Project Launch Research Articles

India's digital dividend: A strategic opportunity and challenge

India has been on a digital growth trajectory for a few years, prompted by its goal of becoming a trillion-dollar digital economy by 2025. The Indian digital revolution has resulted in a new wave of digital consumption and dividends. This manuscript examines the transformative journey of India's digital revolution, highlighting the strategic opportunities and challenges it encompasses. The Digital India initiative, a cornerstone government policy, has been instrumental in this transformative process, aiming to digitize various aspects of life and governance. Despite a significant increase in internet users and the successful launch of numerous digital projects, a substantial digital divide remains, characterized by disparities in mobile phone ownership, internet access, and digital literacy across different genders, geographical locations, and income groups. Using a qualitative research methodology, this study investigates the economic impact of digitalization on the Indian economy and identifies factors contributing to the digital divide. An extensive literature review and qualitative content analysis identified five primary themes: the digital profile of India, digitization and economic growth, digitalization and economic variables, digitalization across sectors, and the digital divide. These themes elucidate India's progress in digital literacy and financial inclusion, the economic advantages of digitalization, and the obstacles to achieving digital inclusivity. The manuscript proposes a developmental framework with recommendations for policymakers, business leaders, and other stakeholders to mitigate the digital divide and maximize the benefits of digital dividends. It underscores the necessity of a comprehensive digital strategy, the enhancement of digital infrastructure, the development of digital human resources, the promotion of digital literacy, and the fostering of digital entrepreneurial capacity.

FOSTERING SUSTAINABLE SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT THROUGH SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP: IMPLEMENTING SOCIAL INNOVATION INITIATIVES FOR TRANSFORMATION

Through the launch of social innovation projects with the potential to bring about revolutionary change, this study explores the critical function of social entrepreneurship in promoting long-term societal progress. This study set out to do one main thing: shed light on how social innovation fits into entrepreneurial endeavours with a social mission in order to attain longterm social development. Quantitative research was carried out in India through an online survey to examine the proposed links. Organisations across India that are involved in social entrepreneurship and social enterprises were surveyed for this data. The link between social entrepreneurship and long-term social progress can be mediated by social innovation, according to the research. Social innovation in social entrepreneurship projects has a major impact on long-term social progress, according to the research. Government agencies, lawmakers, philanthropists, social entrepreneurs, educators with an entrepreneurial spirit, and Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) can all benefit from these discoveries. Policymakers, practitioners, and academics can benefit from this research because it sheds light on the mediating elements and pathways that allow social entrepreneurship to promote transformative social change. This research is important for sustainable development efforts.

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF HYDRATE FORMATION PECULIARITIES FOR CONDITIONS OF THE TURNO AND CENOMANIAN DEPOSITS: Part II

This paper is the second part of the research devoted to the study of hydrate formation features for the conditions of Turonian and Cenomanian deposits. The launch of new gas projects at the Turon and Senoman production facilities in Western Siberia provided a good opportunity to critically analyze the known methods of protecting production, gathering and transportation facilities of the gas field from the formation of solid gas hydrates. The paper presents the experience of implementing a program of laboratory studies of conditions of gas hydrate formation with their subsequent processing and in-depth analysis. The research program covered the area of thermobaric parameters typical for the conditions of Turon-Senoman deposits exploitation with localization of hydrate-hazardous areas in the conditions of Technological Regimes for full development. The description of laboratory studies is given, in which two gas compositions of Senoman and Turon objects, different variants of mineralization and ionic composition corresponding to formation and condensation water, as well as hydrate formation conditions under changing dosages of basic inhibitor on the basis of methanol were considered. The details of the experiment based on the method of swinging cells and the subsequent analysis of the results of the completed experiments to determine the thermobaric conditions of formation and decomposition of hydrates are given. The main features of the experiment are specified, estimates of the rate of change of the influencing parameters of the experiment on its quality are given. In the process of implementation of the experimental program, the optimal values of these parameters were selected, which allowed us to significantly reduce the variation of experimental results to determine the thermobaric conditions of hydrate formation. It is experimentally established that the temperature of hydrate decomposition is higher than the temperature of its formation at all investigated gas compositions and water mineralization.

Organizational Entrainment of Project Launch in the Research Context of Chinese Real Estate Firms

Despite wide recognition of organizational entrainment (i.e., activities pace adjustment to catch emerging opportunity) in case studies, there is a lack of large-sample empirical evidence illustrating entrainment in project management. We examine outcome-based and process-based entrainment using survival analysis with 90,755 observations of 149 Chinese real estate firms’ residential development projects. The results suggest external environmental favorableness—as a zeitgeber—both directly accelerates the project launch pace and strengthens the deceleration effects of structural inertia and acceleration effects of resource munificence on the project launch pace. Our study contributes to organizational entrainment, flexibility-focused project management, and project launch literature.

Synthesizing Clinical Data Warehouse Content for Enhanced External Collaboration: A Preliminary Proposal.

This paper introduces a novel approach aimed at enhancing the accessibility of clinical data warehouses (CDWs) for external users, particularly researchers and biomedical companies interested in developing and testing their solutions. The primary focus is on proposing a clinical data catalogue designed to elucidate the contents of CDWs, facilitating biomedical project launch and completion. The catalogue is designed to address three fundamental inquiries that external users may have regarding CDWs: "What data is available, how much data is present, and how was it generated?" Additionally, the paper showcases a prototype of the catalogue through a visualization example, utilizing data from the CDW of Rennes University Hospital.

Will the Release of Presale Housing moderate or exacerbate residential price volatility? - Taking Apartmemt complexes Units in Taichung City as an Example

During periods of economic prosperity, increased profit opportunities lead to active transactions in the existing housing market and heightened consumer risk preferences. At this time, developers increase the launch of presale housing projects to expand business opportunities, indirectly filling the supply gap of existing homes and alleviating housing demand. However, in reality, prices in both the presale and existing housing markets mutually drive each other up, further delaying the stabilization of housing prices. Therefore, whether the launch of presale housing projects can alleviate the demand for existing homes and achieve the function of price moderation becomes a research-worthy question. This study aims to investigate whether the volume of presale housing projects moderates or exacerbates housing prices. We focus on the volatility of aggregate residential housing prices in Taichung City, Taiwan, using transaction data of monthly average prices for Apartmemt complexes Units (high-rise buildings and high-rise apartments) from August 2012 to June 2023. We employ the ARCH/GARCH models to analyze the impact of presale housing project volumes on housing price volatility. Stability and convergence indicate a moderating effect of presale housing project volumes on housing prices; otherwise, it indicates exacerbation. After model testing, this study selects the most appropriate model as the ARIMA(3,1,0)-GARCH(1,0) model. This study finds that during periods of economic prosperity, the volume of presale housing projects does not aid in stabilizing or converging residential housing prices; instead, it exacerbates market disruption.

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF HYDRATE FORMATION PECULIARITIES FOR CONDITIONS OF THE TURNO AND CENOMANIAN DEPOSITS. Part I

This paper is the Part I of a study devoted to investigating the peculiarities of hydrate formation for the conditions of Turonian and Cenomanian reservoirs. The launch of new gas projects at the Turon and Senoman production facilities in Western Siberia provided a good opportunity to critically analyze the known methods of protecting production, gathering and transportation facilities of the gas field from the formation of solid gas hydrates. The paper presents the experience of implementing a program of laboratory studies of conditions of gas hydrate formation with their subsequent processing and in-depth analysis. The research program covered the area of thermobaric parameters typical for the conditions of Turon-Senoman deposits exploitation with localization of hydrate-hazardous areas in the conditions of technological regimes for full development. The description of laboratory studies is given, in which two gas compositions of Senoman and Turon objects, different variants of mineralization and ionic composition corresponding to formation and condensation water, as well as hydrate formation conditions under changing dosages of basic inhibitor on the basis of methanol were considered. The details of the experiment based on the method of swinging cells and the subsequent analysis of the results of the completed experiments to determine the thermobaric conditions of formation and decomposition of hydrates are given. The main features of the experiment are specified, estimates of the rate of change of the influencing parameters of the experiment on its quality are given. In the process of implementation of the experimental program, the optimal values of these parameters were selected, which allowed us to significantly reduce the variation of experimental results to determine the thermobaric conditions of hydrate formation. It is experimentally established that the temperature of hydrate decomposition is higher than the temperature of its formation at all investigated gas compositions and water mineralization.Based on the processing of an extensive matrix of experimental studies, the calculation dependences of thermobaric conditions of hydrate formation were specified, which allowed to significantly improve the efficiency of prediction and accuracy of calculation of optimal dosages of inhibitor for the Kharampurskoye gas field. In this part of the study, the characteristic thermobaric conditions of natural gas production and collection from Turonian-Cenomanian deposits are summarized, the component composition of the investigated gas and water is described, and the methodology of laboratory tests is described.

Moving the needle: Quality improvement strategies to achieve guideline-concordant care of obstetric patients with severe hypertension

ObjectivesTo improve timely treatment and follow-up of birthing individuals with severe hypertension. Study designA quality improvement (QI) initiative was implemented at an academic tertiary care center in the United States of America for individuals with obstetric hypertensive emergencies. Statistical process control charts were utilized to track process measures and interventions tested through plan-do-study-act cycles. Measures were disaggregated by race and ethnicity to identify and improve disparities. Main outcome measuresTreatment of hypertensive events within 60 min, receipt of blood pressure (BP) device at discharge and completed postpartum follow-up BP check within 7 days of discharge. ResultsAll process measures showed statistically significant improvements. The primary process measure, timely treatment of hypertensive emergencies, improved from 29 % to 76 %. Receipt of BP device improved from 37 % to 91 % and follow-up BP checks from 58 % to 81 %. No racial or ethnic disparities were noted at baseline or after interventions. Readmission rates within 6 weeks of delivery increased from 2.3 % to 6.1 % for the cohort with no severe morbidity or mortality events after discharge. Strategies associated with improvement included project launch with establishment of the “why,” telehealth, simulation, a video display of quality metrics on the birthing unit, promoting BP cuff access, and automated orders. ConclusionsThis comprehensive QI initiative provides novel improvement strategies for the management of individuals with severe hypertensive disorders of pregnancy for the timely treatment of severe BP, attainment of home BP devices, and follow-up after discharge. Quality improvement methodology is practical and essential for achieving guideline-concordant care.

Investigation into Discrepancies in Alignment and Levelling of Precast Segmental Box Girders (SBGs) During Launching for LRT 3, from Bandar Utama to Johan Setia (Package GS10)

In recent decades, there has been a notable global increase in the utilization of precast concrete segmental bridges within construction projects. However, discrepancies have been observed in the height of precast Segmental Box Girders (SBGs) installed alongside PS1 (monolithic), deviating from project specifications. This discrepancy impacts the deck level and consequently influences the Top of Rail (TOR). Consequently, a study was undertaken at AlKauthar Kinematics Sdn Bhd, a company involved in the LRT3 project's construction, with a specific focus on the casting and installation of Segmental Box Girders. The study's objectives include identifying the factors contributing to precast SBG misalignment during the LRT3 project's launch at P25-08, analyzing data for realignment purposes, and proposing design methodologies for manufacturing SBGs. The methodology employed in this study entails the analysis of data sourced from the industry, utilizing As-Built Surveys conducted by surveyors. Findings indicate that precast SBG misalignment during launching at P25-08 is primarily attributed to on-site errors, particularly casting errors during the construction of the cast-in-situ monolithic segment P25-08. This insight is invaluable for both governmental bodies and private construction organizations in mitigating project setbacks.

Employers’ request for employee independence: analysis of vacancies on recruiting sites

Effective independent action of a person in various areas of the economy is an important condition for personal success and well-being of the household, and the broader socio-economic environment, when the risk of reduction or deprivation of income becomes the most widespread. The authors investigated the request of Russian employers for independent behavior of employees in the context of categories of personnel, positions and branches of economic activity based on the analysis of job databases. Independence is most appreciated by employers in industries such as retail and information technology. These industries are key in the request for independence, both in the segment of low and high wages. Specific characteristics related to independence and requested in job descriptions are closely related to the position and the amount of the proposed salary. The authors of the article discuss the hypothesis about the heterogeneous structure of the skill of “independence” as an umbrella concept covering various manifestations. In the segment of low wages, the demand for characteristics that imply a conscious action of the employee and the ability to solve current tasks dominates. At the level of high salaries, employers additionally request the need for employees to demonstrate leadership competencies, generate ideas, determination, autonomy, multitasking, strategic planning, organizational management of teams and the launch of new independent projects (corporate entrepreneurship).

ПРОЄКТИ PESCO: ОСОБЛИВОСТІ РЕАЛІЗАЦІЇ У СВІТЛІ ПОВНОМАСШТАБНОЇ ФАЗИ РОСІЙСЬКО-УКРАЇНСЬКОЇ ВІЙНИ

It is analyzed how the full-scale Russian military aggression against Ukraine in 2022, which became an exogenous threat to the EU, intensified the need for security integration and cooperation of its Member States, including the streng- thening of PESCO and the interaction and coordination of the EU actions with NATO. The following aspects of the transformation of PESCO’s security pri- orities, taking into account the exogenous impact of the full-scale stage of the Russian-Ukrainian war on it, have been highlighted: organizational, financial and functional. From an organizational point of view, it has been noted that Denmark joined the European Defense Agency (EDA) and PESCO; Malta is considering joining this initiative. From a financial point of view the most visible reaction to the war in Ukraine is the EU Member States' reassessment of their defence capabilities, the growth of their investments in military modernization, reflected in the obligation of States to increase their defence expenditures to strengthen the armed forces, purchase the newest weapons and increase the opportunities to participate in cyber and hybrid warfare to counter potential adversaries. It is emphasized that the increase in the defense budgets of the EU Member States should be combined with growing cooperation for the acquisition and/or deve- lopment of new security and defense capabilities and overcoming inconsistencies and fragmentation of interests in decision-making taking into account their me- dium and long-term impact on the EU defense landscape. From a functional point of view, the project dimension of PESCO has been clarified. It was emphasized that the fifth wave of projects was approved on May 23, 2023: 11 of them were approved, 3 were closed, 68 projects are being implemented. Challenges on the way to the implementation of projects within PESCO are singled out: leadership and sectoral orientation of certain Member States on individual projects, incon- sistency of defence budgets of Member States and fragmentation during their formation, initiation of similar projects by them outside PESCO, slowness of project implementation, etc. It was noted that in light of Russia’s full-scale inva- sion of Ukraine, PESCO projects are acquiring an operational dimension, which is confirmed by the launch of new projects and the successful development of several existing ones. Therefore, PESCO is valuable in the event of the military crisis, as it improves the speed of joint response of the EU to it.

Food stamps: systematisation of Russian practice

The paper presents an analysis of food stamp programmes in Russia. These programmes are funding the purchase of food in the form of directed payments or auxiliary payment instruments. However, there is no unified concept of food stamps. Indeed, the separate regional programs are launched. They controlled both by the State and non-profit associations. Additionally, there are various practices in Russia using similar tools to ensure national food security. The paper attempts to formulate mandatory criteria for food stamps. It also presents a classification for assessment of food stamp programmes structure. Hence the work assesses the organisational changes in terms of digitalisation of food stamp programmes. Nowadays, the Russian Federation is in the process of accumulating experience in the use of food stamps. The independent programs are being launched and assessed in various regions, the regulatory framework for the launch of larger-scale projects are being developed, etc. The most significant change increasing the efficiency of using food stamps is the digitalisation of the process. Modern food stamps have undergone a profound organisational transformation through the use of digital tools. Their use is more convenient for all stakeholders and makes it possible to effectively provide food support to the indigent people. Hence introducing of food stamp programme in the Russian Federation will improve public access to food and contribute to an increase in living standards. Moreover, the programme expands the demand for food products, increases the economic stability of producers, and forms conditions for import substitution programmes for food production.

The Active Asteroids Citizen Science Program: Overview and First Results

We present the Citizen Science program Active Asteroids and describe discoveries stemming from our ongoing project. Our NASA Partner program is hosted on the Zooniverse online platform and launched on 2021 August 31, with the goal of engaging the community in the search for active asteroids—asteroids with comet-like tails or comae. We also set out to identify other unusual active solar system objects, such as active Centaurs, active quasi-Hilda asteroids (QHAs), and Jupiter-family comets (JFCs). Active objects are rare in large part because they are difficult to identify, so we ask volunteers to assist us in searching for active bodies in our collection of millions of images of known minor planets. We produced these cutout images with our project pipeline that makes use of publicly available Dark Energy Camera data. Since the project launch, roughly 8300 volunteers have scrutinized some 430,000 images to great effect, which we describe in this work. In total, we have identified previously unknown activity on 15 asteroids, plus one Centaur, that were thought to be asteroidal (i.e., inactive). Of the asteroids, we classify four as active QHAs, seven as JFCs, and four as active asteroids, consisting of one main-belt comet (MBC) and three MBC candidates. We also include our findings concerning known active objects that our program facilitated, an unanticipated avenue of scientific discovery. These include discovering activity occurring during an orbital epoch for which objects were not known to be active, and the reclassification of objects based on our dynamical analyses.

A Two-Phase Approach for Reliability-Redundancy Optimization of a Communication Satellite

The development and launch of communication satellite projects pose significant challenges and costs. The expenses can range from several hundred million dollars, contingent on factors such as mission objectives, satellite system size and complexity including the launch vehicle, and ground infrastructure. Satellites must be designed to withstand harsh conditions in space, such as the extreme temperatures, radiation, and other hazards, while delivering reliable communication services to its users. However, once a satellite is launched, physical maintenance interventions become infeasible in the event of technical problems. Thus, reliability is a critical aspect for these expensive systems. This study aims to minimize the cost of a high-tech communication satellite by addressing design considerations that meet customer reliability requirements without exceeding power and redundant equipment limits. To achieve this goal, we propose an integer non-linear programming model in this research. To solve the satellite design problem, we adopt a two-stage solution approach. Conventional industrial practices in satellite design often involve iterative attempts to determine the redundancy level of onboard units based on customer reliability requirements. These processes rely heavily on the experience of design engineers who evaluate a limited number of alternatives to determine the number of redundant units, resulting in sub-optimal outcomes. In contrast, our proposed approach systematically handles the problem and yields optimal results. Our findings demonstrate that the proposed two-phase approach can achieve optimal redundancy levels within seconds.

Examining the integration of women's issues in the corporate social responsibility (CSR) strategy of Coal India Limited

This paper examines efforts to integrate women's concerns into Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) programmes and policies in India's coal mining sector. This is achieved by taking into consideration the subsidiaries of the largest coal producing company in the country: Coal India Limited. The study finds that, in relation to the various categories that fall under CSR, expenditure on, as well as the nature and number of projects related to, women's welfare is underwhelming. In light of this, the management of Coal India Limited's subsidiaries are urged to prioritise the launching of CSR projects that address women's needs, and which broadly, focus on gender equality and empowerment.

NIHR Global Health Research Group on Vaccines for vulnerable people in Africa (VAnguard): Concept and Launch event report

Background Vaccination is an important public health intervention, but not everyone benefits equally. Biological, social and structural factors render some communities vulnerable and unable to secure optimal health benefits from vaccination programmes. This drives health inequity and undermines wider vaccine impact by allowing the persistence of non-immune communities as foci for recurrent disease outbreaks. The NIHR Global Health Research Group on Vaccines for vulnerable people in Africa (VAnguard) aims to understand how biological, social, and structural factors interact to impair vaccine impact in vulnerable African communities. Methods The VAnguard project will be implemented through three thematic work packages (1-3) and four cross-cutting work packages (4-7). Work package 1 will investigate the biological drivers and mechanisms of population differences in vaccine responses. Work package 2 will support the understanding of how structural, social and biological determinants of vaccine response interrelate to determine vaccine impact. Work package 3 will synthesise data and lead analyses to develop, model and test community-based integrated strategies to optimise vaccine access, uptake and effectiveness. Work package 4 will plan and implement field investigations (community survey and qualitative studies (with support of work package 2) to explore structural, social & biological determinants impairing vaccine impact. Work package 5 will collaborate with work packages 1-4, to engage communities in designing interventions that aim to directly optimise vaccine impact through a process of co-learning and co-creation between them and the researchers. Work package 6 will build capacity for, and a culture of, consultative, collaborative multidisciplinary vaccine research in East Africa. Work package 7 will support the overall project management and governance. Following the project inception on the 1st of September 2022, project launch was held in November 2022. Conclusion Results from this project will contribute to the development of integrated strategies that will optimise vaccine benefits and drive health equity.

An Investigation of BIM Advantages in Analysing Claims Procedures Related to the Extension of Time and Money in the KSA Construction Industry

The construction industry in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) is a significant sector in the Middle East, with annual expenditures exceeding USD 120 billion. It employs 15% of the workforce and consumes more than 14% of the country’s energy resources. Despite the significant growth in the Saudi construction sector, it faces various challenges due to the rapid launch of mega projects, such as the Line project engaged with the NEOM project, as well as other new projects as part of the Saudi Vision 2030. The challenges might be limited to a shortage of skilled labourers, rising costs, construction disputes, and material shortages. This study aims to investigate claims management procedures under traditional practice and compare them with a proposed BIM package as an alternative solution to mitigate construction disputes. The objective of the study focuses on reducing the time consumed when analysing claims against the level of accuracy of claims values. The proposed BIM model improves and streamlines the claims process through automation. This study presents prospective and retrospective methods in delay analysis under an accepted programme. A questionnaire survey was conducted, and out of a total of 123 practitioners, 79 replied. The findings in tables in this article reveal that there are demands and a growing awareness of BIM in the KSA construction industry. The results reveal that BIM can help to reduce potential disputes and can reduce overall project cost overruns.

MECHANISMS FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF INTERNATIONAL INDUSTRIAL COOPERATION AND INTERNATIONAL TRADE OF THE REPUBLIC OF TATARSTAN AND THE POSSIBILITIES OF THEIR USE BY THE ENTITIES OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

In a turbulent economic macro-environment, to ensure sustainable development of the state and its regions, classical commodity exchange operations are being reformatted both through changing basic partners, changing the geography of markets and product lines, and through intensifying the launch of new multinational production projects that make it possible to compensate for the loss of part of foreign supplies in the format of import substitution , generate innovative solutions based on synergy that become domestic intellectual property. The Republic of Tatarstan is one of the supporting regions of the Russian Federation, a leader in many macroeconomic indicators, investment attractiveness and quality of life. Its developments in the field of international relations and trade are analyzed from the standpoint of efficiency, features of the work of infrastructure elements, such as special economic zones, foreign representative offices, business missions, the Chamber of Commerce and Industry, the Investment Development Agency, and the Export Support Center. Conclusions are drawn about the intensification of all types of cooperation with the People's Republic of China, countries of the Muslim world and with various countries of the EAEU and the CIS, indicating the determining role of the economic structure of all partners, including the presence of preferential regimes of interaction. If increasing global trade turnover is clearly a positive process, then the selection of international industrial cooperation projects should be accompanied by in-depth business analysis of the complementarity of the goals and capabilities of the countries participating in industrial cooperation. Another important conclusion is the need to analyze the potential of Russian regions to identify opportunities for scaling the experience of Tatarstan - the presence of a foundation of industrial cooperation that is mutually beneficial for all parties and infrastructure that ensures the effectiveness of international cooperation. Differences between the Russian and regional economy as its meso-level may lead to an unsuccessful attempt to scale the best practices of the Republic of Tatarstan. In this regard, it is proposed to create a system for connecting part of the regions of the Russian Federation to the channels of international cooperation created in the Republic of Tatarstan to enhance interaction primarily with partners from the countries of the Islamic world.

E-KARABAKH AND BEYOND: REVEALING THE DIGITAL LANDSCAPES IN AZERBAIJAN'S LIBERATED TERRITORIES

Following the second Karabakh War in 2020, Azerbaijan liberated its territories from 30 years of long-brewing Armenian occupation, which today are considered the potential economic and geopolitical landscapes for not only the socio- economic development of the country but to involve foreign investments and projects to these recovered areas. The Karabakh War of 2020 caused a change in the balance of power and status quo in the South Caucasus region as Azerbaijan in recent times started the rehabilitation and reconstruction processes, the placement of IDPs, involvement of investments, launch of tender projects, etc. to provide the socio-economic development of Karabakh region as a future E-Karabakh. The core objective of the paper is to ensure scientific insights and recommendations for the transition of the conventional Karabakh region to the digitalized so-called E-Karabakh region to enhance the economic development of the region. The authors' focus primarily delves into aspects including the advancement of a green economy and green growth policy, agriculture, and fostering a clean ecological environment in Karabakh. The article also analyzes the enhancement of ICT-based infrastructure, the integration of high digital technologies, and the potential emergence of Karabakh as a prominent hub for technology and innovation in the South Caucasus region. The paper aims to fill a gap in the existing literature by presenting valuable insights for government officials, decision-makers, and experts in this field, seeking to be a substantial scientific paper, offering policy-based information to aid in making informed and rational decisions.

Evolution of Theoretical Approaches to the Analysis of State and Business Cooperation in the Infrastructure Sphere

The classification of historical periods in the evolution of cooperation between the state and business in the infrastructural sphere by stages and forms of cooperation has been improved: antiquity (use of buyouts; competitive construction of post offices with cities, ports and harbors (manceps); infrastructural construction (precarium)) of the Middle Ages ("casual » application of PPPs; buyouts; concessions; "regalia"); the period of colonization (use of concessions for the development of new land colonies and international trade; involvement of private armed ships with their owners to solve military and trade "tasks" at sea); the origin and development of capitalism, industrialization (systematic concession legislation; capital-intensive projects; attraction of private capital in the form of concessions for the development of the utility sector); the modern stage from the middle of the 20th century. (transition from the policy of "public administration" to the "new public administration" model; "private financial initiative"; development of public-private partnership (PPP) regulation worldwide (in more than 120 countries); launch of cross-border PPP projects and projects with attracting direct foreign investment). It was determined that in France during the Middle Ages and the reign of mercantilism, the predominant role of the state in economic development, including infrastructure development, was emphasized. The state attracted private business and financed the works. Unlike mercantilists, representatives of the school of physiocrats believed that the state should not interfere in the field of entrepreneurship at all. The idea of state cooperation with private business in the development of industry by means of optimal regulation and protection from foreign competition, especially at the initial stage, was also reflected in the works of the German scientist F. List. Implementation of projects through the transfer of infrastructure objects under concession conditions to private companies allows to significantly increase their efficiency. The example of the railways of Belgium, Germany, Austria-Hungary and Switzerland shows that this form of PPP is quite competitive during the implementation of large infrastructure projects. At the same time, in order to achieve economic efficiency, such projects must be accompanied by strict state control. After the Second World War, the doctrine of a socially oriented model and a concerted strategy of economic development (concerted economy) came to the fore in economic thought. The positions of J. Keynes and moderate supporters of state intervention in the economy were dominant until the 70s. 20th century, when the ideas of "state capitalism" reached their peak. It is also necessary to note the role played by the theory of the public sector in justifying the role of the state in the economy at various stages of economic development. The state takes an active role in areas that are not attractive to private actors and are related to the generation of "public goods" to increase the level of well-being.