Projective Measurements Research Articles

Innovative BIM technology application in the construction management of highway

Within the global architecture, engineering, and construction industry, the use of Building Information Modeling (BIM) technology has significantly expanded. However, given the unique characteristics of road infrastructure, the application of BIM technology is still being explored. This article focuses on the Yuanchen Expressway, exploring innovative applications of BIM technology in comprehensive construction management. The project employs advanced technologies, including BIM, Geographic Information Systems (GIS), and the Internet of Things (IoT), to precisely identify critical nodes and breakthroughs. Supported by a detailed BIM model and a multi-level, diversified digital management platform, the project effectively addresses construction challenges in multiple tunnels, bridges, and complex interchanges, achieving intelligent construction innovation throughout the Yuanchen Expressway with BIM technology. By guiding construction through BIM models, utilizing a BIM+GIS-based management cloud platform system, and employing VR safety briefings, the project effectively reduces the difficulty of communication and coordination in project management, shortens the project measurement cycle, improves on-site work efficiency, and ensures comprehensive control and safety management. This article provides an exemplary case for the application of full-line construction management using BIM technology in the highway sector both in China and globally, offering new perspectives and strategies for highway construction management.

Editorial Vol.16(1)

It is with great pleasure that we present to you Volume 16, Number 1, 2024, of "Voice: Biannual and Bilingual Journal” published by Autar Dei Chaudharain Research Centre (ADCRC) at Mahendra Multiple Campus, Nepalgunj, Banke, Nepal. Our journal continues to uphold its primary aim of facilitating the exchange of expertise among scholars on a global scale, fostering a dynamic platform for intellectual discourse across various disciplines. In this edition, we proudly present a multidisciplinary collection of 13 articles, with eight contributions in English and five in Nepali. This diversity reflects our commitment to linguistic inclusivity and our effort to bridge scholarly communities across different languages.The range of topics covered in this issue underscores the breadth and depth of academic inquiry being pursued by our contributors. Highlights include an in-depth analysis of the socio-economic impacts of policy changes in Nepal during the crucial decade of the 1990s, examining realism and societal dynamics in selected novels of Shashi Deshpande, and a stability evaluation of the Lanedada Twin Tunnel in KTFT, focusing on the structural stability and safety measures of a significant infrastructural project. Additionally, we have an exploration of alcohol use and its socio-economic and health effects in the Tharu community of Raptisonari Rural Municipality. There is also an analysis of historical and literary perspectives on trauma and displacement in Khushwant Singh's "Train to Pakistan." An exploratory study on how economic changes affect consumer behavior in the jewelry market of Nepalgunj adds a practical economic perspective. A comparative study on the reading comprehension abilities of Tharu and non-Tharu students’ sheds light on educational performance influenced by cultural and linguistic factors. Finally, a contemporary assessment of Nepal’s food sovereignty status and related policies offers valuable insights into current agricultural and food security challenges.For our Nepali readers, we offer a detailed exploration of classical Sanskrit poetics and theories of rasa, along with an analysis of the purpose and cultural significance of traditional songs in the Ribdikot area. There is a historical overview and critical examination of trends in Nepali short stories, a comprehensive look at the fifth part of the Vedapurana's gems, and an analysis of the ideologies presented in the novel "Basai."

Interconversion between block coherence and multipartite entanglement in many-body systems

Coherence is intrinsically related to projective measurement. When the fixed projective measurement involves higher-rank projectors, the coherence resource is referred to as block coherence, which comes from the superposition of orthogonal subspaces. Here, we establish a set of quantitative relations for the interconversion between block coherence and multipartite entanglement under the framework of the block-incoherent operations. It is found that the converted multipartite entanglement is upper bounded by the initial block coherence of single-party system. Moreover, the generated multipartite entanglement can be transferred to its subsystems and restored to block coherence of the initial single-party system by means of local block-incoherent operations and classical communication. In addition, when only the coarse-grained quantum operations are accessible for the ancillary subsystems, we further demonstrate that a lossless resource interconversion is still realizable, and give a concrete example in three four-level systems. Our results provide a versatile approach to utilize different quantum resources in a cyclic fashion.

Sharing quantum steering via standard projective measurements

Sharing quantum steering via standard projective measurements

Projection-driven optimization framework for risk assessment of “dual carbon” audit in power grid enterprises with q-rung orthopair fuzzy MAGDM

Power grid enterprises are the backbone of promoting clean and low-carbon energy transformation, playing an important role in achieving carbon peak and carbon neutrality. It is very necessary to audit the implementation of the “dual carbon” work of power grid enterprises, in order to better implement the national “dual carbon” policy and serve the development of the national economy. The risk assessment of “dual carbon” audit in power grid enterprises is multiple-attribute group decision-making (MAGDM). In this study, in light with projection measure technique and bidirectional projection measure technique, four forms of projection measure technique with q-rung orthopair fuzzy sets (q-ROFSs) are conducted. Then, two weighed projection techniques are conducted to manage the MAGDM. Finally, a numerical example for risk assessment of “dual carbon” audit in power grid enterprises and comparative analysis is utilized to verify the developed techniques. The major contribution of this research is constructed: (1) entropy technique is implemented to determine the weight values in line with score number (SN) and accuracy number (AN); (2) two weighed projection techniques are implemented to put forward MAGDM with q-ROFSs; (3) the numerical example for risk assessment of “dual carbon” audit in power grid enterprises is implemented to show the two weighed projection techniques under q-ROFSs; and (4) comparative studies are constructed with existing techniques.

Comparative Analysis of Environmental Protection Provisions in Construction Procurement: A Case Study of Nepal's Projects Funded by National and International Agencies

This study investigates the environmental protection provisions embedded in procurement processes of construction projects in Nepal, funded by various national and international agencies. The research aims to compare and analyze the environmental safeguarding measures outlined in bidding documents from different funding sources, along with examining relevant legal frameworks and policies governing environmental protection in construction projects. Through a qualitative approach and content analysis methodology, the study delves into the scope, limitations, and significance of environmental considerations in construction procurement. Findings reveal diverse approaches across funding agencies, highlighting the emphasis on contractor responsibilities, safety measures, and project management. While Nepal's standard bidding documents establish foundational environmental provisions, projects funded by international agencies demonstrate a higher commitment to environmental sustainability. The study underscores the importance of comprehensive environmental measures in construction projects to mitigate ecological impact and promote long-term environmental conservation.

Projection hypothesis in the setting for the quantum Jarzynski equality

Projective quantum measurement is a theoretically accepted process in modern quantum mechanics. However, its projection hypothesis is widely regarded as an experimentally established empirical law. In this paper, we combine a previous result regarding the realization of a Hamiltonian process of the projection hypothesis in projective quantum measurement, where the complete set of the orbital observables of the center of mass of a macroscopic quantum mechanical system is restricted to a set of mutually commuting classical observables, and a previous result regarding the work required for an event reading (i.e. the informatical process in projective quantum measurement). Then, a quantum thermodynamic scheme is proposed for experimentally testing these two mutually independent theoretical results of projective quantum measurement simultaneously.

Compatibility of Generalized Noisy Qubit Measurements.

It is a crucial feature of quantum mechanics that not all measurements are compatible with each other. However, if measurements suffer from noise they may lose their incompatibility. Here, we consider the effect of white noise and determine the critical visibility such that all qubit measurements, i.e., all positive operator-valued measures (POVMs), become compatible, i.e., jointly measurable. In addition, we apply our methods to quantum steering and Bell nonlocality. We obtain a tight local hidden state model for two-qubit Werner states of visibility 1/2. This determines the exact steering bound for two-qubit Werner states and also provides a local hidden variable model that improves on previously known models. Interestingly, this proves that POVMs are not more powerful than projective measurements to demonstrate quantum steering for these states.

Extracting off-diagonal order from diagonal basis measurements

Quantum gas microscopy has developed into a powerful tool to explore strongly correlated quantum systems. However, discerning phases with topological or off-diagonal long range order requires the ability to extract these correlations from site-resolved measurements. Here, we show that a multiscale complexity measure can pinpoint the transition to and from the bond ordered wave phase of the one-dimensional extended Hubbard model with an off-diagonal order parameter, sandwiched between diagonal charge and spin density wave phases, using only diagonal descriptors. We study the model directly in the thermodynamic limit using the recently developed variational uniform matrix product states algorithm, and draw our samples from degenerate ground states related by global spin rotations, emulating the projective measurements that are accessible in experiments. Our results will have important implications for the study of exotic phases using optical lattice experiments. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

Projective measurements can probe nonclassical work extraction and time correlations

Quantum correlation functions are a natural way to encode multitime information, as they are ubiquitous in analysis from fluctuation theorems to information scrambling. Correlation functions can be identified with quasiprobabilities associated to quantum processes. In this work we show how these can be measured via error-cancellation techniques, using projective measurements only and no ancillae. The scheme is implemented in a nitrogen-vacancy center in diamond undergoing a unitary quantum work protocol. We reconstruct quantum-mechanical time correlations encoded in the Margenau-Hills quasiprobabilities by observing work extraction peaks five times those of sequential projective energy measurement schemes and in violation of newly derived stochastic bounds. We interpret the phenomenon via anomalous energy exchanges due to the underlying negativity of the quasiprobability distribution. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

Towards minimal self-testing of qubit states and measurements in prepare-and-measure scenarios

Self-testing is a promising approach to certifying quantum states or measurements. Originally, it relied solely on the outcome statistics of the measurements involved in a device-independent (DI) setup. Extra physical assumptions about the system make the setup semi-DI. In the latter approach, we consider a prepare-and-measure scenario in which the dimension of the mediating particle is assumed to be two. In a setup involving four (three) preparations and three (two) projective measurements in addition to the target, we exemplify how to self-test any four- (three-) outcome extremal positive operator-valued measure using a linear witness. One of our constructions also achieves self-testing of any number of states with the help of as many projective measurements as the dimensionality of the space spanned by the corresponding Bloch vectors. These constructions are conjectured to be minimal in terms of the number of preparations and measurements required. In addition, we implement one of our prepare-and-measure constructionson IBM and IonQ quantum processors and certify the existence of a complex qubit Hilbert space based on the data obtained from these experiments.

Rigorous noise reduction with quantum autoencoders

Reducing noise in quantum systems is a significant challenge in advancing quantum technologies. We propose and demonstrate a noise reduction scheme utilizing a quantum autoencoder, which offers rigorous performance guarantees. The quantum autoencoder is trained to compress noisy quantum states into a latent subspace and eliminate noise through projective measurements. We identify various noise models in which the noiseless state can be perfectly reconstructed, even at high noise levels. We apply the autoencoder to cool thermal states to the ground state and reduce the cost of magic state distillation by several orders of magnitude. Our autoencoder can be implemented using only unitary transformations without the need for ancillas, making it immediately compatible with state-of-the-art quantum technologies. We experimentally validate our noise reduction methods in a photonic integrated circuit. Our results have direct applications in enhancing the robustness of quantum technologies against noise.

The uncertainty of quantum states with respect to the projective measurement

The uncertainty relation is a distinctive characteristic of quantum theory. The uncertainty is essentially rooted in quantum states. In this work we regard the uncertainty as an intrinsic property of quantum state and characterize it systematically with respect to given projective measurement. Some basic concepts about uncertainty are reformulated in this context. We prove and get the form of the uncertainty preserving operations. The quantum states with maximal uncertainty are characterized. A universal decomposition of uncertainty into classical uncertainty and quantum uncertainty is provided. Furthermore, a unified and general relation among uncertainty, coherence and coherence of assistance is established. These results are independent of any explicit uncertainty measure. At last, we propose a new uncertainty measure called the geometric uncertainty based on the fidelity and link it with the geometric coherence.

Quantum block coherence with respect to projective measurements

Abstract Quantum coherence serves as a defining characteristic of quantum mechanics, finding extensive applications in quantum computing and quantum communication processing. This study explores quantum block coherence in the context of projective measurements, focusing on the quantification of such coherence. Firstly, we define the correlation function between the two general projective measurements P and Q, and analyze the connection between sets of block incoherent states related to two compatible projective measurements P and Q. Secondly, we discuss the measure of quantum block coherence with respect to projective measurements. Based on a given measure of quantum block coherence, we characterize the existence of maximal block coherent states through projective measurements. This research integrates the compatibility of projective measurements with the framework of quantum block coherence, contributing to the advancement of block coherence measurement theory.

Comparative Three-dimensional Analysis of Philtral Ridge Projection in Unilateral Cleft Lip Repair enhanced with Muscle to sub-Dermis suture

Introduction: Recreating the philtral ridge and restoring orbicularis oris muscle continuity in cleft patients is a challenging task. Our muscle to sub-dermis technique introduces an effective method for achieving the desired philtral ridge reconstruction. Method: From August 2015 to July 2023, a retrospective study was conducted with a follow-up period of at least 6 months. This procedure involved a suture technique using muscle-to-sub-dermis sutures. Measurements of philtral projection were taken at two distinct points: one above the cupid's bow and the other at the mid-philtral level. In the comparative analysis of philtral ridges between the cleft and non-cleft sides, the root mean square (RMS) projection value was assessed. Additionally, an analysis of the restoration of the orbicularis oris muscle included the use of color mapping from the mid-sagittal plane and covered seven different points across three distinct horizontal planes: below subnasale, at the mid-philtral level, and above the cupid's bow. Results: Total 134 patients were included with a 37.8-month follow-up(SD 9.4). Philtral side projection was well-maintained, measuring -0.36(0.43)mm, -0.24(0.49)mm on the classical group vs. 0.23(0.29)mm, 0.20(0.21)mm on the muscle to sub-dermis group(p=0.001). The RMS projection value was 0.57(0.46) vs. 0.14(0.046), indicating greater symmetry in the muscle to sub-dermis group, with no difference in sagittal vector analysis of the orbicularis oris muscle between normal and cleft sides. Conclusion: A suturing technique utilizing muscle to sub-dermis sutures has shown promising results in philtral projection and dimple formation. This improvement can be attributed to the combined effect of sub-dermis and less muscle sutures.

Subsystem complexity and measurements in holography

We investigate the impact of measuring one subsystem on the holographic complexity of another. While a naive expectation might suggest a reduction in complexity due to the collapse of the state to a trivial product state during quantum measurements, our findings reveal a counterintuitive result: in numerous scenarios, measurements on one subsystem can amplify the complexity of another. We first present a counting argument elucidating this complexity transition in random states. Then, employing the subregion “complexity=volume” (CV) proposal, we identify a complexity phase transition induced by projective measurements in various holographic CFT setups, including CFT vacuum states, thermofield double states, and the joint system of a black hole coupled to a bath. According to the AdS/BCFT correspondence, the post-measurement dual geometry involves an end-of-the-world brane created by the projective measurement. The complexity phase transition corresponds to the transition of the entanglement wedge to the one connected to the brane. In the context of the thermofield double setup, complete projection on one side can transform the other side into a boundary state black hole with higher complexity or a pure AdS with lower complexity. In the joint system of a black hole coupled to a nongraviting bath, where (a part of) the radiation is measured, the BCFT features two boundaries: one for the black hole and the other for the measurement. We construct the bulk dual involving intersecting or non-intersecting branes, and investigate the complexity transition induced by the projective measurement. Notably, for a subsystem that contains the black hole brane, its RT surface may undergo a transition, giving rise to a complexity jump.

Coherently excited superresolution using intensity product of phase-controlled quantum erasers via polarization-basis projection measurements

Recently, the delayed-choice quantum eraser has been applied for coherently excited superresolution using phase-controlled projection measurements of laser light to overcome the diffraction limit in classical physics as well as to solve the limited order N of the N00N state in quantum physics. Here, a general scheme of the phase-controlled quantum eraser-based superresolution is proposed for quantum sensing satisfying the Heisenberg limit, and its general solution is derived for an arbitrary Nth-order intensity correlation. Furthermore, phase quantization of the proposed superresolution is discussed to better understand the wave nature of quantum mechanics. Unlike other methods of superresolution in quantum sensing, the proposed method is for the intensity products between phase-controlled quantum erasers and thus is compatible with most conventional sensing metrologies.

A review of the relationships between safety risk factors, practical solutions, and sustainable construction

Sustainability encompasses environmental, economic, and social dimensions, with safety standing as a crucial facet within the construction industry's social sustainability framework. This study addresses this vital concern by comprehensively analyzing published research on prominent safety risk factors and effective mitigation measures in construction projects, considering their influence on the industry's sustainability. A systematic literature review spanning 2008 to 2023 examined 32 pertinent articles from reputable journals. The review revealed 25 identified safety risk factors and 20 corresponding effective measures. These were categorised into labour, environmental, technical, and financial risks, forming the basis for a network diagram illustrating their interrelationships and associated mitigation strategies. Moreover, the study introduced a sustainability criterion, evaluating the various safety risk factor categories, and highlighting labour and environmental risks as the most significant concerns among the factors assessed. Finally, the research proposes future research directions aimed at elevating safety and sustainability within construction projects.

Study on gamma correction for three-dimensional fringe projection measurement based on attention U-Net network

Study on gamma correction for three-dimensional fringe projection measurement based on attention U-Net network

Occupational Safety and Health Implementation Model in Construction Safety Management System Based on PUPR Minister Regulation Number 10 Of 2021 to Support Infrastructure Development in East Java Province

Purpose: This study aimed to assess the application of occupational safety and health in the construction safety management system and develop a framework for implementing it based on PUPR ministerial regulation Number 10 of 2021, to support infrastructure development in East Java Province. Method: This study used a qualitative method with a phenomenological approach to gather detailed descriptions of participants' impressions, opinions, and views. It applied Alfred Schutz's approach to establish statements and causal relationships between themes. The research involved six participants and took place at the Department of Public Housing in East Java Province. Results and conclusion: The results and conclusions of the research unveil (1) 8 groups of themes and meanings shaping the implementation of occupational safety and health within the construction safety management system, rooted in PUPR Ministerial Regulation Number 10 of 2021 to bolster infrastructure development in East Java Province. (2) These findings are consolidated into 8 major propositions, leading to the construction of a comprehensive model for implementing occupational safety and health aligned with PUPR Ministerial Regulation Number 10 of 2021. Research implications: The findings of this study can help construction companies and policymakers in East Java Province and beyond improve safety measures. Understanding the framework developed here can lead to safer work environments for construction workers. The qualitative methods used in this research also add to the toolbox of qualitative research methods, providing effective ways to capture subjective experiences. Originality/value: This study offers a unique framework for implementing safety measures in construction projects, specifically designed for the East Java Province and based on relevant regulations. By bringing together various themes from qualitative data, it presents new perspectives on applying regulatory frameworks. Additionally, the use of Alfred Schutz's approach enhances our understanding of how regulations, organizational practices, and individual experiences interact to ensure safety.