the training load of athletes may be reduced once their hemoglobin concentrations ([Hb]s) are decreased dramatically. We previously reported that intermittent hypoxia exposure (IHE) could be used to alleviate the decrease of [Hb] and help to maintain the training load in rats. To further explore the feasibility of applying IHE intervention to athletes during prolonged intense exercise training, 6 trained swimmers were recruited to conduct a 4-week IHE intervention at the intervals after their [Hb] dropped for 10% or more during their training season. IHE intervention lasted 1 h and took place once a day and five times a week. Hematological and hormonal parameters, including [Hb], red blood cells (RBC), hematocrit (Hct), reticulocytes, serum erythropoietin (EPO), testosterone (T) and cortisol (C) were examined. After the IHE intervention was launched, [Hb], RBC and Hct of the subjects were increased progressively with their maximum levels (P < 0.01) showing at the third or fourth week, respectively. An increase in reticulocyte count (P < 0.01) suggests that IHE intervention promotes erythropoiesis to increase [Hb]. Besides, serum level of EPO, the hormone known to stimulate erythropoiesis, was overall higher than that before the IHE intervention, although it was statistically insignificant. Furthermore, the serum level of T, another hormone known to stimulate erythropoiesis, was increased progressively with the maximum level showing at the fourth week. Collectively, this study further confirms that IHE intervention may be used as a new strategy to prevent intense exercise training-induced reductions in [Hb].

Highlights

Blood hemoglobin (Hb) serves as a routinely used marker for monitoring intense exercise training and physical function (Gleeson, 2002; Halson et al, 2003)
Since this study was based on the training monitoring of the Guangzhou Sport University Swimming Team during its training season lasting about half a year prior to the Guangdong Provincial University Games, the swimmers were not subjected to various training loads to induce low hemoglobin concentration in certain groups, as it may produce negative outcomes to their training
The Hematological Parameters of the Subjects Were Increased During Intermittent Hypoxia Exposure Intervention

Summary

Introduction

Blood hemoglobin (Hb) serves as a routinely used marker for monitoring intense exercise training and physical function (Gleeson, 2002; Halson et al, 2003). When laboratory rats were subjected to intense exercise training for 6 weeks, one hour of hypoxic exposure (simulated altitude: 3,000 m) at the interval of exercise from the fourth to the sixth week could prevent the 10% decrease in [Hb] (Weng et al, 2021). These results suggest that hypoxia exposure can be potentially used to slow or prevent intense exercise training-induced decrease of [Hb] in athletes. The effects of hypoxic exposure on the levels of [Hb], RBC, hematocrit (Hct), reticulocytes, serum EPO, testosterone (T) and cortisol (C) in athletes undergoing intense exercise training were investigated

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Results

Conclusion