Prolonged Conflict Research Articles

Soviet Diplomatic Efforts to Prevent Hungary’s Alignment with Germany in World War II (1939– 1941)

The history of Soviet-Hungarian interactions from the establishment of diplomatic relations until Hungary joined World War II alongside the Axis powers offers valuable insights into the dynamics between small and great powers, as well as the efforts of small European states, particularly Hungary, to navigate their national interests in foreign policy amidst Nazi Germany's encroachments. This period was defined by two primary factors: the Hungarian political elite, led by Miklós Horthy, sought to join a quasi-"crusade" against Comintern Soviet Russia, while simultaneously striving to avoid deep involvement in major conflicts between the great powers. This dual approach aligned with the policies of Hitler's Western appeasers, who aimed to redirect German expansion eastward. In this geopolitical scenario, American and Western European actors (including Great Britain and France) were relegated to the role of observers, anticipating a prolonged conflict between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union that would drain both. Hungary, as strategized by Budapest, hoped to secure a position among these observers, avoiding direct conflict participation, and to later engage in territorial reconfiguration post-World War II. However, the reality in Europe by the early 1940s diverged significantly, with Western powers (the USA and Great Britain) unable to redirect Hitler's global domination ambitions eastward. Facing an existential threat, these powers were compelled to enter the war. Against this backdrop, Soviet diplomacy endeavored to deter Hungary's alliance with Nazi Germany. Although ultimately unsuccessful, examining these diplomatic efforts offers valuable lessons in the context of the current evolution towards a multipolar world.

SYRIA: PROXY WARS IN THE MIDDLE EAST

The conflict in Syria quickly escalated into a complex and prolonged civil war where states outside the conflict fueled rebel groups to fight. The onset of multiple proxy wars befell Syria. Proxy war happens when a ruler of a state devises and facilitates the provision of support to a rebel group that is engaged in carrying out violent activities in another state. Thus, an external state can influence the outcome of a civil war without having to bear the heavy costs of sending its army forces. States that wage proxy wars risk a potential conflict escalation, and gamble with provoking retaliation by either the offending state or its allies. Furthermore, inadvertent conse quences of backing rebel forces are also possible such as international condemnation. So, why does a state choose to form a relationship with a proxy group, instead of intervening directly? Why invest money and military power in a third party that could lead to a prolonged conflict? The analysis highlights that the political survival of regimes in the Middle East caused leaders to support rebel groups in Syria. I present a causal mechanism that is based on transnational threats to explain the phenomenon of proxy war in the Syrian civil war. Keywords: Syria, proxy war, Middle East, qualitative analysis, foreign policy.

Pengungkapan Love Languange Dalam Hubungan Romantis

Humans as social creatures interact to fulfill their needs in life. The need to be loved is one of the social needs that humans need. Therefore, humans always want to have a romantic relationship. A person can have a romantic relationship, which is also called dating. A boyfriend or girlfriend is an important need in a person's life because when they are with their partner a person is more courageous in expressing their ideas, thoughts, opinions, feelings and behavior, which makes it easier for them to be involved in the socialization process. Communication is the most important key in a relationship so that individuals understand each other and there are no misunderstandings between partners that result in the collapse of the relationship. Love language communication is the unique way each person expresses their affection in a relationship, which can be through words of affirmation, quality time, acts of service, receiving gifts, and physical touch. This theory was developed and introduced by Gary Chapman in 1992. This research employs a qualitative method, including interviews, document analysis, and field observations. The aim of this study is to discover the love languages of each individual in a relationship and how they express and communicate these love languages to their partners through everyday activities to satisfy their partners in maintaining a relationship. The research findings indicate that communication between couples in expressing their affection can vary, whether through verbal or non- verbal means, such as providing encouragement, spending quality time together, giving gifts, physical touch, and problem-solving using each partner's love language, discussing issues to find solutions to prevent prolonged conflicts.

FINANCIAL CHALLENGES OF TRANSFORMATION PERIOD ECONOMIC AGENTS: LESSONS FROM PRACTICE

INTRODUCTION. The relevance of this study lies in the necessity to examine the financial aspects of business entities operating in a period of transformation, precipitated by the ongoing military conflict that began in 2022. Given this critical context, along with global challenges related to COVID-19, understanding financial challenges becomes pertinent for developing more resilient and effective strategies for enterprise management and the economy in these conditions.
 RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS: The research hypothesis posits that business entities operating in conditions of economic transformation induced by a military conflict are learning from practice and developing strategies to address financial challenges.
 The aim of the research is to analyze the financial challenges faced by business entities in the context of economic transformations resulting from a military conflict, with the goal of deriving valuable learning insights.
 METHODS. The following methods were employed for the research: statistical data analysis, comparative analysis, retrospective analysis, data analysis using the "Maddison Project Database" of the University of Groningen, literature review.
 FINDINGS. In the course of the research, it was found that Ukraine suffered significant losses in its real GDP and industrial production during the military conflict, and these losses proved to be substantial even when compared to other countries that experienced wartime events. The decline in real GDP in 2022 amounted to 29.2%, while industrial production decreased by 38%. The results also underscore the necessity of studying and implementing strategies to support economic recovery in the context of armed conflict.
 CONCLUSION. The research has confirmed significant losses in Ukraine's real GDP and industrial production during a prolonged military conflict. These results highlight the importance of developing and implementing comprehensive strategies to support economic recovery in the context of armed conflict. For future research, potential directions could include further analysis of the impact of the military conflict on various economic sectors, the study of the effectiveness of implemented recovery programs and their influence on economic resilience, as well as an examination of best practices from other countries in addressing similar financial challenges following wartime conflicts.
 KEYWORDS: military conflict; real GDP losses; economic recovery support; financial challenges of economic entities.

The Palestine-Israel Conflict: A Legacy of Power, Identity, and Unyielding Struggle

The Prolonged conflict between Palestine and Israel has carved a significant chapter in global history, permeating international politics, human rights discourse, and geopolitical strategy. What began as a territorial dispute has evolved into a Complex conflict encompassing identity, religion, historical grievances, and ideological divides. This article delves into the intricate fabric of the Palestine-Israel conflict, examining its historical roots, the impact of Colonial influence, the Religious factors, and the complex interplay of power dynamics. By analyzing key events, agreements, and international responses, this research explores the enduring nature of the conflict and its global ramifications. It aims to shed light on the intractable issues at the heart of the dispute while offering critical reflections on possible paths toward peace.

Renaissance for Renewal and Improved Performance: The Necessity of Reforming the UNSC to Meet the Stakes of the Age

The world is facing the most severe accumulation of serious international security failures in recent times. This has challenged the ability of the UNSC to effectively instill international peace and security in the globe. The numerous conflicts in the world such as in Libya, Syria, and Afghanistan, and the recent war in Ukraine, Sudan, and Gaza, have precipitated a worrisome erosion of the ability of the UNSC to instill international peace and security in the present age. The article examined the necessity of reforming the UNSC in other to improve its performance and to meet the stakes of the age. Using the qualitative research approach with the secondary data, and applying the Veto Power Theory, the study revealed that the UNSC faces serious challenges in carrying out its duty effectively. These challenges include a lack of consensus among UN Security Council members, the rise of non-state actors and terrorism, the veto power and political deadlock, lack of regional representation, limited enforcement mechanisms, global power shifts and geopolitical rivalries, prolonged conflicts, and peacekeeping. Also, the study unveiled that the challenges impeding the process of reforming the UNSC include, the veto power, political interests and geopolitics, complex reform process, and lack of consensus on reform models. The article concluded by presenting ways to reform the UNSC. This includes expanding the membership of the UNSC, reforming the veto power system of the Security Council, enhancing cooperation between the UNSC and regional organizations, and Ensuring regional representation in the UNSC membership.

Interpreting Buddhism’s Core Values in the Sri Lankan Ethnic Conflict: An Analysis of Arudpragasam’s The Story of a Brief Marriage

The prolonged Sri Lankan conflict in Sri Lanka occurred between the majority Sinhala govt. and the minority Sri Lankan Tamils on the island. The discrimination of identity and ethnicity led to major ruins on the land. This paper emphasizes the role of Buddhist values in Sri Lanka during the ethnic conflict. The principles of Buddhism help people rehabilitate and restore peace in the war-torn nation. In particular, the paper attempts to examine the Buddhist values practiced by the people irrespective of their religious denominations during the Civil War, through the literary landscape of Anuk Arudpragasam’s The Story of a Brief Marriage. The noble precepts of Buddhism are four noble truths and the eightfold path, which teaches non-violence, selflessness, and tolerance. The doctrines of Buddhism restored humanitarian values at the height of the ethnic conflict in society. The current research paper helps to identify the influence of Buddhism on the people of the island nation in maintaining self-control, self-discipline, and morally upright behaviors. However, it proves the absence and ignorance of the Buddhist precepts which incited many ethnic clashes among the people. Further, it focuses on the causes of the major devastation and the collapse of the Sri Lankan socio-political system and the role of Buddhism in restoring peace in the war-torn nation.

Mengusung Politik Damai Abdurrahman Wahid dalam Mengatasi Eskalasi Konflik Kelompok Kriminal Bersenjata dengan Tentara Nasional Indonesia di Papua

This paper intends to reflect philosophically as well as to promote the need for a peaceful politics in resolving the conflict of the Armed Criminal Group (KKB) in Papua. This elaboration is reviewed based on Wahid's words and political legacy. The methodology used is the analysis of the text through critical reading that listens to the understanding and concept of peaceful politics according to the spark of Wahid's thought. The author assumes that the prolonged conflict that occurs in Papua, namely the conflict stirred up by the KKB, is one of the biggest threats to the integrity of the Republic of Indonesia. The Indonesian government's decision to upgrade the KKB's status as a terrorist group presupposes the deployment of security forces to hunt down KKB members. However, this has not been the right solution, because in fact the conflict continues to this day. Therefore, the government needs to promote appropriate and relevant solutions so that the disintegration of the nation does not occur. The author finds that humanism and Wahid's ideas about the politics of peace that adhere to the principles of equality and liberation can stem various social and political problems, especially the escalation of conflict in Papua.

Порушення соціального функціонування у хворих з депресивними розладами в умовах стресу війни

The psychotraumatic factors that occurred during the war of 2022-2023 significantly affect the exacerbation / onset and manifestations of depressive syndrome (DS) in schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSD) and neurotic depressive disorders (NDD), as well as worsen the level of social functioning (SF) of patients. Objective. To study the SF impairment in patients with DS in patients with SSD and NDD, and the relationship between the stress factors and the exacerbation of psychopathological symptoms and their severity in these patients. Methods and materials. There was conducted psychopathological examination of 92 patients with SSD (schizophrenia, Sch and schizoaffective disorder, SchAD) and neurotic DR (recurrent depression, RD and depressive reaction as adjustment disorders, AD) who experienced severe stress during the war. Results. In the research the largest number of patients were women (60.9% of cases). Among patients aged 18 - 25 years, majority of cases was the patients with AD (46.2%), in the group of 26 - 35 years - with SSD (50,0% with Sch and with SchAD). The vast majority of RD cases were presented among patients aged 36-50 years. Depressive syndrome significantly prevailed in patients with RD, and depressive-phobic syndrome in patients with AD. Whereas, depressive-delusional syndrome was most often diagnosed in patients with SSD. Among all examined patient’s reactive exacerbation of the main disease (in case of SSD and RD), as well as the development of RA occurred as a result of a significant impact of stress factors of different content, but related to the war in all cases.The most frequent of these were the feeling of "war fatigue", uncertainty and/or hopelessness about the future (in general 82% of patients with RD and RA); difficulties during evacuation, caused a strong increase in family conflicts, especially in patients with SSD (57.9% of cases in general) and RA; significant reduction of money for life. The impairment of SF in patients with various mental disorders and DS as a result of war-related stressors was mainly manifested in significant difficulty in daily professional and household duties (91.3% of all patients); the feeling of social support lacks and loneliness; frequent and/or prolonged interpersonal conflicts; as well as a strong financial problem. Other psychopathological features associated with DS that develop under the war stress influence and worsened the level of patients' SF were sleep disturbances (97.8% of cases) with a significant direct correlation with a significant difficulty in daily activities; self-disbelief and hopelessness, as well as the emergence or strong increasing of suicidal thoughts were noted by more than 80% of the examined patients (36.0% of patients with NDDs had suicide attempts or self-injurirs - most often in AD); constant fatigue (80.0% of patients with NDDs). Conclusion. Understanding the impact of war-related stressors on the manifestations of DS, and the features and level of SF impairment need the use of treatment and rehabilitation complex for patients with DS (with SSD and NDD) who have experienced a severe psychotraumatic situation. It will allow timely and effective treatment of reactive states (relapses of psychotic episodes), take to account into the severity and characteristics of DS, and the content and severity of stressful effects in order to achieve remission, restore social adaptation of patients, and reduce the risk of self-destructive or aggressive behavior of them.

Polygenic response of sex chromosomes to sexual antagonism.

Sexual antagonism occurs when males and females differ in their phenotypic fitness optima but are constrained in their evolution to these optima because of their shared genome. The sex chromosomes, which have distinct evolutionary "interests" relative to the autosomes, are theorized to play an important role in sexually antagonistic conflict. However, the evolutionary responses of sex chromosomes and autosomes have usually been considered independently, that is, via contrasting the response of a gene located on either an X chromosome or an autosome. Here, we study the coevolutionary response of the X chromosome and autosomes to sexually antagonistic selection acting on a polygenic phenotype. We model a phenotype initially under stabilizing selection around a single optimum, followed by a sudden divergence of the male and female optima. We find that, in the absence of dosage compensation, the X chromosome promotes evolution toward the female optimum, inducing coevolutionary male-biased responses on the autosomes. Dosage compensation obscures the female-biased interests of the X, causing it to contribute equally to male and female phenotypic change. We further demonstrate that fluctuations in an adaptive landscape can generate prolonged intragenomic conflict and accentuate the differential responses of the X and autosomes to this conflict.

MINORITAS MUSLIM MELAYU PATANI: PERJUANGAN HAK DAN IDENTITAS DI THAILAND

Thailand is a country that has a variety of unique characteristics, both in terms of its strategic territorial location and in terms of the various ethnicities of its people. The method that the researcher used in this study was a qualitative descriptive method by conducting a library research, then the researcher also used two historical approaches such as the Social Sciences approach and the Anthropology Approach. This is related to the discussion that the researchers discussed, namely describing a condition or circumstances of society. The aim of this study is to explain the condition of Muslims in Thailand who have the status of a religious minority, especially in the Patani region, as a religious minority, do Patani Malay Muslims get the same rights as religions with majority status such as Buddhism. Then the results of this research state that the condition of Muslims in Thailand, especially the Malay region of Patani, can be marked by the fact that they are left behind in various aspects of life such as politics, economics, education and religion and in the end this situation is what gives rise to protests from Muslims. Malay Patani which resulted in prolonged conflict.

Современное состояние высшего образования в Сирии и проблемы миграции

The article presents an analysis of the current situation in the field of higher education in Syria. In the context of the prolonged military conflict and political instability that has engulfed the country, the Syrian higher education system has faced serious challenges. The author highlights the most important problems of Syrian higher edu-cation, including its accessibility, the quality of educational programs, financing and infrastructure of educa-tional institutions. The impact of the conflict on academic research, migration mobility of students and teachers, and prospects for the restoration of the higher education system in Syria are also assessed. Along with this, the article contains recommendations and suggestions for improving the state of higher education in the country. Sociological theories and approaches were also applied in this work, which used research analysis methods, and were based on qualitative and quantitative research approaches such as interviews, questionnaires, statis-tical analysis and the theory of transnationality: this approach emphasizes the links between countries and transnational aspects of migration. The author analyzes how education affects transnational mobility and the reverse impact of migration on educational processes. The author used a Structural and functional approach to analyze the functionality of the Syrian higher education system and identify problems in its key structural ele-ments. The study is important for understanding the problems faced by higher education institutions in conflict countries, and can serve as a starting point for further research and development of educational, youth and migration policy in Syria.

Identifying New Tourist Destinations in Balikpapan's Protected Forest: a Solution to Prolonged Social Conflicts

Optimizing tourism potential in the Balikpapan Protected Forest (BPF) is one of the efforts that the Balikpapan government can make to reduce the long-standing social conflict in the area. However, these measures must be implemented wisely to ensure that biodiversity and natural ecosystems in BPF remain protected. This study aims to identify the location of the BPF area to be proposed as a potential location for a new tourist destination. Data collection was carried out through observation, indepth interviews, and focus group discussions. The data analysis used in this research is descriptive analysis, which is carried out by describing tourist destinations based on the 6A tourism principles (attractions, accessibility, amenities, additional services, available packages, and activities). The results show that there are 11 potential new tourist destinations in the BPF area. Most of it is agrotourism that uses social forestry land. Prospective new tourist destinations have specific activities, are easy to reach, and provide accommodation, amenities, and additional services. The addition of new tourist destinations in the BPF area can attract more visitors and increase sales of agricultural products. The government's agrotourism management plan in tourist forest areas has the potential to minimize social conflict, improve the regional economy, and provide a vehicle for environmental education for the community.

Russia’s “Turn to the East” Policy: Evolution and Assessment

Abstract Russia’s “Turn to the East” policy emerged after the 2014 Ukraine crisis, making pro-Eastern and anti-Western orientations integral and interconnected components of Russian foreign policy. This policy has gone through two developmental stages: from March 2014 to February 2022, Russia strengthened its political and economic cooperation with Asia-Pacific countries; from February 2022 to the present, Russia has turned comprehensively towards Asia, Africa and Latin America, with an emphasis on China. The implementation of Russia’s “Turn to the East” policy for nearly a decade has had limited effectiveness, mainly reflected in the economic aspect. While the East, in some specific sectors like trade, may be on par with the West, it still cannot replace the West in terms of investments and technology. Furthermore, the policy faces several challenges, including a significant gap between national strength and policy objectives, the need to improve certain internal and external conditions that hinder the development of Russian relations with Eastern countries, and the necessity to enhance Russia’s presence in Eastern nations. Despite its limited efficacy, Russia is likely to continue implementing its pivot to the East in the medium term due to factors such as the prolonged Russia-Ukraine conflict, Russia’s ongoing confrontation with the West, and Putin’s expected continuation in power beyond 2024.

REVISITING THE THOUGTH OF YUSUF AL-QARADAWI ON THE BOYCOTT OF PRO-ISRAEL BRANDS

In the complex tapestry of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, this paper embarks on a qualitative exploration of Yusuf Al-Qaradawi's endorsement of the fatwa promoting the boycott of pro-Israel brands. As one of Egypt's distinguished Muslim scholars, Qaradawi's stance holds significant weight in shaping opinions within the Islamic community. This research employs a qualitative methodology to unravel the intricacies of Qaradawi's viewpoint on the boycott and, concurrently, sheds light on his reflections concerning the roots of the prolonged conflict between the Palestinian and Israeli peoples. Delving into Qaradawi's perspectives requires a nuanced understanding of the cultural, historical, and religious dimensions he incorporates into his endorsement of the boycott. Through a qualitative content analysis of Qaradawi's writings, speeches, and sermons, this study seeks to decipher the layers of his convictions, providing a human touch to the academic exploration. It aims to revisit and describe how the notion of boycotting pro-Israel brands intertwines with the ongoing struggles in the region from Qaradawi's lens, offering a more relatable and contextualized comprehension of his position.The paper further engages in a qualitative analysis of Qaradawi's arguments endorsing the fatwa, unraveling the motivations and ideological foundations that underpin his advocacy. As a comparative qualitative analysis, this study extends its exploration to include the perspectives of the Majelis Ulama Indonesia (MUI), offering a rich tapestry of Islamic viewpoints on the matter. This comparative lens not only highlights the diversity within Islamic scholarship but also humanizes the discourse surrounding the pro-Israel brands boycott.

Failed Implementation of Western Democracy in the Middle East

This article discusses how Peace Democratic Theory works as a foreign policy of the United States inspreading democracy around the world, especially in Islamic countries in the Middle East, and howthe Islamic left criticizes the democratization process due to this foreign policy. Peace DemocraticTheory ushers in Islamic Leftist Thought in assessing how the democratization process works out ofconformity with Islamic Shari'a and the resulting chaos and prolonged conflict. The author brings acase study of the Iraq conflict due to the democratization process's failure in this article. Using adescriptive qualitative approach, the author concluded that Peace Democratic Theory gave birth todemocracy that established oligarchic politics. This article contributes information for various partieson the reasons for thinking about criticism between Islam and Peace Democratic Theory. In addition,this article is information material for multiple parties related to strategy in the conflict between Islamand Peace Democratic Theory.

Push-Pull Factors of Migration amidst Domestic Resistance of the Visegrad Group Countries

This research presents the push-pull factors of refugees and asylum seekers towards Europeancountries during strong domestic resistance by The Visegrad Group, consisting of Hungary, Poland,Slovakia, and the Czech Republic. These factors were examined using the push-pull migration theory,and the results are presented qualitatively. The data and information presented in this paper came fromsecondary sources. The findings revealed two significant facts. Firstly, the negative conditions in thehome countries of refugees and asylum seekers act as migration drivers, including prolonged conflicts,economic crises, and limited job opportunities; secondly, the attractiveness of Europe as a regioncharacterized by safety, a stable economy, availability of resources, and sufficient job opportunities.

The Israel-Palestine Sovereignty Struggle: A Historical Review Based On Territorial Claims

The land of Palestine is holy land for the three major religions, namely Islam, Christianity and Judaism. Israel and Palestine are countries that claim that this land is their territory, so this has sparked a prolonged conflict between the two. This research aims to provide an overview of the history of territorial claims in the Israeli-Palestinian region, territorial claims based on an Israeli-Palestinian perspective, and efforts to resolve the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. Researchers use the historical method with a qualitative approach, which has stages of heuristics, criticism, interpretation and historiography. The research results concluded that the Israeli-Palestinian conflict is a complex problem. The involvement of religious, political and historical dimensions in it can influence a person's views and understanding of the Israeli-Palestinian territorial claims. Through this research, it can be seen that the importance of good diplomacy and mediation can encourage the creation of commitment and trust in each other, thereby creating a sense of tolerance which can be used as the key to fair sovereignty for both parties.
 Keywords: Israel, Palestine, Islam, Judaism

Studi Komparatif Peraturan Adopsi Anak Di Negara Indonesia dan Palestina

This research aims to determine the regulations for child adoption in Indonesia and Palestine and analyze the problems of child adoption in Indonesia and Palestine. This research uses library research by collecting qualitative data. This data was obtained from several sources such as books, journals and the internet. This research uses a normative approach by analyzing the regulations in Muslim countries, namely Indonesia and Palestine, which relate to the law on adoption or placement of children. The results of this research are that adoption regulations in Indonesia and Palestine both guarantee the welfare of children, but prohibit adopted children from being given the status of biological children and having the fate of their adoptive father. The difference is, in Indonesia it is permissible for single parents to adopt, but in Palestine it must be a husband and wife pair. In Indonesia there is only 1 home visit when a child is being adopted, in Palestine there are 2 home visits, namely pre and post adoption, in Indonesia there is an explanation of the age that is considered a child, in Palestine there is none. However, due to the prolonged conflict situation, namely the aggression launched by Israel against Palestine, Palestine has tightened its regulations on adopting children, namely not allowing Palestinian children to be accepted and taken to other countries. Adoption is permitted only to support living and education costs.Keywords: Regulations, Child Adoption, Indonesia and Palestine

The Historicity of Plural Societies in East Java

One of the multiethnic regions in Indonesia is East Java Province. Based on the assumption that plural societies are prone to conflict at a certain point, it will impact the dynamics of pluralism in this region. This research will examine this assumption by focusing on the historical exploration of the emergence of plural society and the current portrait of plural society in East Java. The theory used in this research is Social Construction Theory. While the Historical Research Method, with the stages of Heuristics, Criticism, Interpretation, and Historiography, is used to guide the course of research, which will mainly examine the historical side of pluralism in East Java. The results obtained are awareness of the daily reality of East Java society and show that prolonged conflicts that rely on ethnic and religious differences have never appeared. Understanding of the historical reality that different forms in the East Java community have occurred for a long time. So, that reality is what causes East Javanese people to appreciate differences and get used to differences.