Prolactin Values Research Articles

A Comparative Study of Intravenous Dexmedetomidine with Local Infiltration of Ropivacaine in Attenuation of Stress Response to Skull Pin Insertion in Craniotomies.

Objective Skull pin insertion in patients undergoing craniotomies elicits hemodynamic and neuroendocrine stress response that may be deleterious to the patient. Various drugs and techniques have been documented in literature to abate this stress response. Against this background, we aimed to compare the efficacy of intravenous dexmedetomidine and local infiltration of ropivacaine for attenuation of stress response to pin insertion in craniotomies. Methods Eighty-eight adult patients undergoing craniotomy under general anesthesia from March 2019 to April 2020 requiring application of head holder were randomized into two equal groups. After intubation, 0.75 µg kg -1 of dexmedetomidine over 10 minutes through infusion was given in group D, while local infiltration at pin sites was done with 0.5% ropivacaine, 2 mL at each site in group R. Hemodynamic parameters and levels of serum cortisol, prolactin, and blood glucose were measured before and after pin insertion. Unpaired t -test for continuous variables and Mann-Whitney U test was used for nonnormally distributed variables. Results Heart rate was statistically similar between the two groups at all the observed time points. The difference in mean arterial pressure values between the two groups was found to be statistically significant only from 10 to 20 minutes after pin insertion being statistically similar at rest of the time points. Levels of serum glucose, cortisol, and prolactin values 30 minutes after pin insertion were statistically similar between both groups. Conclusion We concluded that both interventions are equally efficacious in attenuation of hemodynamic and stress response to head holder application in patients undergoing craniotomies.

Children with Prepubertal Anorexia Nervosa: assessing the sex hormone profile and prognostic factors for inpatient treatment outcomes.

Even though Anorexia Nervosa (AN) is an emerging research topic, scarce literature data are available on children with prepubertal AN. To date, no specific study has assessed the potential prognostic factors on treatment outcomes in this population. Observational, retrospective study of 39 children (12.5±1.8 years) hospitalized for AN, with primary amenorrhea and absence of pubertal development at clinical examination. Sexual hormonal profile: plasma levels luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), estradiol (E2), progesterone (P4), and prolactin (PRL) were assessed at admission. Clinical (age, duration of illness, comorbidity, admission body-mass index - BMI), treatment (psychopharmacological therapies) and outcome (BMI improvement, length of hospital stay - LOS) variables were assessed. Multiple linear regressions were conducted to assess potential predictors of outcomes. A predictive model of BMI improvement (F(4, 32)=8.713; Adjusted R2=0.491; p<0.001) was documented, with longer LOS (B=0.010; p<0.001), lower plasma levels of E2 (B=-0.043; p=0.002) and lower plasma levels of LH (B=-0.292, p=0.043) predicting a greater BMI improvement. A predictive model of LOS (F(2, 38)=9.527; Adjusted R2=0.310; p<0.001) was documented as well, with younger age (B=17.835; p<0.001), and reduced BMI improvement (B=22.656; p=0.012) predicting a shorter LOS. No predictive value of comorbidity, FSH, P4 or PRL was found. This is the first study to investigate the prognostic value of sex hormones on the treatment of children with prepubertal AN. Low E2, LH, and age, but not FSH, P4 or PRL, were associated with better outcomes. These data should be investigated in wider populations and controlled studies.

Microgravity induced resting state networks and metabolic alterations during sleep onset

There is concrete evidence that weightlessness and microgravity may affect sleep quality. However, most of the studies failed to provide an integrative understanding of sleep disorders. This study proposes a novel, multi-modal, data-driven model for identifying the detrimental factors that are crucial for sleep quality. Its aim is to quantify the impact of weightlessness on cortical functional connectivity and metabolic blood biomarkers. It also investigates the efficacy of the Reactive Sledge Jump as a countermeasure.The study involves healthy volunteers assigned either to a control or to a sledge group. The data include polysomnographic recordings and blood biomarkers. Reconstruction of the cortical resting-state networks through the sLORETA methodology is performed. Then, functional connectivity is obtained, and regression models are developed to explain the variance of the sleep macro-architecture characteristics.The study results indicate that neither the bed rest nor the countermeasure affect sleep macro-architecture or the biomarkers under consideration. There are statistically significant functional connectivity alterations within the alpha band. There are significant correlations among all the three biomarkers and sleep quality characteristics. Glucose and prolactin values can predict the sleep onset latency, whereas insulin and group (countermeasure or control) predict the number of awakenings. Finally, the biomarker values are significantly correlated with functional connectivity interactions.Our findings provide evidence that sleep disorders occur firstly at a cortical level following a non-uniform pattern. These disorders are evident as cortical connectivity disruptions before their clinical manifestation as biomarkers’ alterations or deterioration in terms of sleep characteristics. The proposed methodology highlights the significance of a personalized, multi-parametric evaluation of sleep quality which is able to identify sleep disorders prior to their clinical onset.

Hormonal alterations due to antipsychotic-related hyperprolactinemia

IntroductionThe use of antipsychotics (APS) is essential. Despite their great efficacy, some of them are associated with an increase in prolactin levels that can lead to hormonal changes needing to be identified and managed [1,2,3]. Hormonal changes use to have clinical implications including hypogonadism, infertility and sexual dysfunctionObjectivesTo evaluate possible hormonal alterations and some clinical implications produced by hyperprolactinemia (HPRL) derived from the use of some antipsychotic compounds.MethodsA complete fasting blood test was performed on a sample of 113 subjects (69 men and 44 women). 54% (n = 61) showed a normal prolactin level and 46% (n = 52) showed hyperprolactinaemia ( &gt;50ng / ml). On the global sample, 39.8% (n = 45) was treated with some hyperprolactinemic drug , mostly risperidone and paliperidone.ResultsSome differences were found depending on the gender of the subjects. A highly significant inverse relationship between the values of prolactin and testosterone was found in males (p=0.020, r=-0.285). In females, increased prolactin level was significantly related to decreased cortisol values.ConclusionsAntipsychotic-related Hyperprolactinaemia ( mainly risperidone and paliperidone) is related with a decrease in testosterone levels in males and with an increase in cortisol levels in females.DisclosureNo significant relationships.

Comparison of the Fetal Fraction of Cell-Free DNA in In-Vitro Fertilization (IVF) Versus Natural Conception Evaluation of the Fetal Fraction With IVF Parameters.

BackgroundAs the offspring of assisted reproduction techniques (ARTs) have become a substantial proportion of the population, increased attention has been placed on the safety of ART. Investigators have focused on identifying a tool that combines molecular or biological tests that can predict the outcomes of in-vitro fertilization (IVF) or intracytoplasmic sperm injection and the resulting pregnancy after ART-mediated embryo implantation. This study aimed to answer the following questions: is there a difference between natural conception and IVF pregnancies regarding fetal fraction (FF) of cell-free DNA (cfDNA) in maternal age, birth weight, gender, and gestational age? Is there a difference between FF concentration regarding the parameters of IVF as possible predictive factors affecting the outcomes of IVF?MethodologyThis study included 31 women with singleton pregnancies conceived via IVF who underwent cell-free fetal DNA (cffDNA) screening for trisomy 13, 18, and 21; sex determination; and FF. The control group included 55 women who experienced natural conception. For all women, anthropometric characteristics such as age, weight, height, and body mass index (BMI) were recorded. For the IVF group, early follicular phase values of follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, prolactin, anti-müllerian hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, and estradiol were recorded.ResultsThe natural conception and IVF groups were similar regarding maternal age, BMI of the mother, gender, birth weight, and gestational age. FF was not significantly different between the natural conception and IVF groups (10 (3.8) vs. 9 (2.6); p = 0.144). The results were similar after adjusting for maternal age via regression analysis. cfDNA was not associated with maternal age, birth weight, gender, or gestational age in the entire study sample or separately for the natural conception and IVF groups. No significant correlation was found between cfDNA and IVF parameters.ConclusionsThe FF is an important factor for non-invasive prenatal testing (NIPT) accuracy. Several studies have found a reduction in FF in pregnancies following ART compared with natural conception, while other studies have presented no differences in the FF. All researchers agree on the importance of NIPT; however, knowledge on how the FF is affected in ART pregnancies compared with naturally conceived pregnancies is very limited. In this study, no difference in FF for the IVF group compared with natural conception women was observed. The cffDNA concentrations in maternal serum do not appear to be affected in IVF conception. We suggest that FF is an independent factor compared with IVF parameters.

The Prolactin per Unit Tumor Volume Ratio Accurately Distinguishes Prolactinomas From Secondary Hyperprolactinemia due to Stalk Effect

ObjectiveThe prolactin levels alone are insufficient to distinguish between some cases of prolactinomas and stalk effect. We aimed to formally characterize the relationship between serum prolactin and prolactinoma volume, determine a cutoff for prolactin/mm3 that accurately distinguishes prolactinomas from stalk effect, and validate this cutoff in a cohort selected to include ambiguous prolactin values ranging from 50 to 150 ng/mL. MethodsWe used the Research Patient Data Registry and transsphenoidal surgery database in our institution to retrospectively identify adult patients with clinically nonfunctioning (NF) tumors (primary analysis, n = 279; validation cohort, n = 10) and prolactinomas (primary analysis, n = 94; validation cohort, n = 18). Solid tumor volumes were measured by Visage 7 software, and cystic foci within tumors were excluded. ResultsProlactin levels were significantly correlated with prolactinoma volume (r2 = 0.801) but were not a relevant predictor of NF tumor size (r2 = 0.015). The prolactin/mm3 values did not overlap between NF tumors (median, 0.016; interquartile range, 0.009-0.028) and prolactinomas (median, 0.551; interquartile range, 0.265-0.845) (P < .0001). A cutoff of 0.065 ng/mL)/mm3 correctly discriminated between prolactinomas and NF tumors in all 401 patients in the primary analysis and validation cohort. ConclusionThe prolactin/volume ratio correctly distinguished all prolactinomas from stalk effect in this study, including a validation cohort specifically chosen for potential ambiguity. To our knowledge, this study is the first formal volumetric analysis of prolactin secretion in pituitary adenomas, and our results suggest that the measurement of prolactin/mm3 is a valuable tool to better characterize challenging cases of primary tumoral secretion versus secondary hyperprolactinemia due to stalk effect.

Abstract 94: Efficacy of cabergoline treatment in men with giant prolactinomas

Introduction: Giant prolactinomas in males are rare tumours in whom outcome data is scarce.Aims and Objectives: To evaluate the outcomes of therapy in men with ‘giant prolactinomas’ (>4 cm).Results: Of twenty-five males with macroprolactinoma following up in the Endocrinology Clinic; ten fulfilled the criteria of Giant Prolactinoma and were included in this retrospective study. The mean age was 34.2±12.67 years. Headache (n=10) and visual field defects (n=8) followed by hypogonadal symptoms (n=8) were the common presenting symptoms. A significant decrease of the Prolactin (PRL) values was observed in all patients (6420±1343.3 to 97.5±1.72 ng/dl; p= 0·0005). Persistent normalization of PRL levels was achieved in 7/10 patients. Significant tumour shrinkage (5±0.40 to 2.7±0.28 cm, p = 0·02) was achieved in 8/10 patients, with a volume reduction > 90% in three, >50% in four and >25% in one patient.Gonadotropin deficiency (n=9); TSH deficiency (n=4) and Cortisol deficiency (n=4) were uncovered on initial laboratory evaluation. The gonadotropin axis recovered in 1/9 and cortisol axis in 3/4 deficient subjects after normoprolactinaemia was achieved. The thyrotropin axis was affected irreversibly.Discussion and Conclusion: In male subjects with giant prolactinomas, recovery in other pituitary axes did not occur in spite of normalizing PRL levels and achieving tumour shrinkage.

Adaptive potential of cardiovascular system and its relationship with sex hormones and dopamine levels in women of Arkhangelsk Oblast and Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug

Aim.To assess the adaptive potential of cardiovascular system in female population of the Russian Arctic territory and its relationship with sex hormones and dopamine levels.Material and methods.The study involved 253 women living in European North (Arkhangelsk Oblast) and Asian North (Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug), who were divided into groups of fertile (n=58 and n=70, respectively) and postmenopausal women (n=59 and n=66, respectively). Enzyme immunoassay of serum was used to determine the levels of follicle-stimulating and luteinizing hormones (LH), progesterone, prolactin, total and free testosterone, estradiol, sex hormone-binding globulin. In plasma, dopamine level was identified. Adaptive potential (AP) was estimated according to R. M. Baevsky method.Results.A significant disadaptation was revealed in residents of Asian North compared to European North as follows: the proportion of persons with poor adaptation increases from 16% in European North to 26% in Asian North in fertile women, while the proportion of persons with adaptation failure increases from 9 to 23% in postmenopausal women. The strongest relationships between hormonal parameters and AP level were found in postmenopausal women: in European North, adaptation impairment is associated with higher levels of testosterone at lower concentrations of follicle-stimulating hormone, LH and sex hormone-binding globulin; in Asian North, adaptation failure is associated with lower values of LH, prolactin, testosterone, and dopamine.Conclusion.A greater AP impairment, which characterizes cardiovascular system adaptation, was noted among Asian North residents. We revealed significant relationships between cardiovascular function and hormonal parameters. In European North residents, poor adaptation is associated with a more androgenic sex hormone profile, while in Asian North — with lower values of LH, prolactin, testosterone and dopamine.

Risk of Unmasking on Schizophrenia Double Blind Clinical Trials Using Risperidone versus Comparator As A Result of Laboratory Analysis

Background: Randomized double blind clinical trial is the most used and accepted method of clinical research involving human subjects. Clinical researches are performed under strict regulatory regulations including Helsinki Declaration and International Conference for Harmonization Good Clinical Practice (ICH – GCP) recommendations. As per ICH GCP principles safety and well being of clinical trials patients should prevail over research objectives and their health status should be monitored throughout the trial using objective and concise indicators such as but not limited to laboratory analysis. This study aims to identify factors that might unblind risperidone treatment arms for patients enrolled in randomized double blind schizophrenia clinical trials using risperidone versus comparator, as a result of reviewing safety laboratory analysis. Methods: This study included 134 controlled schizophrenia patients who received treatment with risperidone versus antipsychotic agents with lower dopamine antagonist potency. Prolactine values were determined using imunoenzimatic and colorimetric method (ELISA) for cantitative determination of prolactine from serum or plasma. Results: 84% percent of the patients treated with risperidone showed elevated levels for prolactine above laboratory reference ranges defined as: Men ( 1.8 – 17.0 ng/ml) ; Women ( fertile 1.2 – 19.5 ng/ml, menopause 1.5 – 18.5 ng/ml) Conclusions: High elevated values of prolactin were determined for risperidone treated patients which might disclose the patient treatment arm to blinded investigator and jeopardize the research. As lab results are an essential safety factor of clinical trial those cannot be overruled and establishing Independent Data Monitoring Committee to oversee patients’ data and warn the investigator is recommended.

To what extent does polycystic ovary syndrome influence the cut-off value of prolactin? Findings of a community-based study

PurposePolycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and hyperprolactinemia are the most frequent endocrine disorders in women which share several common features. There are inconsistent results regarding the existence of a possible pathophysiological interplay between these endocrinopathies and the elevation of prolactin (PRL) in PCOS. The purpose of this study was to explore the upper reference limit of PRL in PCOS women. Patients and methodsThis study is a cross-sectional analysis using data collected from two population-based PCOS prevalence studies. After considering the exclusion criteria, 216 women with PCOS diagnosed based on the Rotterdam criteria and 702 eumenorrheic non-hirsute controls, were enrolled. The age distribution of PRL and the effect of PCOS on the percentiles of serum PRL were compared between the PCOS group and controls. The possible contributing factors for the elevation of PRL were evaluated. ResultsIn the subgroup of women with PCOS, aged ≤35 years, the age-adjusted model of quantile regression revealed a significant elevation of PRL from the 60th percentile onwards, leading to an increase of nearly 10 ​ng/ml (p ​= ​0.023, 95% CI 1.3–17.62) of the 95th percentile of PRL. Hyperprolactinemic PCOS women had higher levels of luteinizing hormone (LH). ConclusionsIn PCOS women, aged ≤35 years, the upper reference limit of serum PRL was approximately 1.5-fold higher than in controls. The pathway underlying PRL elevation in PCOS might be attributed to a decline in central dopaminergic tone associated with PCOS which leads to an increase in levels of both - PRL and LH.

Prevalence of Macroprolactinaemia in Women with Hyperprolactinaemia: A Retrospective Study

Introduction: Macroprolactinaemia causes asymptomatic hyperprolactinaemia in many patients which leads to misdiagnosis, inappropriate investigation and needless treatment in these patients. Though immunoassays for prolactin are sturdy and reliable, they are prone to interference from macroprolactin. Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) precipitation is used as a screening test for macroprolactinaemia. Aim: To find out the prevalence of macroprolactin in women with hyperprolactinaemia this will help in evaluation and treatment of such patients. Materials and Methods: This retrospective study was conducted at a Global Reference Laboratory in Mumbai over a period of three and a half years from January 2018 to May 2021. Total available data of 1,15,149 women with age above 18 years were included in the study. Prolactin concentrations were measured before and after PEG precipitation. Macroprolactinaemia was characterised by percentage recovery and post PEG prolactin concentrations. Continuous variables were expressed as Mean±Standard Deviation (SD), Range and categorical variables as number and percentage. The differences in categorical variables were assessed with Chisquare test or Fisher’s-exact test. Results: A total of 36,247 women (31.48%) women out of the total 1,15,149 were observed to have hyperprolactinaemia Prevalence of macroprolactinaemia using recovery criteria of ≤50% was 7.88%. Amongst the women diagnosed with hyperprolactinaemia highest prevalence of 62.46% (22,639) was found between 18-30 years. Macroprolactin results and age were found to be statistically significant. Infertility, Oligomenorrhoea/amenorrhoea, and thyroid disorders was seen more frequently in hyperprolactinaemia than in macroprolactinaemia. Twelve women with prolactin values above 100 ng/mL were found to have macroprolactinaemia. Conclusion: Macroprolactin determination with the PEG precipitation method might prevent unnecessary tests and treatments during the diagnosis process and follow-up of patients.

Procena nivoa testosterona, dehidroepiandrosterona i prolaktina kod parova sa sterilitetom inficiranih i neinficiranih parazitom Toxoplasma gondii, koji su posećivali Centar za lečenje steriliteta Fatma Al-Zahra u Babolu, u Iranu

Introduction/Aims: Toxoplasmosis modifies various hormones and cytokines in the infected hosts which may result in several disorders. This study was conducted to assess testosterone, DHEA, and prolactin concentration levels among Toxoplasma gondii infected and uninfected infertile couples. Methods: Blood samples were collected and sera were separated. The sera were analyzed for the detection of anti-Toxoplasma (IgG&amp; IgM) antibodies using commercial ELISA kits. The level of DHEA was measured by ELISA and the levels of testosterone and prolactin were evaluated by enzyme-linked fluorescent assay (ELFA, VIDAS). Results: The overall seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis was 58.0% (218/376). Among women, 56.9% (107/188) and 6.5% (7/107) were positive for anti-T. gondii antibodies IgG and IgM, respectively. The IgG and IgM were detected in the sera of 111/188 (59.0%) and 9/111 (8.1%) in male subjects, respectively. A positive association was observed between T. gondii infection and the upper and lower ranges of the normal value of testosterone in males (x 2 = 6.8, p = 0.033) but not in females (x 2 = 0.62, p = 0.99). A positive correlation was seen between toxoplasmosis and the upper and lower ranges of the normal value of prolactin in females (x 2 = 6.5, p = 0.039) but not in male cases (x 2 = 1.06, p = 0.59). Conclusion: Our results demonstrated no statistically significant differences between the level of sexual hormones between Toxoplasma-infected individuals and Toxoplasma-free subjects suffering from infertility. These findings suggest that further studies should be performed on infertile cases with large sample sizes in a case-control format.

Prolactin level correction in restoration of menstrual cycle in obese women

Obesity is a common problem among women of reproductive age. There are data from clinical and experimental studies indicating the role of hyperprolactinemia in the development of metabolic syndrome, as well as the metabolic benefits of treating hyperprolactinemia.Research objective: to evaluate the clinical efficacy of Vitex Agnus Castus standardized extract on hormonal and metabolic status in women with menstrual cycle disorders and obesity.Materials and methods. 60 women aged 19 to 35 years with obesity and menstrual cycle disorders with laboratory-confirmed insulin resistance and prolactin near the upper limit of the reference values or was slight increase were examined. All the patients were given recommendations for lifestyle modification. 30 of them, who formed the main group, received Cyclodynon. 30 patients of the control group were not prescribed Cyclodynon therapy.Results. At the end of the treatment, the menstrual cycle was normalized in 93.3% patients of the main group, and in 66.3% patients of the control group (p &lt; 0.05). Ovulation signs were detected in 86.67% women of the main group and only in 30.0% women of the control group (p &lt; 0.05). The mean prolactin value and the HOMA index were significantly lower in the main group; prolactin level did not exceed the physiological values in 86.67% women in the main group after 6 months, and in 40.0% of the control group, p &lt; 0.05. There was a decrease in body mass index and waist/hip circumference ratio in patients of the studied groups; the dynamics was slightly higher in the main group but did not differ significantly. Conclusions. Cyclodynon is effective for the treatment of menstrual cycle disorders and metabolic disorders in women with obesity and metabolic syndrome. Good tolerability, absence of side effects, and sufficient efficacy of Cyclodynon allow it to be recommended as the drug of choice in patients with prolactin levels near the upper limit of the reference values or a slight increase of it and in patients with intolerance to synthetic dopamine agonists.

Serum prolactin, Preptin, CCL 18 and genetic polymorphisms in Iraqi women with polycystic ovary syndrome.

The polycystic ovary syndrome is an endocrine condition. One of the leading causes of female infertility and the most common disorder among women. The work was being carried out on 100 Iraqi women (50 cases confirmed with PCOS and 50 controls). Between October 2019 and March 2020, blood samples were collected from the Advanced Institute of Infertility Diagnosis and Assisted Reproductive Technology at AL-Nahrain University and a private laboratory. ELISA was used to evaluate the biochemical parameters of preptin, FSH, insulin, LH, and CCL 18 in serum samples from the AFIAS-6 (AFIAS Automated Immunoassay System). The findings of the analysis indicate that, as opposed to the control group, values of prolactin (ng/ml), LH (mIU/ml), Preptin (pg/ml) and CCL 18 (ng/ml) Quite higher in PCOS sickness (p &lt; 0.001) Compared with the patient group, the values of testosterone (ng/ml) and FSH (mIU/ml) was noticeably higher (p &lt;0.05), and PRLR gene expression levels in PCOS patients were significantly increased by 3.6 times. I n summary, the levels of Preptin and CCL18 can be regarded as PCOS markers.

Serum creatine-kinase and extended breastfeeding: Case study

&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;The World Health Organization recommends infants should be exclusively breastfed for the first six months of life. Various factors can affect the maintenance of lactation. Increased physical activity and stress are thought to negatively affect breastfeeding success. The aim of this case study was to examine the effect of high serum creatine-kinase (CK) values and the success of breastfeeding after sports competition. It is assumed that continuous aerobic exercise is a stress for the body that can have a negative impact on lactation and extended breastfeeding. Methods. The level of acute muscle damage (AC) was measured before and after the competition in order to confirm continuous exposure to aerobic exercise. Results. After the competition, elevated serum creatine-kinase levels were noted. Prolactin and TSH values remained within optimal values. Conclusion. Several months of preparation for the competition had an impact on increasing acute muscle damage (AC) after the competition. No negative effect of continuous aerobic exercise on breastfeeding success was observed in this case study.&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;

Docosahexaenoic Acid Prevents SiNPs Induced Alterations in Male Reproductive Hormones in Rats

Silica nanoparticles (SiNPs) are found to be toxic during excessive exposure for both human and animals (Fan et al., (2006). The main routes of exposure are air, drinking water and other environmental factors (Leung et al., 2012). It is reported that SiNPs decreased the sperm number and sperm motility rate, sperm malformation and apoptosis in the testicle spermatogenic cells in rats (Ying et al., 2014). Aim of the present study is to evaluate deterioration induced by SiNPs in male reproductive hormones. In the present study, 40 and 80 mg SiNPs were exposed to rats for 60 days. At the end of the exposure period serum were removed from the blood for the investigation of reproductive hormones such as Folicle stimulating Hormones (FSH), Leutinizing Hormones (LH), Testosterone (TT) and Prolactin (PROL) in both control and experimental rats. In the present study it was found that LH, FSH, Testosterone and Prolactin values significantly alters SiNPs exposed groups when compared with control groups. We also found that epididymal sperm count was decreased significantly in the experimental groups. On the basis of results it may be concluded that the interperitoneal injection of SiNPs alters the male reproductive hormones, which further deteriorate the spermatogenesis.

Common Pitfalls in the Interpretation of Endocrine Tests.

Endocrine tests are the cornerstone of diagnosing multiple diseases that primary care physicians are frequently faced with. Some of these tests can be affected by situations that affect the proper interpretation, leading to incorrect diagnoses and unnecessary treatment, such as the interference of biotin with thyroid function test, falsely elevated prolactin values in presence of macroprolactinemia or falsely normal due to the “hook effect” in macroprolactinomas. Recognizing these situations is essential for the clinician to make an adequate interpretation of these tests as well as an accurate diagnosis that guarantees the best outcomes for the patient.

Evaluation Hormonal State in Iraqi Infertility Females Under In-Vitro Fertilization Program

Background: Uniqueness of the current study at first time in Iraq specially, across the comparison theclinical parameters among Iraqi infertility females according the IVF program outcome: failures and successimplantation. While, aspect were neglected in IVF field. Also, to difficulty of some parameters comparingwith control.Methods: This study done during (December 2019 to November 2020) on Iraqi infertile females with agerange (19 – 45)ys. It included the two groups: success implantation and failure implantation females.Result: The current study revealed to that , secondary infertility is a good marker in implantation successprediction. Central circumference increasing has been associated with implantation failure (P&lt;0.05). Whenhormonal profile comparison among two groups. Failure implantation females have non-significant increasingin basic prolactin values. Also, E2, progesterone and LH values were higher significantly(P&gt;0.001), amongsuccess implantation. The hCG values were highly significant in failure implantation (P&gt;0.001). MII oocytesand G2 embryos were highly significant in success implantation. Our result support that no. of embryocells have positive impact on IVF outcome. The S. TC and TG were significant increasing among failureimplantation.

Short-Term Psychological and Hormonal Effects of Virtual Reality Training on Chronic Low Back Pain in Soccer Players.

To find the short-term psychological and hormonal effects of virtual reality training on chronic low back pain in American soccer players. The 3-block random sampling method was used on 54 university American soccer players with chronic low back pain, and they were allocated into 3 groups: virtual reality training (VRT; n = 18), combined physical rehabilitation (n = 18), and control (n = 18) groups at University Hospital. They underwent different balance training exercises for 4 weeks. The participants and the therapist who is assessing the outcomes were blinded. Psychological (pain intensity and kinesiophobia) and hormonal (glucose, insulin, Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance, growth hormone, prolactin, adrenocorticotropic hormone, and cortisol) values were measured at baseline, after 4weeks, and after 6months. The baseline demographic, psychological, and hormonal data between the VRT, combined physical rehabilitation, and control groups show no statistical difference (P ≥ .05). Four weeks following training, the VRT group shows more significant changes in pain intensity and kinesiophobia than the combined physical rehabilitation and control groups (P < .001), and the improvement was noted in the 6-month follow-up. All the hormonal variables (glucose, insulin, growth hormone, prolactin, adrenocorticotropic hormone, and cortisol) show significant changes at 4-week training (P < .001), except for the Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (P = .075) between the 3 groups. At 6-month follow-up glucose, prolactin, adrenocorticotropic hormone, and cortisol show more significant difference in the VRT group than the other 2 groups (P < .001). At the same time, insulin (P = .694), Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (P = .272), and growth hormone (P = .145) failed to show significant changes between the groups. Training through virtual reality is an effective treatment program when compared with conventional exercise training programs from a psychological and hormonal analysis perspective in American soccer players with chronic low back pain.

The frequency of metabolic syndrome and its individual components in women aged 25–45 years, depending on the level of prolactin

Background: Hyperprolactinemia is one of the most common hypothalamic-pituitary-endocrine disorders in women of reproductive age, with the highest frequency at the age of 25–44 years. In addition to influencing the reproductive system, it is important to study the effects of prolactin (PRL) on various metabolic links. Available data indicate that the effect of PRL on metabolism depends on its level. In this regard, the study of the relationship of different levels of PRL with anthropometric parameters, indicators of lipid and carbohydrate metabolism in young women is relevant.Aim: To study the frequency of metabolic syndrome (MS) and its individual components in women aged 25–45 years with different levels of prolactin.Materials and methods: Work design — cross-sectional research. A randompopulationsample of women 25–45 agedwas examined. Pregnant and breastfeeding women with macroprolactinoma, and taking antipsychotics were excluded. Information was collected using a structured ­questionnaire, including, but not limited to, the presence of pregnancies, childbirth, menstrual irregularities, and a clinical examination, anthropometric measurements, biochemical and hormonal blood analyzes were performed. Statistical data processing was carried out.Results: According to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, this analysis presents data from 401 women, the average age of the examibed was 36.14±6.19 years. There was no difference in the levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone and prolactin (PRL) in the age groups of 25–34 and 35–45 years. According to the survey, the incidence of thyroid diseases in the studied groups is comparable. Every fifth woman indicated menstrual irregularities. Among women 25–45 years old, women with low-normal PRL values (Me = 4.49 [3.52; 5.41] ng/ml) have more unfavorable metabolic indicators. Metabolic syndrome (MS) was detected in 28%,with a predominant increase in the frequency of abdominal obesity — 55%, hypercholesterolemic LDL — 63%. Women with high PRL (Me = 41.35 [34.78; 45.88] ng / ml) also have an unfavorable metabolic profile: MS was detected in 47%, abdominal obesity — 56%, hypertension — 39%.Conclusions: In women 25–45 years old, low and high PRL values are more often associated with metabolic ill health. PRL values are from 7.8 to 28 ng / ml, i.e. conditionally defined as normal, highly normal and at the level of moderate hyperprolactinemia contribute to the maintenance of a favorable metabolic profile. When deciding on the treatment of women with non-tumor etiology hyperprolactinemia, it is important to assess the metabolic status, expanding their understanding of PRL as a hormone associated only with lactation and with the pituitary-gonad axis.