Programmable Data Research Articles

Data Plane Programmability Beyond OpenFlow: Opportunities and Challenges for Network and Service Operations and Management

SDN and OpenFlow reshaped the way we configure forwarding devices and determine network behavior, by offering an open interface upon which apps like routing, monitoring, etc. can be built. SDN/OpenFlow helped break network "ossification" and unleash evolution, by enabling one to effectively think networking from top-down. It evidenced, however, a subtle but important problem: networking evolution is also hampered by the inability to change switch behavior, which forces one to build systems constrained from the bottom up. This scenario can change dramatically with the re-emergence of programmable data planes, and languages like POF and P4. Although recent, these languages proved to be very influential, powering several contributions towards flexible and customizable forwarding devices. In this paper, we survey the literature on data plane programmability, from early concepts (like Active Networks) to state-of-the-art solutions. We then dive into research questions that more recent work (especially P4) have uncovered: how to deploy and manage custom switch programs in large-scale networks? Can we improve services like monitoring and security with programmable data planes? Can we make network operation more dependable? As another contribution, we organize and discuss opportunities and challenges with potential to influence research in the field, from the perspective of network and service operations and management.

Mapping Application Requirements to Virtualization-Enabled Software Defined WSN

With the emergence of resource powerful sensor nodes, the concept of WSN virtualization is gaining increasing attention from the research community and the industry. One approach to achieve WSN virtualization is to exploit the capabilities of individual sensor nodes to execute tasks of multiple applications concurrently. In this paper, we consider the problem of task allocation in software-defined WSNs (SD-WSNs), which are distinguished by centralized control plane and programmable data plane. We extend our previous work on this topic, where we proposed the control algorithm which determines suitability of a sensor node for task allocation based on the active routing paths and residual energy in the network. Availability of such information can be easily justified in SD-WSNs. Through extensive simulations, the performance of this strategy has been evaluated and compared with two conventional task allocation approaches, which assume traditional minimum-hop routing. In addition, we analysed performance of more simple software defined networking-based approach, which performs resource allocation by considering only residual energy in the network. The obtained results demonstrate benefits of SD-WSN architecture when it comes to virtualization efficiency, and clarify improvements achieved by mutual correlation of routing and task allocation decisions.

Hybrid Photoacoustic/Ultrasound Tomograph for Real-Time Finger Imaging

We report a target-enclosing, hybrid tomograph with a total of 768 elements based on capacitive micromachined ultrasound transducer technology and providing fast, high-resolution 2-D/3-D photoacoustic and ultrasound tomography tailored to finger imaging. A freely programmable ultrasound beamforming platform sampling data at 80 MHz was developed to realize plane wave transmission under multiple angles. A multiplexing unit enables the connection and control of a large number of elements. Fast image reconstruction is provided by GPU processing. The tomograph is composed of four independent and fully automated movable arc-shaped transducers, allowing imaging of all three finger joints. The system benefits from photoacoustics, yielding high optical contrast and enabling visualization of finger vascularization, and ultrasound provides morphologic information on joints and surrounding tissue. A diode-pumped, Q-switched Nd:YAG laser and an optical parametric oscillator are used to broaden the spectrum of emitted wavelengths to provide multispectral imaging. Custom-made optical fiber bundles enable illumination of the region of interest in the plane of acoustic detection. Precision in positioning of the probe in motion is ensured by use of a motor-driven guide slide. The current position of the probe is encoded by the stage and used to relate ultrasound and photoacoustic signals to the corresponding region of interest of the suspicious finger joint. The system is characterized in phantoms and a healthy human finger in vivo. The results obtained promise to provide new opportunities in finger diagnostics and establish photoacoustic/ultrasound-tomography in medical routine.

Performance Analysis of Reversible ALU in QCA

Quantum spot Cell Automata (QCA) based reversible method of reasoning is the foundations of creating nanotechnological figuring structures. It ensures enormously low power usage with high thickness and working repeat. Programmable reversible method of reasoning is ascending as an approaching basis arrangement style for execution in present day nanotechnology and quantum preparing with unimportant impact on circuit warm period. Late advances in reversible method of reasoning using and quantum PC figuring mull over improved PC building and math basis unit designs. This work focuses on plan of a powerful reversible ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit) and its affirmation in QCA. We have considered existing 3 × 3 M-R Gate as the essential building block, a 4*4 reversible method of reasoning entryways (M-R Gate with immaterial delay and orchestrated to convey a grouping of genuine relies on settled yield lines in perspective of programmable select data lines. We similarly display QCA utilization of M-R passage with slightest cell check. The proposed ALU requires only 6 entry ways, which is more locale capable than the present work. It is repeated using QCA Designer.

The essence of ornaments

AbstractFunctional programmers from all horizons strive to use, and sometimes abuse, their favorite type system in order to capture the invariants of their programs. A widely used tool in that trade consists in defining finely indexed datatypes. Operationally, these typesclassifythe programmer's data, following the ML tradition. Logically, these typesenforcethe program invariants in a novel manner. This new programming pattern, by which one programsoverinductive definitions to account for some invariants, lead to the development of a theory of ornaments (McBride, 2011Ornamental Algebras, Algebraic Ornaments. Unpublished). However, ornaments originate as a dependently-typed object and may thus appear rather daunting to a functional programmer of the non-dependent kind. This article aims at presenting ornamentsfrom first-principlesand, in particular, to declutter their presentation from syntactic considerations. To do so, we shall give a sufficiently abstract model of indexed datatypes by means of many-sorted signatures. In this process, we formalize our intuition that an indexed datatype is the combination of a data-structureand a data-logic. Over this abstraction of datatypes, we shall recast the definition of ornaments, effectively giving a model of ornaments. Benefiting both from the operationalandabstract nature of many-sorted signatures, ornaments should appear applicable and, one hopes, of interest beyond the type-theoretic circles, case in point being languages with generalized abstract datatypes or refinement types.

Two-dimensional blood flow vector obtained with high frame rate acquisition of dual-angle Doppler signal

Quantitative measurement of flow in blood vessels is important to assess cardiovascular dynamics. The objective of the present study is to obtain two-dimensional (2D) blood flow vector in some carotid artery models and to validate the method in comparison with particle image velocimetry (PIV). Plane wave ultrasound with the repetition rate of 14 kHz was transmitted and received by a 7.5 MHz linear array transducer and a programmable ultrasound data acquisition system. Compound B-mode images and dual-angle Doppler data with the transmission angle of -10° and + 10° were obtained. 2D flow vector at arbitrary point was calculated by two velocity components along with each angle. Steady and pulsatile flow in normal and stenosed carotid artery models were simultaneously observed by the proposed method and PIV. 2D velocity vectors were successfully obtained in each flow states and the average error was approximately 5% in comparison with PIV in the carotid artery model. Steady flow in the distal stenosis model s...

Skin vasculature imaging by acoustical resolution photoacoustic microscope with parabolic array transducer

Photoacoustic (PA) signal is highly dependent on the structure of the target. In the present study, PA imaging system with parabolic array transducer for multi-angle detection is developed and the skin vasculature is observed. The transducer was consisted of 256 ch 1-3-composite elements with the center frequency of 10 MHz. The diameter was 42.4 mm and the opening angle was 90 degree. A hole was made in the center of the transducer for transmission of the laser. PA signal was acquired by a programmable ultrasound data acquisition system with the sampling frequency of 60 MHz. A diode laser with the wavelength of 532 nm, pulse width of 8 ns, pulse energy of 5 mJ, and repetition frequency of 10 Hz was equipped for generation of PA signal. Three dimensional image was reconstructed by delay-and-sum beamforming of PA signals received by all channels. The frame rate for displaying x-y, y-z, and x-z images was 10 Hz, and the full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the x-z image was 70 μm. 3D structure of the skin ca...

Energy consumption and indoor climate in a residential building before and after comprehensive energy retrofitting

Denmark is participating in IEA EBC Annex 56 “Cost Effective Energy and Carbon Emissions Optimization in Building Renovation”. This paper presents results from the apartment complex Traneparken that was chosen as a Danish case study for the project. Traneparken has undergone a comprehensive energy retrofit including new facades, new windows, additional insulation, mechanical ventilation with heat recovery and a photovoltaic installation on the roof. The measured energy consumption for heating and domestic hot water before and after renovation was 139.1kWh/m2/year and 95.6kWh/m2/year respectively, and thereby the project has demonstrated that the renovation resulted in significant energy savings. A questionnaire survey was carried out focusing on the tenants’ overall satisfaction with the retrofitting process and the results of the retrofitting, including e.g. perceived indoor climate before and after the retrofit. In three of the flats in Traneparken measurements of ventilation conditions were performed using passive tracer gas technique together with continuous registration of the room air temperature, the relative humidity and the CO2-concentration using programmable data loggers.

A Rate Allocation Framework for Multi-Class Services in Software-Defined Networks

Software defined networking (SDN) is a network architecture with a programmable control plane (e.g., controllers) and simple data plane (e.g., forwarders). One of the popular SDN protocols/standards is OpenFlow, for which researchers have recently proposed some quality-of-service (QoS) supports. However, the proposals for rate allocation have some limitations in network scalability and multi-class services' supports. In the literature, rate allocation formulations are commonly based on the framework of network utility maximization (NUM). Nevertheless, multi-class services are rarely considered in that framework since they make the formulated NUM become nonconvex and prevent its subgradient-based algorithm from converging. In this paper, we propose a scalable QoS rate allocation framework for OpenFlow in which multi-class services are considered. The convergence issue in the algorithm of our NUM-based framework is resolved by an admission control scheme. The network scalability is improved by our decentralized algorithms that can run on multiple parallel controllers. Extensive simulation and emulation results are provided to evaluate the performance of our method.

Microwave Power Beaming using Ka-band Radar

Power is transferred wirelessly from a ground based microwave transmitter to a receiver flown on a platform attached to a tethered aerostat. The signal is analyzed using consumer radar detection hardware and developed circuitry. This signal is analyzed by a programmable microcontroller, or Arduino, and data is then transmitted to a logging computer on the ground via flight computer and base station. Eventually, a rectenna and receiver will be developed to convert the microwaves to a useable voltage to power on-board instruments.  This technology could be employed as a means to reduce the need for on-board power supplies for CubeSats deployed by the International Space Station, on orbit solar power generation, solar power satellites, etc.Â

SDN meets SDR in self-organizing networks: fitting the pieces of network management

LTE self-organizing networks (SONs) automate several management mechanisms related to network planning, configuration, and optimization, which require network programmability at both the control plane and data plane. This requirement is a design target shared by software defined networking (SDN) and software defined radio (SDR) paradigms, which are intended to achieve open programmable and reconfigurable networks. Hence, the convergence of the programmable- control-plane nature of SDN with the programmable-data-plane nature of SDR into an SON-based architecture will complement and enhance their respective scopes. We propose an SON-based management framework that leverages programmable control and data planes, and emphasizes the need for an open and extensible protocol interface that combines the main features of current protocols such as OpenFlow, MIH, and XMPP.

High-Speed Multipass Coulter Counter with Ultrahigh Resolution.

Coulter counters measure the size of particles in solution by passing them through an orifice and measuring a resistive pulse, i.e., a drop in the ionic current flowing between two electrodes placed on either side of the orifice. The magnitude of the pulse gives information on the size of the particle; however, resolution is limited by variability in the path of the translocation, due to the Brownian motion of the particle. We present a simple yet powerful modified Coulter counter that uses programmable data acquisition hardware to switch the voltage after sensing the resistive pulse of a nanoparticle passing through the orifice of a nanopipet. Switching the voltage reverses the direction of the driving force on the particle and, when this detect-switch cycle is repeated, allows us to pass an individual nanoparticle through the orifice thousands of times. By measuring individual particles more than 100 times per second we rapidly determine the distribution of the resistive pulses for each particle, which allows us to accurately determine the mean pulse amplitude and deliver considerably improved size resolution over a conventional Coulter counter. We show that single polystyrene nanoparticles can be shuttled back and forth and monitored for minutes, leading to a precisely determined mean blocking current equating to sub-angstrom size resolution.

An Energy Harvesting 2$\times$2 60 GHz Transceiver With Scalable Data Rate of 38–2450 Mb/s for Near-Range Communication

A fully integrated 2 ×2 CMOS transceiver at 60 GHz with energy harvesting capability in the transmitter mode and on-chip dipole antennas is demonstrated. The radio supports on-off-keying (OOK) modulation and a programmable data rate of 38 to 2450 Mb/s at a BER of less than 5 ×10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-4</sup> . The power consumption of the transmitter scales with data rate from 100 μW to 6.3 mW at 5 cm range and from 260 μW to 11.9 mW at 10 cm range. This yields an energy efficiency of 2.6 pJ/b at 5 cm and 4.9 pJ/b at 10cm. The energy harvesting circuits operate at 2.45 GHz with an average efficiency of 33%. The harvesting antenna and its matching components are off-chip. The complete transceiver including the energy harvesting block and on-chip antennas occupies 1.62 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> in 40 nm CMOS.

Programmable Networks—From Software-Defined Radio to Software-Defined Networking

Current implementations of Internet systems are very hard to be upgraded. The ossification of existing standards restricts the development of more advanced communication systems. New research initiatives, such as virtualization, software-defined radios, and software-defined networks, allow more flexibility for networks. However, until now, those initiatives have been developed individually. We advocate that the convergence of these overlying and complementary technologies can expand the amount of programmability on the network and support different innovative applications. Hence, this paper surveys the most recent research initiatives on programmable networks. We characterize programmable networks, where programmable devices execute specific code, and the network is separated into three planes: data, control, and management planes. We discuss the modern programmable network architectures, emphasizing their research issues, and, when possible, highlight their practical implementations. We survey the wireless and wired elements on the programmable data plane. Next, on the programmable control plane, we survey the divisor and controller elements. We conclude with final considerations, open issues and future challenges.

A customizable software for fast reduction and analysis of large X-ray scattering data sets: applications of the new DPDAK package to small-angle X-ray scattering and grazing-incidence small-angle X-ray scattering.

X-ray scattering experiments at synchrotron sources are characterized by large and constantly increasing amounts of data. The great number of files generated during a synchrotron experiment is often a limiting factor in the analysis of the data, since appropriate software is rarely available to perform fast and tailored data processing. Furthermore, it is often necessary to perform online data reduction and analysis during the experiment in order to interactively optimize experimental design. This article presents an open-source software package developed to process large amounts of data from synchrotron scattering experiments. These data reduction processes involve calibration and correction of raw data, one- or two-dimensional integration, as well as fitting and further analysis of the data, including the extraction of certain parameters. The software, DPDAK (directly programmable data analysis kit), is based on a plug-in structure and allows individual extension in accordance with the requirements of the user. The article demonstrates the use of DPDAK for on- and offline analysis of scanning small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) data on biological samples and microfluidic systems, as well as for a comprehensive analysis of grazing-incidence SAXS data. In addition to a comparison with existing software packages, the structure of DPDAK and the possibilities and limitations are discussed.

Rapid and scalable isp service delivery through a programmable middlebox

With only access billing no longer ensuring profits, an ISP's growth now relies on rolling out new and differentiated services. However, ISPs currently do not have a well-defined architecture for rapid, cost-effective, and scalable dissemination of new services. We present iSDF, a new SDN-enabled framework that can meet an ISP's service delivery constraints concerning cost, scalability, deployment flexibility, and operational ease. We show that meeting these constraints necessitates an SDN philosophy for a centralized management plane, a decoupled (from data) control plane, and a programmable data plane at customer premises. We present an ISP service delivery framework (iSDF) that provides ISPs a domain-specific API for network function virtualization by leveraging a programmable middlebox built from commodity home-routers. It also includes an application server to disseminate, configure, and update ISP services. We develop and report results for three diverse ISP applications that demonstrate the practicality and flexibility of iSDF, namely distributed VPN (control plane decisions), pay-per-site (rapid deployment), and BitTorrent blocking (data plane processing).

SCDVP: A Simplicial CNN Digital Visual Processor

Fil: Di Federico, Martin. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas. Centro Cientifico Tecnologico Bahia Blanca. Instituto de Investigacion En Ingenieria Electrica; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Departamento de Ingenieria Electrica y de Computadoras; Argentina. Provincia de Buenos Aires. Gobernacion. Comision de Investigaciones Cientificas; Argentina

Design in Laboratory Equipment for Power Generate and Supply System of New Type Self-Propelled Gun

In order to test new type self-propelled Gun's power generate and supply system, based on modular structure and distributed control design method, using variable frequency control and dual-model control technique, the laboratory equipment was designed according to the technical requirements. Firstly, the structure of the laboratory equipment was build. Based on design of hybrid multimode synchronous teeth belt transmission, programmable load unit, programmable power source and data fusion operator, main composition of the laboratory equipment are developed. Distributed control is used to ensure the laboratory equipment work orderly. To improve ability of anti-electromagnetic interference, three methods are used. Practically use, the synthetically laboratory equipment is proved to being high stability, strong comprehensiveness, good generality.

Field Evaluation of Open System Chambers for Measuring Whole Canopy Gas Exchanges

The ability to monitor whole canopy CO2 and H2O fluxes of crop plants in the field is needed for many research efforts ranging from plant breeding to the study of climate change effects on crops. Four portable, transparent, open system chambers for measuring canopy gas exchanges were field tested on well‐watered and fertilized cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) over 6 d at Lubbock, TX, in 2010. Our objective was to (i) characterize changes in canopy microclimate variables due to chamber enclosure and (ii) evaluate chamber‐to‐chamber variability in canopy gas‐exchange parameters on ground as well as leaf area basis. Chamber wall materials reduced photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) by about 13%. Programmable data loggers controlled variable speed fans and, with one minor exception, limited heat buildup in the chambers to a maximum of &lt;1.0°C above ambient air temperature. Differentials between incoming and outgoing atmospheric CO2 and H2O concentrations were used to calculate canopy net assimilation (A) and transpiration (E) at 10‐s intervals using solenoid valve actuated sample lines connected to an infrared gas analyzer. Water use efficiency (WUE = A/E) was then calculated and these data were averaged over both 5‐min and hourly intervals. Coefficient of variation (CV) for midday A, E, and WUE averaged 12.3, 9.7, and 5.8%, respectively. Expressing these parameters on a canopy leaf area basis produced similar CV results. These results will help guide experimental design for future research using these or similar chambers.

The principle and application of cutting-point virtual tool radius compensation for ellipsoidal outer contour finishing using a ball end mill

A novel cutter radius compensation method named cutting-point virtual tool radius compensation (CPVTRC) is presented in the finishing of ellipsoidal outer contour. CPVTRC, which corresponds to a virtual tool established at cutting point, is realized through parametric programming which is powerful in solving special manufacturing problems and exhibits great industrial application prospect. The parametric program for ellipsoidal outer contour finishing is given based on the algorithm of CPVTRC. The corresponding amount of the virtual tool radius per layer is calculated via the cutting-point coordinates and the elliptical outer offset curve parametric equation of the current layer. And it is inputted into corresponding registers online using programmable data input command G10L12, and then called through cutter compensation command G41/G42 before interpolation of the ellipse in the current layer. Consequently, the ellipse per layer of ellipsoid is approached via tiny line segments using CPVTRC method. The results of simulation based on VERICUT software and experiment based on a 3-axis vertical computer numerical control (CNC) machine equipped with FANUC 0i-MC exhibit that CPVTRC is highly effective and correct. Furthermore, CPVTRC can extend its application to the CNC parametric programming and machining of swept surfaces.