Projectivity Research Articles

Promoting interoperability between SNOMED CT and ICD-11: lessons learned from the pilot project mapping between SNOMED CT and the ICD-11 Foundation.

To explore the feasibility and challenges of mapping between SNOMED CT and the ICD-11 Foundation in both directions, SNOMED International and the World Health Organization conducted a pilot mapping project between September 2021 and August 2022. Phase 1 mapped ICD-11 Foundation entities from the endocrine diseases chapter, excluding malignant neoplasms, to SNOMED CT. In phase 2, SNOMED CT concepts equivalent to those covered by the ICD-11 entities in phase 1 were mapped to the ICD-11 Foundation. The goal was to identify equivalence between an ICD-11 Foundation entity and a SNOMED CT concept. Postcoordination was used for mapping to ICD-11. Each map was done twice independently, the results were compared, and discrepancies were reconciled. In phase 1, 59% of 637 ICD-11 Foundation entities had an exact match in SNOMED CT. In phase 2, 32% of 1893 SNOMED CT concepts had an exact match in the ICD-11 Foundation, and postcoordination added 15% of exact match. Challenges encountered included non-synonymous synonyms, mismatch in granularity, composite conditions, and residual categories. This pilot project shed light on the tremendous amount of effort required to create a map between the 2 coding systems and uncovered some common challenges. Future collaborative work between SNOMED International and WHO will likely benefit from its findings. It is recommended that the 2 organizations should clarify goals and use cases of mapping, provide adequate resources, set up a road map, and reconsider their original proposal of incorporating SNOMED CT into the ICD-11 Foundation ontology.

Dual-mode optical projection mapping system: integration of laser speckle contrast and subcutaneous vein imaging

Dual-mode optical imaging can simultaneously provide morphological and functional information. Furthermore, it can be integrated with projection mapping method to directly observe the images in the region of interest. This study was aimed to develop a dual-mode optical projection mapping system (DOPMS) that obtains laser speckle contrast image (LSCI) and subcutaneous vein image (SVI) and projects onto the region of interest, minimizing the spatial misalignment between the regions captured by the camera and projected by a projector. In in vitro and in vivo studies, LSCI and SVI were obtained and projected under single-mode illumination, where either the laser or light-emitting diode (LED) was activated, and under dual-mode illumination, where the laser and LED were activated simultaneously. In addition, fusion image (FI) of LSCI and SVI was implemented to selectively observe blood perfusion in the vein. DOPMS successfully obtained LSCI, SVI, and FI and projected them onto the identical region of interest, minimizing spatial misalignment. Single-mode illumination resulted in relatively clearer and noise-free images. Dual-mode illumination introduced speckle noise to SVI and FI but enabled real-time imaging by simultaneously employing LSCI, SVI, and FI. FI may be more effective for quasi-static evaluations before and after treatment under single-mode illumination and for real-time evaluation during treatment under dual-mode illumination owing to its faster image processing, albeit with a potential tradeoff in image quality.

Mirror Plane Effect of Magnetoplumbite-Type Oxide Restraining Long-Chain Polysulfides Disproportionation for High Loading Lithium Sulfur Batteries.

A facile solid-state approach is employed to synthesize a novel magnetoplumbite-type oxide of NdMgAl11O19, which integrates spinel-stacking layers (MgAl2O4) with Nd-O6 mirror plane structures. The resulting NdMgAl11O19 exhibits remarkable catalytic activity and conversion efficiency during the sulfur reduction reaction (SRR) in lithium-sulfur batteries. By employing the 2D projection mapping technique of in situ confocal Raman spectroscopy and electrochemical technique, it is discovered that the exposed mirror plane structure of Nd-O6 can effectively suppress the undesiring disproportionation reaction (S8 2-→S6 2-+1/4 S8) of long-chain lithium polysulfides at the initial stages of sulfur reduction, thereby promoting the positive process of sulfur to lithium sulfide. This not only mitigates the issue of sulfur shuttle loss but also significantly improve the kinetics of the conversion process. Leveraging these advantages, the NdMgAl11O19/S cathode delivered an impressive initial capacity of up to 1398 mAh g-1 at an electrolyte/sulfur (E/S) ratio of 5.1µL mg-1 and a sulfur loading of 2.3mg cm-2. Even when the sulfur loading is increased to 10.02mg cm-2, the cathode retained a reversible areal capacity of 10.01 mAh cm-2 after 200 cycles. This mirror engineering strategy provides valuable and universal insights into enhancing the efficiency of cathodes in Li-S battery.

Interdisciplinary integrative capabilities as a catalyst of responsible technology-enabled innovation: A higher education case study of Design MSc dissertation projects

AbstractIt has been acknowledged that global challenges are in the way of delivering responsible innovation, as reflected in the Sustainable Development Goals – a set of strategic objectives formulated by the United Nations General Assembly, to promote environmentally, societally, and economically-sustainable development. Design higher education has an important role to play in equipping the next generation of professionals with knowledge and skills for tackling pressing system-level challenges. Sustainable design research and ways of integrating emerging technologies in future design higher education curricula have, separately, attracted significant interest in recent years. However, comparatively little effort has concentrated on the role that a broader range of technologies can play in shaping the design higher education provision with system-level sustainability challenges in mind. This article presents an analysis of 180 Design MSc dissertation projects, implemented at a UK higher education institution between 2019 and 2022, focusing on research challenges of societal and industrial relevance. The data set includes a mapping of dissertation projects to relevant technologies, industry sectors, and Sustainable Development Goals. Data analysis suggests a balanced distribution of projects across a range of sustainability goals, although under-represented thematic areas have also been highlighted. The methods adopted for this study, based on a systematic study of relational patterns reflecting associations of dissertation projects with technologies, industry sectors, and sustainability goals, provide a blueprint for future data-driven research on the role played by technologies within student projects in design higher education, with an emphasis on their relevance to sustainable innovation challenges.

Exploring the Enchantment: Projection Mapping Storybook in Early Childhood Classrooms of Malaysia

The use of Projection Mapping storybooks has been integrated into many schools across the world, especially in this modern era where technology plays a very important role in education. The research in question explores the effects of this wonderful technology in early childhood classrooms in Malaysia. The study dissects how it influences learners' engagement in various learning experiences in education and literacy development. We employed a mixed methods research paradigm which was based on observations, interviews and questionnaires for teachers and students to obtain information. Research showed that Passive Projection Mapping storybooks is a technology suited to preschool classrooms to facilitate student engagement, interaction and literacy growth. This finding implies the necessity of providing more technology tools to Malaysian early childhood learners.

HIV prevention and crack harm reduction using projection mapping in Mexico City

HIV prevention and crack harm reduction using projection mapping in Mexico City

α-Latrotoxin Tetramers Spontaneously Form Two-Dimensional Crystals in Solution and Coordinated Multi-Pore Assemblies in Biological Membranes.

α-Latrotoxin (α-LTX) was found to form two-dimensional (2D) monolayer arrays in solution at relatively low concentrations (0.1 mg/mL), with the toxin tetramer constituting a unit cell. The crystals were imaged using cryogenic electron microscopy (cryoEM), and image analysis yielded a ~12 Å projection map. At this resolution, no major conformational changes between the crystalline and solution states of α-LTX tetramers were observed. Electrophysiological studies showed that, under the conditions of crystallization, α-LTX simultaneously formed multiple channels in biological membranes that displayed coordinated gating. Two types of channels with conductance levels of 120 and 208 pS were identified. Furthermore, we observed two distinct tetramer conformations of tetramers both when observed as monodisperse single particles and within the 2D crystals, with pore diameters of 11 and 13.5 Å, suggestive of a flickering pore in the middle of the tetramer, which may correspond to the two states of toxin channels with different conductance levels. We discuss the structural changes that occur in α-LTX tetramers in solution and propose a mechanism of α-LTX insertion into the membrane. The propensity of α-LTX tetramers to form 2D crystals may explain many features of α-LTX toxicology and suggest that other pore-forming toxins may also form arrays of channels to exert maximal toxic effect.

Investigating the Potential Pharmacological Applications of 5-Hydroxy-2 (hydroxymethyl)-4H pyran-4 one through Electronic Characterization and MM-GBSA Studies for Oxidative Stress and Tyrosinase Inhibition: A Quantum Chemical Approach

The study thoroughly examines the possible applications of 5 Hydroxy – 2 (hydroxymethyl) – 4 H pyran – 4 one. Through Quantum chemical analysis, the research rigorously evaluates the compound's properties, including its optoelectronics, geometrical structure, and intermolecular interactions. The geometrical structure parameters were optimized using a 6–311++G(d,p) basis set in the DFT/B3LYP method, and the resulting geometrical factors were then scaled to calculate probable vibrational wavenumbers. The Mulliken charges and MEP map were used to locate electrophilic, nucleophilic regions, and chemical reactivity was described using FMOs and Fukui function assessments. The multiwfn was employed to investigate topological analysis (surface distance projection and Hirshfeld maps). The UV-visible spectrum was used to estimate the absorption of maximum wavelengths, which was then correlated with the TD-DFT, DOS, and band structure investigations. The study also calculated parameters, including Total Energies, ZPE, Entropy, Dipole moment, and Heat Capacity for monomeric and dimeric units. Pharmacokinetics were used to determine the biological characteristics of the compound. The MM-GBSA simulation was performed, and the results suggest that this compound has the potential to be an enhancing anti-oxidant protection agent due to its high binding affinity and intermolecular interactions. These findings are crucial in developing therapeutic agents with pharmacological effects and potential toxicities.

Development of a spatial projection map of glacial retreat based on vulnerability maps in the Central Cordillera, Peru

ABSTRACT Increase in average global temperature over the last few decades has caused an accelerated retreat of tropical glaciers. Andean populations live in strict dependence on the water services provided by mountains and glaciers. The present study aims to generate a glacier melt projection map in the Peruvian Central Cordillera based on vulnerability maps over the 1990–2021 period. Seven satellite images were selected to determine the changes in glacier coverage based on normalized indexes. Subsequently, seven parametric maps consisting of terrain and climate characteristics were assimilated into a vulnerability analysis based on the frequency index and the Shannon entropy index model, allowing one to identify areas most susceptible to glacial retreat. The results show that the most important criteria for the southern and northern glacial study areas are surface temperature, elevation, precipitation, aspect, orientation, and slope. The validation results revealed the most accurate set of parameters from the vulnerability map in terms of projecting melting areas and were used to produce a spatial projection map for the period 2021–2055. From 2021, a glacier loss in the range 84–98% would be reached by the 2050s.

Exploring food and beverage pairing from a cross-cultural projective mapping

Culture is a well-known driver of food choices, and therefore, it could also impact food pairing preferences. Food pairing has been studied from different approaches; however, little cross-cultural research has been done. This work explored food and beverage pairing using projective mapping (PM) to create maps of food-beverage combinations. Four countries (Mexico, Argentina, France, and Norway), thirty foods, and six beverages were selected. PM was carried out through an online study in each country. Participants were asked to map foods together with beverages following the instruction that foods and beverages closer together represented a good combination. The coordinates of each product were analyzed through Multiple Factorial Analyses (MFA) by countries. The first four factors of each MFA were used to perform RV coefficients to test similarities in food-beverage pairings between the countries. Finally, a k-means clustering was performed on the beverage coordinates of each MFA. PM provided maps representing food and beverage pairings for each country in which the proximity between food-beverages represented a good combination according to consumers. RV coefficients between countries were low, showing that food-beverage pairings were not similar across countries, evidencing the cultural effect in food-drink combinations. Results from the k-means clustering showed some similarities and differences between countries. In general, the food-beverage pairing was effectively explored with PM, from which several differences and similarities were found within cultures.

Ischemic stroke outcome prediction with diversity features from whole brain tissue using deep learning network.

This study proposed an outcome prediction method to improve the accuracy and efficacy of ischemic stroke outcome prediction based on the diversity of whole brain features, without using basic information about patients and image features in lesions. In this study, we directly extracted dynamic radiomics features (DRFs) from dynamic susceptibility contrast perfusion-weighted imaging (DSC-PWI) and further extracted static radiomics features (SRFs) and static encoding features (SEFs) from the minimum intensity projection (MinIP) map, which was generated from the time dimension of DSC-PWI images. After selecting whole brain features Ffuse from the combinations of DRFs, SRFs, and SEFs by the Lasso algorithm, various machine and deep learning models were used to evaluate the role of Ffuse in predicting stroke outcomes. The experimental results show that the feature Ffuse generated from DRFs, SRFs, and SEFs (Resnet 18) outperformed other single and combination features and achieved the best mean score of 0.971 both on machine learning models and deep learning models and the 95% CI were (0.703, 0.877) and (0.92, 0.983), respectively. Besides, the deep learning models generally performed better than the machine learning models. The method used in our study can achieve an accurate assessment of stroke outcomes without segmentation of ischemic lesions, which is of great significance for rapid, efficient, and accurate clinical stroke treatment.

Projection Mapping with a Brightly Lit Surrounding Using a Mixed Light Field Approach.

Projection mapping (PM) exhibits suboptimal performance in well-lit environments because of the interference caused by ambient light. This interference degrades the contrast of the projected images. Consequently, conventional methodologies restrict the application of PM to dimly lit settings, leading to an unnatural visual experience, as only the PM target is prominently illuminated. To overcome these limitations, we introduce an innovative approach that leverages a mixed light field, blending traditional PM with ray-controllable ambient lighting. This methodological combination, despite its simplicity, is effective because it ensures that the projector exclusively illuminates the PM target, preserving the optimal contrast. Precise control of ambient light rays is essential to prevent them from illuminating the PM target while adequately illuminating the surrounding environment. Furthermore, we propose the integration of a kaleidoscopic array with integral photography to generate dense light fields for ray-controllable ambient lighting. Additionally, we present an efficient binary-search-based calibration method tailored to this intricate optical system. Our optical simulations and the developed system collectively validate the effectiveness of our approach. Our results show that PM targets and ordinary objects coexist naturally in environments that are brightly lit as a result of our method, enhancing the overall visual experience.

Rigidity of Holomorphically Projective Mappings of Kähler Spaces with Finite Complete Geodesics

In this work, we consider holomorphically projective mappings of (pseudo-) Kähler spaces. We determine the conditions for finite complete geodesics that must be satisfied for the mappings to be trivial; i.e., these spaces are rigid.

Isodose mapping of terrestrial gamma radiation in Sarawak-Borneo: Insights from surface-weathered soil analysis

Presentation of baseline data on terrestrial gamma radiation (TGR) levels is crucial for assessing the annual effective dose received by the public due to natural radiation exposure. Cumulative doses from various sources can become significant, warranting a spatial understanding of TGR distribution. Few countries have comprehensively mapped TGR on a national scale, often facing challenges due to remote or inaccessible regions. This study investigated the influence of weathered soil groups on TGR dose rates in Sarawak-Borneo, Malaysia, to facilitate insights for TGR projection and isodose mapping. A total of 1044 TGR dose rate measurements were collected using NaI (Tl) scintillation detector survey meters, with a mean of 100 nGy h−1 and a range of 8–375 nGy h−1. Non-parametric statistical analyses of variance using Welch's ANOVA, Brown-Forsythe, and Kruskal-Wallis validated (P-sig.=.000) notable dissimilarities among six categories of superficial-weathered soil. Graphical analysis using Sinclair's cumulative plot revealed deviations at intervals of 50, 80, 100, 120, 175, and 205 nGy h−1. These deviations indicate distinct lithological influences. Skeletal soil (entisols) and podzolic soils had high mean dose rates (148 and 113 nGy h−1, respectively) due to limited development, thus preserving abundant uranium (U) and thorium (Th). Meanwhile, gleysols and thionic soils exhibited compatible means (90 and 82 nGy h−1, respectively), while alluvial (or transported soils) and organic soils displayed lower dose rate ranges (mean of 76 and 47 nGy h−1, respectively), reflecting rapid hydrolysis weathering processes. Simple linear regression analysis revealed a strong relationship between TGR dose rate and mean value of weathered soil groups (y = 0.851x + 0.141 nGy h−1), signifying the significance and magnitude of weathered soil groups' impact on TGR dose rates. The obtained R-value is 0.704, indicating a strong linear correlation among soil group variables, and a Durbin-Watson statistic of 1.41, suggesting positive autocorrelation among residuals, thus positive relationships. An isodose map was successfully developed using the Kriging technique, aligning with lithological features of the study area. Semivariogram analysis reveals spatial dependence within a range of 1.47°, supporting the Kriging technique's suitability for spatial inference. In conclusion, this study has successfully revealed the relationship between TGR dose rates and superficial-weathered soil in Sarawak-Borneo. While the linear relationship is applicable to the Sundaland-Borneo tectonic block, it has potential to be used as a valuable tool for spatial inference of TGR dose rates in isodose development with similar lithologial characteristics, aiding in radiation exposure assessment and environmental monitoring.

On the Continuity of the Projection Mapping from Strategic Measures to Occupation Measures in Absorbing Markov Decision Processes

In this paper, we prove the following assertion for an absorbing Markov decision process (MDP) with the given initial distribution, which is also assumed to be semi-continuous: the continuity of the projection mapping from the space of strategic measures to the space of occupation measures, both endowed with their weak topologies, is equivalent to the MDP model being uniformly absorbing. An example demonstrates, among other interesting scenarios, that for an absorbing (but not uniformly absorbing) semi-continuous MDP with the given initial distribution, the space of occupation measures can fail to be compact in the weak topology.

Application of Polarized Projective Mapping combined with Ultra Flash Profiling to a complex − high fatigue product category: The case of Greek grape marc spirits

Grape marc spirits in general and Greek grape marc spirits specifically, is an alcoholic drinks category with very limited information on its sensory properties, despite its commercial importance. Polarized Projective Mapping (PPM), a method first introduced by Ares et al. in 2013, is promising but has not been applied in combination with Ultra Flash Profiling (UFP) to sets of many and complex-high fatigue products such as spirits. Our objective was to employ UFP combined to PPM in order to profile a set of 39 grape marc spirits from Greece and relate the results to several production information of the samples such as raw materials, origin region and distillation style, and to evaluate the combination of those methods in such a category. Projective Mapping was used for pole selection and five sessions of PPM followed for the evaluation of all samples. Unlike application in previous studies we had assessors carry out the UFP task first before each PPM session. ‘Global PPM’ and ‘Global UFP’ product spaces gave 39.7% and 43.1% explained variances in the first two axes respectively, when data from all sessions and assessors were analyzed in STATIS. The biggest impact for classification of the products was from the grape varieties used as raw material, even though distillation style had a serious impact as well. Clear product clusters were obtained and combination of those methods worked well for that category. Nevertheless, there is still a need for a global method of defining the “poles” in large sample sets.

Complex choices: Pole selection for polarized projective mapping applied to a complex product set

AbstractPolarized projective mapping (PPM) employs reference samples called poles, positioned in the sensory space, to which samples are compared. This structure enables comparisons across sessions. Selecting the right poles is therefore critical for accurate and reliable comparisons. The current study examined whether simple poles (single fruit juices) or complex poles (fruit juice blends) better represented the sensory space in PPM using a trained panel (n = 12). Thirteen commercial fruit juices, including single juices and blends, were assessed using projective mapping to understand product diversity and select three simple and three complex poles. PPM was then conducted using simple poles in one session and complex poles in another. Six of the thirteen juices used in PPM and three new juices were evaluated to validate the results. Findings indicated that while both simple and complex poles described the product space, simple poles were more able to capture the diversity of the sensory space.Practical ApplicationsThe study's insights into appropriate pole selection in PPM for complex product sets contribute to the technique's usability and robustness. The guidance on pole selection ensures selected poles anchor the product space, enabling meaningful comparisons across sessions. The finding that simple poles are able to describe complex product sets may assist in minimizing fatigue, a common challenge in evaluating complex products like wine, spirits, and cider. By addressing the unique challenges of complex products, this research enhances the useability of PPM as a valuable tool for comprehensively evaluating sensory characteristics in product categories prone to fatigue and limited consumption.

A two-step species distribution modeling to disentangle the effect of habitat and bioclimatic covariates on Psacothea hilaris, a potentially invasive species

Integrating host plants in distribution modeling of phytophagous species and disentangling the effect of habitat and bioclimatic variables are key aspects to produce reliable predictions when the aim is to identify suitable areas outside species’ native range. To this aim, we implemented a framework of Species Distribution Model aimed at predicting potential suitable areas of establishment for the beetle Psacothea hilaris across the world. Since habitat (including host plants) and bioclimatic variables affect species distribution according to processes acting at different geographical scales, we modeled these variables separately. For the species native range, we fitted a habitat (HSM) and a bioclimatic (BSM) suitability model calibrated on a local and a large scale, respectively; the overall suitability map was obtained as the spatial product of HSM and BSM projection maps. ROC, TSS and Cohen’s Kappa obtained in validation confirmed a good predictive performance of modeling framework. Within HSM, host plants played a substantial effect on species presence probability, while among bioclimatic variables, precipitation of the warmer quarter and isothermality were the most important. Native HSM and BSM models were used to realize an overall suitability map at world scale. At global scale, many areas resulted suitable for habitat, some for bioclimate, and few for both conditions; indeed, if the species would not be able to modify its bioclimatic niche, it might not be considered a major invasive species. However, the high rate of range expansion documented for P. hilaris in Northern Italy, a poorly suitable bioclimatic area, suggests a plasticity of the species that requires increasing the level of attention to its invasive potential.

Product categorization of Korean rice wine (makgeolli) compared to beer and wine using sensory evaluation methods

AbstractThis study aims to investigate the product categorization and characterization of makgeolli (Korean rice wine [KRW]) among beer and wine samples. Projective mapping with ultra‐flash profiling (PM with UFP) (n = 68) was conducted with 12 alcoholic beverage samples, including wines, beers, and makgeolli, and showed that participants characterized wine based on fruitiness, beer on bitterness, and makgeolli on sourness. s showed that PM with UFP had a combined explained variance of 47.4% with beer, wine, and makgeolli grouped separately. However, when participants were separated based on wine knowledge, low wine knowledge participants placed Shiraz close to makgeolli indicating participants were using a different metric in grouping the alcoholic beverage samples. When participants were tasked with using polarized sensory positioning (n = 91) to characterize makgeolli and wines, participants regardless of wine knowledge showed that wine and makgeolli had unique sensory traits and thus should be categorized differently.Practical ApplicationsResearch on KRW (makgeolli) is relatively limited in Western societies and this study attempts to understand how participants categorize makgeolli in New Zealand among different alcoholic beverages using projective and characterizing methods. Based on the categorization theory, it is important to position the product properly in the food and beverage categories as consumers may use the category cues to evaluate makgeolli and use products such as beer or wine within the same category as price anchors for makgeolli's price in the market. The results showed that participants categorize makgeolli differently compared to wine and beer; therefore, it would be beneficial to position makgeolli separately. Practical applications may include creating a separate section on a restaurant beverage menu, a webpage on an alcoholic beverage seller's website, or a small sub‐section on the retail store shelf. Placing makgeolli in the wine section as previously suggested is not recommended.

Projection mapping technologies: A review of current trends and future directions.

This study summarizes current trends and future directions in projection mapping technologies. Projection mapping seamlessly merges the virtual and real worlds through projected imagery onto physical surfaces, creating an augmented reality environment. Beyond traditional applications in advertising, art, and entertainment, various fields, including medical surgery, product design, and telecommunications, have embraced projection mapping. This study categorizes recent techniques that address technical challenges in accurately replicating desired appearances on physical surfaces through projected imagery into four groups: geometric registration, radiometric compensation, defocus compensation, and shadow removal. It subsequently introduces unconventional projectors developed to resolve specific technical issues and discusses two approaches for overcoming the inherent limitations of projector hardware, such as the inability to display images floating above physical surfaces. Finally, this study concludes the discussion with possible future directions for projection mapping technologies.