Prolonged Conflict Research Articles

Perceived respect from the adversary group can improve intergroup attitudes in a context of intractable conflict.

Respect has been found to play a crucial role in human relationships including intergroup relations. Its presence has a significant positive influence in shaping the character of all relationship interactions. In intractable violent conflicts, there is almost no space for gestures of respect between adversarial parties, and the prevailing phenomenon is a mutual disrespect that fuels the conflict. This study examines a novel and challenging intervention that aims to induce in laboratory experiments, for the first time, perceptions of respect from adversary group members in the context of intractable intergroup conflict. In addition, this research examines the effect of perceived respect from the adversary on attitudes and perceptions towards the adversary group and the conflict. In three experimental studies (N=1261) in the context of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, we manipulated expressions of respect from the Palestinian adversary group members and presented them to Jewish Israelis. Results revealed that, a group involved in a prolonged violent conflict may perceive respect from its adversary outgroup, and the perceived respect from the adversary in turn predicts improvement in attitudes and perceptions towards the adversary group and the conflict. These findings underline the important role of respect in intergroup conflict and its role in mitigating the conflict.

Impact of Protracted War Crisis on Dental Students: A Comparative Multicountry Cross-sectional Study.

The impact of conflict and war crisis on dental students is poorly understood. Given the prolonged conflicts and political instability in the Arabic-speaking countries, it is crucial to investigate the effect of these conditions on dental students. This study aimed to assess the impact of protracted war on dental students by comparing the personal, university, and wider context challenges they face across war-affected and unaffected countries. A cross-sectional study was conducted including a convenience sample of dental students from 13 universities in 12 Arabic-speaking countries. Respondents were those at entry and exit points of their undergraduate dental training. A self-administered paper questionnaire collected anonymized data on sociodemographics, and personal, university, and wider context challenges that students were facing. Multivariable Poisson regression analyses were carried out. The overall response rate was 64.8%. The mean age was 21.2 (standard deviation = 2.1) years, with 68% of participants being female. After adjusting for age and sex, dental students in Arabic-speaking countries affected by protracted war crisis were significantly more likely to report wider context challenges compared to their counterparts in unaffected countries (n = 2448; beta = 1.12; 95% confidence interval: 1.10-1.13; P < 0.001). Dental students in Arabic-speaking countries affected by protracted war crisis were more likely to suffer from wider context challenges such as difficulties in attendance due to the deterioration of security and lack of flexibility of teaching time to accommodate the different circumstances induced by the war crisis. Supporting dental students in areas affected by protracted war crises is needed and may include developing online dental education programs.

Challenges Facing Kenya-United States America Partnership Counterterrorism in Kenya

This reflection is an attempt to understand interstate partnership in bid to thwart global terrorism as a challenge in the post-cold war era. Terrorism attacks seem to have attracted global attention in the aftermath of 9/11 twin tower of the world trade center attack in the New York city. Global war on terror is a multi-dimensional, multi-faceted war led by USA with the main objective of protecting its interests globally. The horn of Africa is considered one of the safe haven for training and executing these attacks globally due to inherent prevailing circumstances in this region. Kenya has been a terrorist targetdue to its perceived closeness with the USA. The study adopted a mixed approach to reach its logical conclusion. It was found that; unemployment, USA coordination from Nairobi, internal politics, prolonged and severe inter-state conflicts in the region, geography and proximity to the gulf are the main challenges facing these partners in counterterrorism. The study concludes that for counterterrorism to succeed there is need to address the challenges and forge a close partnership among all stakeholders for a safer region.

Bishops and Archbishops of the Papal States on the Seizure of Its Territories by the Piedmontese Army (1859—1861)

Abstract. The achievement of the political Unification of Italy is related to the emergence of a prolonged conflict between Church and State that was not limited to the confrontation between Pope Pius IX and the Italian government. It was also quite noticeable at the local level. In 1859—1861 Bishops and Archbishops of the Papal States faced the seizure of the papal possessions by the Piedmontese troops and its consequences. The attitude of the Archpastors to these events was caused by various considerations of both general and particular nature. The article is an attempt to systematize and explain the reaction of the Bishops and Archbishops of the Papal States to the change of authority and the policy of the Piedmontese administration regarding these territories in 1859—1861.

Legal Problems in Resolving Village Official Election Conflicts for the Position of Hamlet Head in Aursati Village, Tambang Sub-district

&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; The village official election for the position of hamlet head in Aursati Village in 2022 has led to a prolonged conflict between the village government and the candidate for hamlet head who got the highest score. This study aims to identify the resolution of village official conflicts in Aursati Village, Tambang Sub-district. This descriptive qualitative study used the statue approach and conceptual approach. Results: First, the process of selecting a candidate for hamlet heads in Aursati Village caused conflict in which the village head of Aursati issued a decree for appointing and inaugurating a hamlet head with a lower score. This resulted in the loss of the hamlet head candidate who got the highest score. Participants who get the highest score felt disadvantaged because their rights were taken away for subjective reasons that could not be proven. Thus, this case was handled legally by filing a complaint to the Pekanbaru Administrative Court. Second, the appointment and dismissal of village officials have been regulated in the Kampar District Regulation Number 12 of 2017, but there were still shortcomings and weaknesses as it has not covered the resolution of conflicts arising from the results of the village official election for the position of hamlet head.&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D;

Komunikasi Antarbudaya Masyarakat Multikultur dalam Menciptakan Toleransi

The purpose of this study was to find out how intercultural communication creates tolerance in the people of the Permu Immigration Village, where the Permu Immigration Village has ethnicities with five different multiculturalities that can maintain a tolerant life. The research method used is a qualitative research method by relying on Face Negotiation Theory to see the interaction behavior of people of different ethnicities with facework in order to see communicative behavior. The results of this study indicate that interactions between ethnic immigrants and indigenous ethnicities have taken place in the Permu Immigration Village, which has always avoided prolonged conflict and has become a tolerant village. mutual respect and respect for the existence of agreement decisions that have existed since long ago there has never been any change to the agreement. The conclusion of the research is that multiculturalism in the Permu Immigration Village applies negotiation theory and an attitude of obliging (obligation) towards agreements and in avoiding problems so that they are not prolonged.&#x0D; &#x0D; Keywords: Builds, Comunication, Harmonization, Intercultural, Multiculture

Peningkatan Kapasitas Kelompok Masyarakat Melalui Pelatihan Komunikasi Interpersonal di Kelurahan Cidurian Selatan

In domestic life, communication between spouses is very important in realizing family harmony. The city of Bandung is experiencing problems with interpersonal communication between married couples. The problems experienced have not found the best solution in an effort to maintain domestic relationships and even almost divorced. This condition occurs in couples who are over 5 years old in a domestic relationship. This lack of good interpersonal communication skills results in prolonged conflicts and the non-realization of a happy and harmonious home life. Based on the identification of problems with partners, the solution offered is to improve interpersonal communication between married couples in the community group of South Cidurian Village, Buahbatu District, Bandung City. . The method to be carried out is training. The results of the training showed that interpersonal communication skills between couples in South Cidurian Village became more effective and realized harmony in the household.

Moderation of The Islamic Movement in Peace Implementation between The Government of The Republic of The Philippines and The Moro Nation in The South Philippines

This study discusses the moderation of the Islamic movement in efforts to implement peace between the Government of the Republic of the Philippines and the Moro Nations in the southern Philippines. In this study, the authors use the Moderation Inclusion theory from Schwedler, the Social Movement theory from Sidney Tarrow, and the Wasathiyah Islamic theory. The authors will raise the actors who play a role in the Islamic movement and the factors that cause changes in the pattern of the movement. This research begins with an overview of the prolonged conflict that began with the arrival of the Spanish and Portuguese colonialists in the context of gold, glory, and gospel. The conflict continued after the independence of the Philippines in 1946. The economic gap to discrimination between Catholics in the northern Philippines and Muslims in the southern Philippines was one of the reasons for the continuing conflict. There were changes in the pattern of movements that occurred from the beginning fundamentally by taking up arms and turning into a diplomatic movement, at least caused by two main factors: first, about the paradigm shift that emerged from internal, and second, there was intervention from external, especially the international Islamic world.

Peace to Prosperity: US Policies towards Israel-Palestine Conflict

The Middle East is one of the most resourceful, regions and has an abundance of oil and gas resources. The region has been indulged in conflict, and civil wars, and is home to political turmoil and Chaos. Israel-Palestine is one of the prolonged conflicts that have destabilized regional peace for more than 7 decades. The US is the key player that has been striving to bring peace in the region and even succeeded to bring conflictual parties to negotiations and ceasefires. Trump’s peace plan is bringing dynamic changes in the regional politics of the Middle East. Trump’s plan has brought far-reaching implications for the Palestinians and regional states. The research writing is to dig out the Trump peace plan and has focused on its expected implication for Palestinians and the region. Therefore, this research paper is a qualitative research study that uses the methodology of descriptive and historical research and implements the framework of social constructivism. This study analyzes the US interests in the Middle East as well as the implications of deals on Palestinians.

The Synergy of Military and Civil Society in High-Value Timber Production: Developing Forest Institutions Above the Ruins of Conflict

Maluku is a province in eastern Indonesia that has experienced prolonged conflict due to racial and sectarian issues. This conflict can be resolved when the state through the military changes its approach from security to prosperity. With the synergy of the military and civil society as the basic foundation of the Green Gold program, Maluku has transformed into a producer of high-value timber such as agarwood (Aquilaria Malaccensis) and sandalwood (Santalum Album) from their production forests. This research aims to analyze the institutional governance of production forests in Maluku using the Institutional Analysis and Development (IAD) framework as an analytical tool. To analyze the above phenomenon, this research used a descriptive qualitative approach with data collected from interviews and literature studies. The research results showed that: First, in terms of Attributes of the Resource, it was found that basically local users have managed the production forest resources quite well, but they still have a high dependence on military assistance. Second, in terms of Attributes of the Users, it was found that the community has a high sense of belonging to the forest. There is an assumption that if they do not manage the forest well, it will be difficult for them to escape from conflict. Therefore, in order to realize community self-government over the forest, the military gradually reduced its role.

Studi Legalitas Saksi Syahadah Al-Istifadah Dalam Pembuktian Perkara Itsbat Nikah: Pendekatan Maqashid Syari’ah

The prolonged conflict situation and the tsunami natural disaster in Aceh, resulted in the need for more progressive and philosophical legal reasoning to answer existing legal needs. Formal rules that apply legally are not sufficient conditions to explore legal justice. This is a juridical issue at the Syar'iyah Court. There needs to be legal findings in the midst of a society that is all squeezed and difficult. Among the legal issues that must be answered is how the marriage status was determined during the conflict, which was generally not recorded, plus the number of key witnesses who died during natural disasters. This is a challenge at the Meulaboh Syar'iyah Court in the case of itsbat marriage by imposing a witness known as Syahadah al-Istifadah or in customary legal nomenclature called Testimonium de Auditu. This article is a field research approach to civil law laws, civil law books, and Islamic books, especially focused on Islamic fiqh which discusses "Shahadah Al-Istifadhah". The conclusion results state that the Meulaboh Syar'iyah Court Judge is in consideration of accepting the testimony of the witness Syahadah al-Istifadah for the sake of creating a determination that creates certainty, justice for the benefit of the law for the parties, so that the desired benefits in life can be fulfilled.

The mental health impact of multiple deprivations under protracted conflict: A multi-level study in the occupied Palestinian territory.

Building on the literatures examining the impacts of deprivation and war and conflict on mental health, in this study, we investigate the impact of different forms of deprivation on mental health within a context of prolonged conflict in the occupied Palestinian territory(oPt). We expand the operationalization go deprivation while accounting for more acute exposures to conflict and political violence and spatial variations. We use multilevel modelling of data from the Socio-Economic & Food Security Survey 2014 conducted by the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics, which included a sample size of 7827 households in the West Bank(WB) and Gaza Strip(GS). We conduct the analysis for the combined sample, as for the WB and GS separately. We use a General Health Questionnaire-12 (GHQ12) score as our main outcome measure of poor health. We used various measures of deprivation including subjective deprivation, material deprivation, food deprivation, and political deprivation. In addition to the different measures of deprivation, we included acute political, health, and economic shocks in our analysis along with background socio-demographic characteristics. The results indicate significant variance at the locality level. We find a significant association between poor mental health and subjective, economic, political, and food deprivation; health, economic, and political stressors; age, and being a woman. Post-secondary education and wealth have a significant inverse association with poor mental health. Subjective deprivation is the strongest predictor of GHQ12 score in the models whereby people who feel very deprived have GHQ12 scores that are almost 4-points higher than people who do not feel deprived. Economic conditions, particularly subjective measures, are significant predictors of mental health status. Our findings confirm that political and social factors are determinants of health. Feeling deprived is an important determinant of mental health. The community effect suggests that spatial characteristics are influencing mental health, and warrant further investigation.

The Oslo Agreement in the Peace Process and the Role of the United States in Resolving the Palestinian-Israeli Conflict.

This paper aims to find out the history or background of the Oslo agreement, the direction of policies and the efforts made in the peace of both parties and the results of the Oslo agreement. The results obtained by the author regarding the Oslo agreement are that the Oslo agreement occurred in 1993 against the background of land disputes in the West Bank and the Gaza Peninsula. Where the Israeli side asked Palestine to be officially recognized as the state of Israel. Meanwhile, Palestine asked to establish authority/self-government (occupied territory) in the Gaza Strip and the West Bank, but the relationship between the two sides continued to be damaged by the prolonged conflict, which resulted in losses for the surrounding population. So there was a negotiation for peace called the Oslo agreement. The Oslo Agreement is one of the important peace processes between Israel and Palestine that aims to resolve the prevailing conflict.

Migration process experience and its impact on well-being among women immigrants in Indonesia

Women and children in many countries are forced to migrate due to prolonged civil wars and conflicts. The factors and conditions that affect the well-being of immigrant and refugee populations residing in host countries are not widely known. This study aims to identify and explore the personal experiences and migration processes that affect the well-being of immigrant women in Indonesia. A qualitative method and case study design were implemented. Eight refugee women from three different countries were interviewed: Somalia, Palestine, and Afghanistan. It was found that the contexts of identification, personal experiences, the migration process, and the motives or triggers for migration were important factors in influencing the women’s present and future well-being. The study provides implications for the theory of the model used. The application of the theory assisted the researchers to construct a conceptual framework of the subjective well-being of immigrant women.

Food-related reward sensitivity across the spectrum of body weight and impulsive eating: Pilot findings from a multi-method approach

Overweight with and without comorbid binge-eating disorder (BED) has been associated with increased reward sensitivity, though evidence is heterogeneous. To disentangle this heterogeneity and gain insights into mechanisms of impaired reward processing, this study applied multi-method neuro-behavioural techniques.Reward sensitivity was investigated in N = 49 participants allocated to three subgroups: overweight individuals with BED (BED+, n = 17), overweight individuals without BED (BED-, n = 15), and normal-weight controls (NWC, n = 17). Applying a free exploration paradigm (food vs. non-food stimuli), eye tracking and electroencephalographic data were gathered. A valid cue before stimulus onset indicated the position of food, and the end points analysed after the cue and stimulus onset were attentional approach, attention allocation, and conflict processing (e.g., conflict between looking at the potentially rewarding food stimulus or not). The effect of negative mood was tested using mood induction. The study's main hypothesis was that individuals with overweight, particularly under negative mood, would have increased food-related reward sensitivity.All participants showed increased food-specific attentional approach (p < .001). BED + allocated more attention to food stimuli than non-food stimuli compared to the healthy control (p = .045). For individuals with overweight but without BED (BED-), results indicate that conflict processing might be prolonged after the stimulus onset (p = .011). No group-specific effect of negative mood was found.Preliminary results in overweight individuals with and without comorbid BED suggest that food stimuli are generally rewarding stimuli, but even more so for participants with binge eating psychopathology. Prolonged conflict processing during the confrontation with competing food and non-food stimuli was solely found in the BED- sample and might indicate a compensation mechanism. Replication is warranted. The multi-method approach seems to be promising to give indications for the development of psychotherapeutic treatment.

The Heroic Savior, the Jungle Guide and the Beacon Amidst a Fog of Uncertainty: Agency of Fathers in Prolonged Postdivorce Conflicts and Their Positioning of Children

ABSTRACT This qualitative study aims to explore how fathers in prolonged post-divorce conflict construct their parenting agency and position their child in relation to their view of conflict-related threats. Eight divorced fathers were interviewed, with experience of, on average, seven years of high conflict after separation. A reflective thematic design supplemented with positioning theory was used to analyze the fathers’ responses. Drawing on positioning theory, the fathers’ agency emerged in the analyses from three dominant storylines or world manifestations of post-divorce dangers. Fathers either acted as (1) heroic saviors in a polluted realm storyline where they positioned their children as victims that need to be saved from the dangers of impurity, (2) jungle guides in the wild nature storyline where they positioned their children as trainees of survival skills to deal with intrusive events and ever present post-divorce dangers, or (3) beacons in a foggy moor storyline where they re-positioned their own behavior to follow a self-clarifying routine so that their children would experience life in a less ambivalent, foggy and insecure manner. We argue that researchers and therapists would benefit from knowledge that captures the moral underpinnings of fathers’ agency.

The role of ṣulḥ in Sahrawi state-building

ABSTRACT ṣulḥ is a well-known Islamic legal method of dispute resolution through amicable settlement practiced in Western Sahara. It standardly includes different phases, including negotiation between the affected parties mediated by local elites, the payment of compensation (sometimes symbolic), and a ceremony in which the conflict is resolved and social peace restored. This paper examines the implementation and evolution of this practice in the Sahrawi refugee camps from their creation in 1975 to the present day. The article proposes that ṣulḥ has played a central role in building social cohesion in the refugee camps, highlighting the importance of the institutions through which cohesion is maintained in contexts of prolonged conflict.

Prospects of negative heritage management in Syria

Purpose This paper aims to illustrate some of the negative heritage created in Syria over the 11 bloody years following the start of the uprising in 2011 and how this heritage can be managed to promote justice. Design/methodology/approach Different motives and methods for negative heritage management are exemplified and compared to find out the most appropriate one(s) that can be adapted and adopted in the Syrian context. Based mainly on Human Rights Watch (HRW) reports, suggestions are made for the management of three cases of negative heritage in Syria by planning measures and solutions to promote justice. The three cases are the targeting of schools and hospitals, chemical attacks and Aleppo’s River Massacre. The effectiveness of the proposals is discussed and piloted by conducting a one-on-one conversational interview in 2021, related to the first proposal, and soliciting feedback on a social media platform, related to the third proposal. Findings Values-centred preservation based on the efforts of the community concerned with negative heritage, rather than the four existing governments in Syria, can lead to good management of recent negative heritage. The proposed virtual application of the proposals is a step that may itself be useful and may facilitate future practical application, as most of the exemplified sites are no longer accessible on the ground. Originality/value Ethically productive management of the negative heritage is promoted to seek more value-oriented dimensions of the conflict. Considering a fruitful use of the conflict in Syria can encourage positive thinking and counter the passive attitude towards the prolonged conflict.

Environment at War: Capturing Global Conflict in Arab Geographies

Militarization and organized violence are the primary causes of environmental degradation today. Informed by recent studies in political theory, environmental science, and art history, this paper argues that the war enterprise—rooted in the history of colonialism, slavery, and genocide, and sustained by extractive capitalism—is a force that has structured and continues to shape much of the world. Arab geographies, and specifically the region known as the “Middle East,” are highlighted here as the fulcrum of prolonged conflicts and frequent international intervention, largely motivated by a desire to control fossil fuels. From regular testing of new intelligent weapons and frequent deployment of lethal drones to armed factions waging guerrilla attacks on governments and civilians alike, violence in all of its contemporary manifestations cripples the region and has an environmental ripple effect globally. Ongoing warfare serves to obfuscate pressing issues such as rising temperatures, water scarcity, and deteriorating air quality, which are in turn exacerbating existing economic disparities and other sociopolitical predicaments that have plagued the region for decades. The paper surveys works by contemporary artists who interrogate the impact of conflict—Mona Hatoum, Abbas Akhavan, Thomas Hirschhorn, Shona Illingworth, and Ali Eyal—shedding light on issues that geopolitics constantly attempts to suppress. Beyond critique, these artists rethink the environment in ways that transcend the customary focus on natural habitats or climate change.

POLITIK IDENTITAS DAN KRISIS IDENTITAS: MENGUNGKAP REALITAS PRAKTEK POLITIK DI INDONESIA

This paper is the result of research with the argument that the Indonesian nation as a nation state does not justify the polarization of political identity based on ethnicity or religion. The fact that identity politics often occurs is based on certain political interests and for the interests of a group or group in gaining legitimacy of power. This condition causes prolonged social conflict and does not contribute to the development of social solidarity and the development of a nation. While this type of research is descriptive-analytic in the form of narratives presented with accurate data, data collection through library research, the author provides a comprehensive analysis of various written literature and those sourced from print and electronic media. The direction of this paper seeks to portray the nuances of identity politics that occur in Indonesia, how identity politics is played by political actors and what are the implications for the identity of the Indonesian nation. The results of this study indicate that identity politics has a negative impact on Pancasila values and social norms that have become the characteristics of the Indonesian nation. Identity politics also has implications for the identity crisis, among others, disrupting the integrity of the unitary state of the Republic of Indonesia, the increasing prevalence of hoax news, the occurrence of propaganda politics for unilateral interests, disturbing the plurality of the nation and the occurrence of social conflicts.