Modern Programming Research Articles

Prognostic impact of clinical and genetic factors on delayed elimination of methotrexate in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia

Background. Methotrexate (MTX) in high doses (1000–5000 mg/m2), occupies one of the leading places in modern programs of therapy of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) in children. Achievement of high long-term survival rates in children with ALL has become possible thanks to this drug. However, no less important problem is the toxicity of the treatment and prediction of its efficacy and safety, in this regard, the role of pharmacogenetic studies in the identification of polymorphisms in candidate genes affecting the pharmacokinetics of MTX is increasing.Objective. To determine predictors of delayed elimination of methotrexate using pharmacokinetic biomarkers in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia.Materials and methods. We prospectively analyzed the database of pediatric patients with ALL within the framework of an observational (cohort) singlecenter study. The study included 124 children diagnosed with ALL who received therapy according to the ALL-IC BFM 2009 protocol including high-dosed MTX. Real-time PCR method was used to study polymorphisms of ABCB1 and SLCO1B1 genes. The study material was peripheral blood. Statistical analysis ofpharmacogenetic biomarkers influence on toxicity and efficacy of therapy was performed using SPSS Statistics 26.0 program (USA). To form mathematical prognostic models, we used the method of logistic function construction using binary logistic regression with step-by-step selection of factors and, if necessary, additional construction of ROC-curves with subsequent ROC-analysis. Differences were considered significant at p < 0.05; at p ≥ 0.05, differences were considered unlikely and statistically insignificant.Results. Based on the results of the conducted complex analysis of efficacy and safety of high-dosed MTX therapy, a reliable (p < 0.001) prognostic model with high sensitivity, specificity and efficacy (>70 %, respectively) was developed, demonstrating the interrelationships of clinical and genetic factors influencing the delay of MTX elimination in children with ALL, which confirms the necessity of implementing pharmacogenetic testing in real clinical practice.Conclusion. Determination of polymorphisms of genes providing transport and metabolism of cytostatics should be used in practical work of oncohematological clinics for individualization of therapy and ensuring its safety.

Organization of provision of primary health care to the population of the Syzran district at medical outpatient clinics, paramedic-obstetric stations, offices of general doctors

Thanks to the regional program for modernization of primary healthcare in the Samara region for 2021–2025, implemented within the framework of the national project «Healthcare» initiated by the President of the Russian Federation Vladimir Putin, six new modular paramedic-obstetric stations and one medical outpatient clinic have opened their doors in the Syzran district.

Reasoning About Exceptional Behavior At the Level of Java Bytecode with ByteBack

A program’s exceptional behavior can substantially complicate its control flow, and hence accurately reasoning about the program’s correctness. On the other hand, formally verifying realistic programs is likely to involve exceptions—a ubiquitous feature in modern programming languages. In this paper, we present a novel approach to verify the exceptional behavior of Java programs, which extends our previous work on Byte Back . Byte Back works on a program’s bytecode, while providing means to specify the intended behavior at the source-code level; this approach sets Byte Back apart from most state-of-the-art verifiers that target source code. To explicitly model a program’s exceptional behavior in a way that is amenable to formal reasoning, we introduce Vimp: a high-level bytecode representation that extends the Soot framework’s Jimple with verification-oriented features, thus serving as an intermediate layer between bytecode and the Boogie intermediate verification language. Working on bytecode through this intermediate layer brings flexibility and adaptability to new language versions and variants: as our experiments demonstrate, Byte Back can verify programs involving exceptional behavior in all versions of Java, as well as in Scala and Kotlin (two other popular JVM languages).

United States nuclear weapons, 2025

ABSTRACT The United States has embarked on a wide-ranging nuclear modernization program that will ultimately see every nuclear delivery system replaced with newer versions over the coming decades. In this issue of the Nuclear Notebook, we estimate that the United States maintains a stockpile of approximately 3,700 warheads—an unchanged estimate from the previous year. Of these, only about 1,770 warheads are deployed, while approximately 1,930 are held in reserve. Additionally, approximately 1,477 retired warheads are awaiting dismantlement, giving a total inventory of approximately 5,177 nuclear warheads. Of the approximately 1,770 warheads that are deployed, 400 are on land-based intercontinental ballistic missiles, roughly 970 are on submarine-launched ballistic missiles, 300 are at bomber bases in the United States, and approximately 100 tactical bombs are at European bases. The Nuclear Notebook is researched and written by the staff of the Federation of American Scientists’ Nuclear Information Project: director Hans M. Kristensen, associate director Matt Korda, and senior research associates Eliana Johns and Mackenzie Knight. To see all previous Nuclear Notebook columns in the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists dating back to 1987, go to https://thebulletin.org/nuclear-notebook/.

Innovative methods of teaching writing in English using game elements

This scientific article examines the effectiveness of innovative methods of teaching writing in English using game elements. The article explores how games on word writing, story building, grammar exercises, modern programs and other game activities increase students ' writing skills and motivation to learn English. The results show that the introduction of game elements in teaching writing in English not only makes the learning process more interesting, but also leads to a deeper understanding and memorization of the material. Overall, this study shows the potential for using game elements in teaching English writing as a way to improve student performance and attendance. In addition, the effectiveness of innovative methods of teaching writing in English using game elements is studied.

O Layout do Painel do C-130 Modernizado e sua Influência na Operação Segura da Aeronave:

The automation technology found in Aviation a fertile field for its development. This development reached the Brazilian Air Force C-130 aircraft through the modernization program of the ten aircraft acquired from the Italian Air Force, with its beginning in 2005. The objective of this study was to determine whether the modernization of the C-130 meets the ergonomic principles for a perfect human-computer interaction, aiming mainly at the safe operation of aircraft, and considering the piloting or the pilot as the main factor in the cause of accidents. In order to achieve this goal, we adopted a descriptive methodology, through desk research and literature. Through a thorough theoretical study on the subject, it was possible to evaluate the ergonomic influence based on two aspects: the suitability of the position of EFIS control panel for the pilot, under instrument flight, and adequacy of the position of the backup instruments. To do that, the equipment incorporated in the aircraft for modernization were described, detailing their role and location in the cabin. Data on ergonomic factors related to automation and the flight were also collected, in order to seek a well-designed cockpit and the problems that may occur if that is not observed. In these two devices, probable loss of situational awareness and the appearance of visual illusions or spatial disorientation in the pilot were identified. These points were listed and discussed as a contribution to the operators of the aircraft and the other Brazilian Air Force squadron passing through the same process.

The urban environment formation in the natural and climatic conditions of the North of Siberia: researches of 1960s – 1980s

The article presents interdisciplinary analysis of 1960s – 1980s researches on the main characteristics of the urban environment in the North of Siberia. The approach is justified by the region natural and climatic characteristics; an interdisciplinary study of the issue of arranging living spaces is necessary. The author studies works devoted to the comfortable urban environment creation in the North of Siberia, since the previously proposed ideas can be applied in modern government programs for the industrial development of the Russian North. As a result, the author concludes that Soviet researchers were highly interested in the issue of creating a comfortable urban environment in the North of Siberia, taking into account natural and climatic features. The most demanded arrangement models have been found in the analysed literature. The researchers pointed out the need to plan a North Siberian city only using an integrated method, taking into account the peculiarities of the terrain, wind conditions and landscape. In addition, they pointed out the need to introduce new standards to reduce emissions adversely affecting the environment, to carry out land reclamation, to engage in landscaping depending on natural areas. All these measures would make it possible not to destroy the established regional biocenosis to a critical level, to rationalise the management of natural resources, and to fit the city into the existing natural and climatic space. The lack of political will, economic determinism, and departmental structure prevented many of the proposed ideas from being implemented in practice. Therefore, it is important to analyse the experience in the development of the North of Siberia, since the government currently has plans for further study and industrial development of the region.

Геоэкологические основы федерального проекта «Чистый воздух» в городе Чите

The article examines the multifactorial aspects of the Clean Air program development in the framework of the national Ecology project at the level of 12 cities: stages of development, changing approaches, effectiveness over several years, and emergence of new participants. The object of the study is the Clean Air program of the national Ecology project. The subject of the study is the implementation effectiveness of the program in the cities of the priority list with the highest level of pollution.The purpose of the study is a comprehensive analysis and development of solutions for the tasks implementation at the national and regional levels. Research objectives are as follows: analysis of the situation in the country; analysis of regional plans and results; development of directions of project solutions. The enumerated research methods are used: general scientific and applied scientific methods, synthesis, statistical and cartographic analysis, generalization of material, data visualization. Using the example of the city of Chita, a number of significant factors have been identified that must be taken into account when implementing tasks, and above all: natural conditions (mountain-hollow relief, stagnation of air masses, the dominance of anticyclonic weather, low precipitation, low temperatures for a long period). A significant factor of pollution is man-made: the placement of large sources of emissions, the presence of a large sector of private houses, a large number of cars, problems of territorial planning. As experience has shown, all this together implies the development of measures for cleaning the air basin, which differ significantly from the other 11 cities. The conclusion is made about structural problems in the «challenge/solution» system at the level of emissions assessment, allocated funds and action plans. The design decisions that need to be taken in the very near future to effectively solve the task are outlined: to revise the action plan in terms of strengthening the network of monitoring points, rethinking the master plan for the development of the city territory, including more emission points of various forms of ownership and subordination in the comprehensive modernization program; a multiple increase in plans for the closure of small boiler houses with the transfer of consumers to centralized heat supply; provide for the transfer of private households from coal (wood) heating to different forms of heating (electric, gas, etc.), perform a territorial scheme of measures.

Modernisasi Sektor Perikanan Bantaeng dan Dampaknya terhadap Kehidupan Nelayan Tradisional

Bantaeng Regency, South Sulawesi, has great potential in the fisheries sector thanks to its vast coastline and abundant marine resources. The modernization of the fisheries sector in this area includes the application of the latest technology, infrastructure development, and training for fishermen. The modernization program implemented by the government aims to increase the productivity and welfare of fishermen, by introducing more efficient fishing gear, such as motorized machines and modern nets. The results of the study show that this change has succeeded in increasing fish catches and fishermen's income. In addition, the construction of modern fish processing facilities and training programs have supported the sustainability of the fisheries sector. This modernization has a positive impact on the economy of coastal communities, but it also presents challenges in terms of income inequality and environmental sustainability. This study concludes that the modernization of the fisheries sector in Bantaeng has the potential to strengthen the local economy while preserving marine resources.

Hydraulic simulation on the extensification area of the Katingan I swamp irrigation area, Central Kalimantan Province

Abstract The Katingan I Swamp Irrigation Area (DIR Katingan I) is projected as one of the Food Estate areas in Indonesia. The food sector development program at DIR Katingan I has been implemented since 2021 through the Strategic Irrigation Modernization and Urgent Rehabilitation Project (SIMURP) programs, including extensions of irrigation networks and structures. This study aims to evaluate flow patterns in DIR Katingan I, particularly in the extensification areas with higher elevation than the existing area and has not undergone the leaching processes. The flow pattern of the macro irrigation system is modelled and simulated using Hydrologic Engineering Center’s River Analysis System (HEC-RAS) 6.4.1 software. The modelling is based on channel geometry data and water level elevation recorded in the Katingan River as a downstream boundary condition. Calibration with measured data in the primary channel resulted in a Manning’s coefficient of 0.03, closest to field conditions (R = 0.81, error = 6.63%). Simulation results show that without control structures, the flow in the irrigation network cannot reach the extensification area with the elevation above +3.9 m. Additionally, the primary channels function as a supply channel and the collector channel as a drainage channel cannot be achieved, allowing water from the leaching process to re-enter the rice fields. Thereafter, it is recommended to operate control structures so that the flow can reach the entire extensification area and the supply and drainage flows can be completely separated. Thus, leaching intensity is expected to increase and the soil ripening process will occur more quickly.

A 17-Year Experience of a Large Dedicated Fellowship in Blood and Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy: A Blueprint for Modern Day Training Program.

The field of allogeneic blood and marrow transplantation-cellular therapy (BMT-CT) has evolved through incremental advances. Engineered donor grafts, gene editing and chimeric antigen receptor T-cells are all standard clinical practice. Consequently, the scientific knowledge and complexity of clinical skills needed for next generation of BMT-CT physicians have increased. We report a 17-year experience of arguably the largest 12-month BMT-CT clinical fellowship program in the USA. Seventy-three (73) trainees were accepted and 2 cohorts that reflected different time periods (2007-1016 and 2017-2024, inclusive) and different core training curriculum were compared. The cohorts were equivalent in terms of demographics; notably, most (70%) had graduated from international medical schools and trained in the US on a non-immigrant J1 visa. In 2015, we introduced a structured mentoring program to address the desire of trainees for experience with scholarly activities. There was a high rate of successful academic careers with a trend toward a higher likelihood of academic retention following structured mentoring (70% vs 89%). In this report, we included our detailed core curriculum and highlight potential future changes as a blueprint for modern day programs to ensure that graduate "transplant docs" can continue to contribute at the highest academic level.

Моніторинг ефективності роботи в локальних електроенергетичних системах

The local electricity system is a decentralized grid, one of the tasks of which is the optimized management of distributed energy resources. To achieve effective integration and interaction in the work of local systems at the level of residential and commercial buildings, a set of systems and algorithms that are combined into monitoring systems is required. A transactive energy system allows multiple interconnected buildings to exchange energy for greater energy efficiency. The article presents the peculiarities of monitoring such systems, the method of assessing the efficiency of the local system and the assessment of the unevenness of the energy consumption schedules when powering the elements of the local system. The introduction of modern programs (mechanisms) of demand side management to participate in the balancing of supply and demand is considered. The application of demand management mechanisms for a local system with non-intrusive load monitoring and an energy management system based on transactive energy approaches and methods is considered. Bibl 14, fig. 2.

Shaping a Modern Programming Paradigms Course for Advanced University Students

Shaping a Modern Programming Paradigms Course for Advanced University Students

Utilization of modern contraception and determinants among HIV positive women in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BackgroundThe burden of pediatric HIV/AIDS, mother-to-child transmission rate, and unintended pregnancy among HIV-positive women remain high in sub-Saharan Africa, including Ethiopia. Provision of contraceptives is an undeniable strategy to overcome the risks. However, pooled data to provide informed decisions on modern contraceptive use among HIV-positive women attending ART clinics in Ethiopia are meager. Hence, this review aimed to estimate the magnitude of modern contraception, and revisable long act contraceptives methods (RLCM) use and associated factors among HIV positive ART clinic attending women.MethodsA systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted using PubMed, Google, Cochrane library, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and Scopus database. A funnel plot and Egger’s regression test were used to assess publication bias. Heterogeneity of studies was assessed using I-square statistics and the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) quality assessment tool was applied to ensure the quality of the included articles. We employed a random-effect model to pool the national utilization of modern contraceptives and the effect size of associated factors. We conducted sub-group analysis by regions to control heterogeneity and to detect variation.ResultsA total of 21 studies were included in the meta-analysis. The magnitude of pooled utilization of modern contraceptive and RLCM was 60% [95% CI: 52–68] and 11%, [95% CI: 8–14], respectively. In the random effect model, young women [OR = 2.36, 95% CI: 1.78–3.13], attending secondary school and above [AOR = 1.34, 95% CI: 1.06–1.69], having two or more live children [AOR = 1.84, 95% CI: 1.46–2.34], discussion with a husband [AOR = 2.92, 95% CI: 2.39–3.57], CD4 > 250cells/mm3 [AOR = 1.59, 95% CI: 1.08–2.33], and using HAART [AOR = 1.71, 95% CI: 1.35–2.15] increased odds of modern contraceptive methods utilization.ConclusionOverall the utilization of RLCM among modern contraceptive users HIV positive women is low. Therefore, to improve the uptake of RLCM among modern contraceptive users HIV positive women, policymakers and program designers need to take into account age and educational levels of women and programs which enhance reproductive health consultation habit between couples. Moreover, integration of family planning services to ART clinics needs to be strengthened.

Clinical aspects of pathology of the upper gastrointestinal tract in military personnel of the North Caucasian District of the Russian Guard, participating in combat operations

BACKGROUND: The use of modern technology and weapons forces us to reconsider classical approaches to the prevalence and understanding of the specifics of the existing pathology of participants in hostilities and providing them with medical care. AIM: To study the prevalence of pathology of the upper gastrointestinal tract in servicemen of the North Caucasian District of the Russian Guard, participating in hostilities, and their clinical features. DESIGN OF THE STUDY: 118 participants in combat operations were examined, all men aged 21 to 65 years, 48 officers and 70 military personnel of the contract service with a background mild surgical and therapeutic pathology and a burdened gastroenterological history. Statistical processing of the results was carried out using the variable frequency method in the MedCalc Statistical Software version 22.009 (MedCalc Software Ltd, Ostend, Belgium; https://www.medcalc.org; 2023). RESULTS: In patients participating in combat operations (at р 0.0001), acute and chronic erosive and ulcerative destructive damage to the mucous membrane in the gastrointestinal tract prevails (61%), chronic superficial gastritis occurs in 19%, GERD in 15% and functional dyspepsia in 5%. Among officers, acute gastric erosions, combined erosive-ulcerative pathology and chronic gastritis were more common; among contract military personnel, chronic duodenal ulcers, the erosive form of GERD, chronic gastritis and combined pathologies predominated. CONCLUSION: Participants in combat operations are susceptible to erosive and ulcerative lesions in the gastrointestinal tract and require close attention with an emphasis on a group of officers, as well as the creation of modern clinical and diagnostic programs for the early detection of diseases of the upper parts of the digestive organs to prevent delayed complications.

FUNCTIONAL FEATURES OF MODERN TELEVISION FOR CHILDREN

The article is devoted to the consideration of content on television channels for children at the present stage. The purpose of the presented work is to analyze the functions of journalism in Russian programs on TV channels for children. In accordance with this goal, a number of tasks were defined: to review scientific works and research on television broadcasting for children; to describe the theoretical and practical experience of children’s television; to classify modern programs for children and analyze the content of modern programs for children on Russian television.The empirical basis of the study was the websites of the channels for children «Carousel», «Detsky Mir», «CTC Kids» and «My Joy» in the period from 2020 to 2023. To create a classification of programs for children on Russian television, projects of TV channels that are not specialized for children were also used. In total, seventy TV shows and ten animated films for children were analyzed. The emphasis is also placed on the fact that there are terms «children’s television» and «television for children», which are often confused in the scientific media discourse. In this paper, the term «television for children» is used, since it means television programs created by adults for children. It was found that 12 % of broadcasts are broadcast in the morning, 62 % in the afternoon and 26 % in the evening.After analyzing a number of works devoted to the study of children’s television, it was concluded that broadcasts on such channels, first of all, should implement an educational function.The empirical base allowed us to determine that the TV channels «Karusel», «Detsky Mir» and «CTC Kids» are more trying to realize the entertainment function of journalism, and the TV channel «My Joy» sees as its main task the formation of a value system among children and in its broadcasts implements primarily the educational and educational functions of journalism, broadcasting in There are cycles of programs dedicated to the study of school subjects: history, chemistry, geography, natural sciences, music, mathematics, literature, Russian language.

Optimization of breeding program design through stochastic simulation with evolutionary algorithms.

The effective planning and allocation of resources in modern breeding programs is a complex task. Breeding program design and operational management have a major impact on the success of a breeding program and changing parameters such as the number of selected/phenotyped/genotyped individuals in the breeding program will impact genetic gain, genetic diversity, and costs. As a result, careful assessment and balancing of design parameters is crucial, taking into account the trade-offs between different breeding goals and associated costs. In a previous study, we optimized the resource allocation strategy in a dairy cattle breeding scheme via the combination of stochastic simulations and kernel regression, aiming to maximize a target function containing genetic gain and the inbreeding rate under a given budget. However, the high number of simulations required when using the proposed kernel regression method to optimize a breeding program with many parameters weakens the effectiveness of such a method. In this work, we are proposing an optimization framework that builds on the concepts of kernel regression but additionally makes use of an evolutionary algorithm to allow for a more effective and general optimization. The key idea is to consider a set of potential parameter settings of the breeding program, evaluate their performance based on stochastic simulations, and use these outputs to derive new parameter settings to test in an iterative procedure. The evolutionary algorithm was implemented in a Snakemake workflow management system to allow for efficient scaling on large distributed computing platforms. The algorithm achieved stabilization around the same optimum with a massively reduced number of simulations. Thereby, the incorporation of class variables and accounting for a higher number of parameters in the optimization framework leads to substantially reduced computing time and better scaling for the desired optimization of a breeding program.

In-space cybernetical intelligence perspective on informatics, manufacturing and integrated control for the space exploration industry

The integration of cybernetic principles into space technology has led to a significant shift in spacecraft guidance systems and space station operations. This scholarly work provides a comprehensive analysis of the profound impact that cybernetics has had on space technology, particularly focusing on the development and implementation of closed-loop control systems. Building on foundational contributions to cybernetics, this paper offers a detailed analysis of the complex interplay between control mechanisms, behavioral dynamics, and information management in space informatics. The essential role of cybernetic control systems is highlighted through their critical function in enabling precise spacecraft maneuvers, as demonstrated by the guidance systems used in Apollo lunar missions during the crucial descent and landing phases. In modern space station programs, cybernetic intelligence operates much like a neural network, processing data in real-time and coordinating the various elements of the station's infrastructure. This cybernetic system excels in a wide range of tasks, from space docking maneuvers to waste management, thereby safeguarding astronaut welfare and ensuring mission success. Information serves as the cornerstone of problem analysis and processing, providing a holistic understanding of information flow within complex systems. The study concludes by highlighting the application of a cybernetically intelligent neural network in developing adaptive learning systems for nonlinear and intricate industrial processes. Ultimately, this paper underscores the transformative role of cybernetics in shaping the future of space exploration, emphasizing the seamless integration of control, information, and behavior in space technology to advance our understanding of celestial systems while enhancing the efficiency and safety of space missions.

Migración de serverbox hacia un sistema de microservicios aplicando arquitectura vertical

Efficient data management is essential in public administration for the effective operation of municipal cadastral systems. In 2010, the Multifinality Cadastral Modernization Program was implemented, a partnership between the Puebla municipality government and Sistemas de Información Geográfica S.A. de C.V. (SIGSA), which included the ServerBox platform. Over time, the monolithic architecture of ServerBox showed limitations in maintenance, updates, and change deployment. This project hypothesizes that migrating ServerBox to a distributed microservices architecture, using a vertical approach, can overcome these challenges and improve operational areas of the system. The proposed design establishes a modular and scalable structure that facilitates system maintenance and evolution. The implementation includes the development of TagHelpers in ASP.NET Core to simplify HTML element creation and the use of snippets to streamline coding. Additionally, a JSON configuration file is defined to manage multiple deployment environments. This strategic approach to migrating ServerBox to a distributed and vertical architecture offers significant advantages in terms of scalability, maintenance, and software development efficiency, and can serve as a guide for similar projects in public administration.

Construction of a generalized mathematical model and fast calculations of plane-parallel rotating magnetic fields in process reactors with longitudinal currents of cylindrical inductors on a graphical calculator

The object of research is a quasi-stationary rotating magnetic field (RMF) generated by cylindrical inductors with longitudinal windings in the working space of process reactors, in particular reactors designed to work with magnetic particles (MP). The RMF theory in the working space of reactors has not yet been sufficiently developed, which hinders the widespread introduction of the considered, rather complex technologies into practice. The RMF of a specific reactor can be calculated accurately and completely using modern programs based on the finite element method, but it does not replace the general theory and theoretical analysis. In the literature, special cases of circular and elliptical plane-parallel RMF in reactors of the type under consideration have been studied, however, analytical formulas for a plane-parallel RMF for the general case of m-phase cylindrical inductors of external and internal design with symmetrical longitudinal windings are not presented. In this paper, a mathematical model is constructed and generalized analytical formulas for magnetic induction are obtained, linking the characteristics of a plane-parallel RMF in the working space of reactors at idle speed with the main parameters of external and internal cylindrical inductors with an m-phase symmetric longitudinal winding. A physical analysis is carried out and the adequacy of the model is confirmed. Using the proposed formulas and a free, easy-to-use Desmos graphical calculator, quick trial calculations and analysis of RMF in several reactors with two-pole external inductors and various windings for three phases (for 6 and 42 slots) and for six phases (12 slots) are carried out. The calculation results are consistent with experimental and literary data. New analytical formulas, as well as the demonstrated methods of quick evaluation calculations, analysis and experimental studies are recommended for practical implementation in the research, development and operation of reactors of this type. To carry out the calculations, it is enough to have a laptop or smartphone connected to the Internet, the time costs are insignificant. The results of the work will be useful to technologists, engineers and developers of both the reactors of the type under consideration and other devices with a similar purpose with an RMF.