Experimental Test Program Research Articles

Bending and shear strengthening of timber beams using prestressed steel and composite bars – experimental and numerical studies

The paper describes a program of experimental and numerical tests aimed at determining the mechanical properties of beams made of laminated timber (BSH) and laminated veneer lumber (LVL) reinforced with pre-stressed bars made of basalt, glass, natural and steel fibers, basalt mats with roving and composite, polyethylene and natural yarn. The paper presents various types of reinforcements, the purpose of which was to obtain higher load-bearing capacity and stiffness in bending with shear than for unreinforced beams. The effectiveness of different reinforcement schemes was compared for seventeen beams subjected to experimental tests on a test stand, the modes of destruction were described, as well as mechanical properties, deformations and deflections for reinforced and unreinforced beams under multiply variable and long-term loading. Based on the experimental studies, a significant increase in the load-bearing capacity and stiffness of the reinforced beams subjected to simultaneous bending and shear was confirmed, and it was indicated that the reinforcements by pre-stressed bars (steel, with polymer reinforcement or natural fibers) and composite mats eliminated local defects and discontinuities in the wood, without affecting the quality and strength of the FRP-wood connection. The numerical results of the analysis of the beam models using the finite element method showed compliance with the experimental studies in terms of deflections, linear and angular strains for the reinforced and unreinforced beams

Evaluation of cement-treated recycled concrete aggregates for sustainable pavement base/subbase construction

Rapid urbanization and population growth have caused a substantial rise in the generation of all kinds of waste globally. The use of recycled waste not only can replace the enormous volume of virgin materials used in construction but also alleviate environmental concerns by lowering landfilling loads. This study aims to evaluate the feasibility of using non-treated and cement-treated recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) in pavement base and subbase layers. A detailed study focused on the strength, durability and microstructural aspects of treated RCA. To fulfill this, experimental test program and analysis covered particle-size distribution, Los Angeles abrasion, aggregate impact value, modified Proctor compaction, unconfined compressive strength (UCS), weight loss under wet-dry cycles, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) analysis. The recycled aggregates are found to show excellent physical and mechanical characteristics in terms of abrasion and aggregate impact values. Cement treatment has shown to significantly enhance the strength and durability characteristics of RCA, rendering it suitable for pavement base/subbase layer application. RCA samples treated with a cement content of 3 % and above (by weight) are found to satisfy the minimum specified unconfined compressive strength (UCS) values of 2 MPa at 7 days of curing, according to the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) and Austroads guidelines for pavement base and subbase layer applications. However, a relatively higher cement contents (5 % and 7 %) is required to meet the minimum 7-days UCS criterion of 3 and 4.5 MPa for base layer applications of low- and high- volume roads, respectively, according to Indian road standards (IRC SP 72 (2015) and IRC 37(2018)). Cement-treated samples with 2 % cement or above showed minimal weight loss after 12 alternate wet-dry cycles, which was well within the maximum permissible limit (14 %) specified in various standards for stabilized materials. Additionally, microstructural investigations have clearly showed formation of hydration products corroborating the mechanism behind strength gain with time. Findings from this study provide references to promote the use of RCA in construction of pavement base and subbase layer, contributing towards the goal of net zero set by the United Nations.

Study on the Yield Surface of a Fibre-Reinforced Stabilised Soil – Effect of the Number of Loading Cycles

Cyclic loading may induce changes in the geomechanical behaviour of materials that should be characterised. This work studies the impact of the number of loading cycles on the mechanical behaviour of a fibre-reinforced stabilised soil focusing on its behaviour before failure (yield surface). To this end, an experimental testing program based on triaxial tests was performed on samples not subjected to a cycling loading stage, as well as on samples previously subjected to a cycling loading stage varying the number of loading cycles from 1,000 to 100,000. The results were studied in terms of the accumulated permanent axial strain and the yield surface of the composite material. It was observed that increasing the number of loading cycles led to a rise in the accumulated permanent axial strain and in the undrained resilient modulus. The results also showed an expansion of the yield surface during the first 1,000 loading cycles (the yield occurs later due to the partial mobilization of the tensile strength of the fibres during the cyclic stage) but its shape is maintained. The results also showed a progressive reduction in the yield loci with the increase in the number of loading cycles, reflecting the greater degradation of the solid matrix induced by the accumulated permanent axial strains.

Validation of a Numerical Model for Novel Self-Centring Concentrically Braced Steel Frames

Significant inelastic deformations induced in structural systems lead to structures possibly possessing some degree of permanent lateral deformation following major seismic events. These permanent deformations have led to considerable research being conducted over the past 20 years into developing structural systems that exhibit self-centring behaviour. For a structural system such as the concentrically braced frame (CBF), for which the dissipating mechanism is the tensile yielding and compressive buckling of the diagonal steel tubular members, these residual deformations present a problem when considering the structure’s overall resilience to the seismic loading both during and after an event. This paper describes the numerical modelling of a novel self-centring, concentrically braced frame (SC-CBF) system that combines a conventional CBF with a self-centring arrangement to produce a structure that possesses the desirable lateral load-resisting capacity of the CBF but which also re-centres when subjected to many cycles of large inelastic brace deformation. First, an experimental test programme for the SC-CBF is briefly described, followed by a numerical model to capture the SC-CBF’s characteristics during cyclic loading. This numerical model is validated using the experimental test data, showing that the experimental and numerical simulation data match rather well. This development presents a platform upon which further research through experimental testing and numerical simulation can be conducted. The proposed SC-CBF system can then be developed into a viable lateral load-resisting system that will provide a more resilient system than the current conventional CBF.

Resting time effects on flow properties of cementitious materials: a study on self-compacting concrete equivalent mortar made with recycled aggregates

The concrete equivalent mortar (CEM) method, mainly used in the laboratory, offers a course that facilitates and accelerates experimental test programs with relatively small amounts of materials. To this end, two CEM mixes, with natural and recycled aggregates, at different superplasticizer (SP) concentrations, were tested. The key objective was to investigate how CEM flow property changed at 0, 30, and 60 min of resting time, emphasizing the material’s structuring and destructuring effects. This study describes the flow behaviour of CEMs applying specific tools. Also, a vane-geometry rheometer was used to obtain rheological flow curves. Whatever the SP content in the structuring state, the results indicated reduced flow properties over time. However, an SP content of 1.3% retard the structural build-up property that was not evident at 60 min-rest time. Spread diameters ranging between 300 and 400 mm are measured with the mini cone immediately after mixing. After 60 min of resting time, these diameters were reduced between 260 and 300 mm. Remixing after prolonged rest periods reduces the flow stress values, which decrease from 10 to 18 Pa to 6 to 14 Pa. After a structural build-up at a rest time, the structural break-down effect by remixing re-fluidifies the mixtures. The fluidity has recovered its initial state, reflecting a thixotropic property.

Life cycle assessment and pavement performance of recycled aggregates in road construction

Integrating environmental goals in the construction of infrastructure has attracted great attention over the past two decades. The use of construction and demolished waste materials (C&D) as a base layer for pavement structures gained popularity as a sustainable alternative to virgin aggregates (VA). An experimental testing program was designed to investigate several recycled materials as a potential replacement to VA in flexible pavements base layer. The testing program included routine tests, matric suction, static, and repeated load triaxial tests to measure the general engineering properties and evaluate the material performance under static and cyclic loading. The results of the laboratory testing program were employed to predict the pavement performance utilizing different combinations of C&D waste as a base layer for flexible pavement structures using the AASHTOWare Pavement ME Design at different climate conditions. The sustainability of using C&D material as a partial or full replacement of VA base material in pavement construction was evaluated by using the life cycle assessment (LCA) approach. The results showed that all the C&D materials yielded a much thinner base layer compared to the natural VA achieving the same pavement performance. Moreover, the reduction in the thickness is more significant in cold and wet climatic conditions rather than the hot and dry climatic conditions. LCA results revealed that the VA base layer had the highest environmental impact on all tested categories. VA materials, used as a base layer, show 65% higher global warming potential compared to C&D materials as a base layer in all climatic conditions.

Structural, acoustical, and thermal evaluation of an experimental house built with reinforced/hollow interlocking compressed stabilized earth brick-masonry

With the increasing demand on affordable construction that addresses the global challenges of the modern world, earthen construction is being reintroduced and investigated as a potential sustainable and affordable building method. Compressed stabilized earth blocks (CSEBs) are a common form of enhanced earthen building materials. Previous studies focused on the structural performance of CSEB walls and prisms consisting of one type of bricks with the same mixture, analyzed their thermal and acoustic properties as units only, or evaluated the thermal performance of solid unreinforced CSEB masonry.The present research is the first complete structural, acoustical, and thermal investigation of an experimental house built with a novel reinforced/hollow interlocking compressed stabilized earth brick-masonry (ICSEB) using varying stabilizer contents, compliant with the Egyptian code for building with stabilized soil—Part One: Building with compressed stabilized soil units (EG-SE2016). Methods depend on experimental testing, codified theoretical calculations, finite element analysis, and live measurements. According to the structural experimental testing program, reinforcement was found to triple the load bearing capacity of ICSEB columns and, although minimal rebars were used in the ICSEB walls, it has improved their load bearing capacity by 23% for single walls (125 mm) and 58% for double walls (250 mm). In addition, doubling the thickness of the unreinforced ICSEB walls increased the load bearing capability by 164%, while raising the thickness of the reinforced wall from 125 mm to 250 mm increased the load bearing capacity by more than threefold (3.38). Based on the codified theoretical calculations and findings of the finite element analysis, it is safe to recommend reinforced double ICSEB walls as a reliable construction for a two-story residential building. Acoustically, double ICSEB walls attained the noise reduction index value of 40 dB, which is required by the Egyptian code for acoustic insulation and noise control in residential buildings, to protect against the average outdoor noise levels of 65–70dBA. Thermally, reinforced double ICSEB walls kept the indoor air temperature and relative humidity values within the thermal comfort zone, 23.9–25.7 °C and 28–36%, respectively, despite the fluctuating outdoor temperatures and relative humidities (16–37 °C and 7–88%, respectively). Indoor air temperatures were 1.5–2 °C lower than those of concrete masonry walls. Additional research is required to evaluate resistance to environmental aspects, such as exposure to water, wind, and corrosion, and to further investigate their thermal and acoustical properties.

Study on the Efficacy of Recessed Green Space in Rainwater Harvesting and Utilization in Urban Roads

Abstract In order to confirm the performance of recessed green space in rainwater collection and utilization of urban roads, this paper proposes a corresponding experimental test program, which mainly covers the evaluation of rainwater infiltration, the evaluation of rainwater purification, and the simulation of rainfall-runoff reduction. Using the above test methods, the effectiveness of recessed green space in collecting and utilizing rainwater was analyzed. The results showed that in the one-way analysis of the compositional structure of the undercroft green space, the gravel layer, the media layer, and the vegetation layer had no significant difference in the infiltration rate sig<0.05, and all three had no significant difference with the infiltration rate. The order of rainwater infiltration effect of the four reactors was 3/7 mixed media reactor (23.08 ml/min) > red loam reactor (23.04 ml/min) > 2/8 mixed media reactor (23 ml/min) > black loam reactor (23.08 ml/min), while the order of purification effect was 3/7 mixed media > 2/8 mixed media > red loam > black loam. In addition, the combined high infiltration hypolimnetic green space had a better retention effect (flow yield range from 0 to 10 L) in rainfall-runoff with a reproduction period of 3 and 4 years. Based on the analysis results, the application effect of undercroft green space in urban road rainwater collection and utilization is comprehensively verified, and it is hoped that the investigation of this paper can bring certain references and references to the relevant personnel.

A numerical exploration of structural efficiency of steel plates with 3D sinusoidal wave patterns

The current study proposes the use of innovative additive manufacturing to produce metallic plate elements with predefined wave patterns capable of postponing instability via the lowest buckling mode thus providing increased buckling resistances. Two plate boundary conditions - internal and outstand elements were considered and tested by employing square hollow section (SHS) and equal angle section (EAS) stub columns, respectively. An experimental testing programme comprising tensile coupon tests and stub column tests on flat-faced SHS and EAS has been carried out and used to validate numerical models. This was followed by a numerical parametric study exploring various combinations of pre-defined surface waves with different amplitudes in stainless steel plates of varying slenderness. Their relative stiffness, strength, and material consumption been assessed and the optimum wave patterns have been identified for each boundary conditions based on their structural efficiencies. The optimum geometric wave pattern has also been compared with and shown to outperform another two common stiffening methods based on the same material consumption. This innovative study highlights the significant potential of metallic additive manufacturing technologies in achieving unprecedented material efficiency and economic design in the future steel construction industry.

Mechanical properties of stone masonry set in mud mortar and contained by steel wire mesh

The mechanical properties of semi-dressed stone masonry set in mud mortar and contained within steel wire mesh are reported. Two-wythe thick masonry was laid in a semi-layered configuration as is typically found in the earthquake-affected areas of the 2015 Gorkha (Nepal) earthquake. An experimental testing program was undertaken that included direct compression, diagonal tension (shear), and in-plane quasi-static cyclic shear tests of masonry wallettes that were both uncontained (without containment mesh) and contained (with containment mesh). The results of the experimental testing indicated that the provision of containment enhanced the strength, deformability, and energy dissipation capacity of the masonry. Findings from the experimental testing are presented, including a comparison of the performance of stone masonry set in mud mortar when either uncontained or contained.

Statistical Investigation of the Effects of w/c, Cement Dosage and Fibers on Bond Strength and Carbonation Coefficient of Hybrid Fiber Concretes

Fiber reinforced concretes are preferred due to high tensile strength in structural elements. Alongside to tensile strength, supplying good adherence with concrete and its durability against time are also expected properties. A four-factor experimental test program was created in this study to investigate the effect of fiber type and quantity on the strength and durability performance of hybrid fiber concretes (FRC). In addition to steel fiber ratio (STF) and glass fiber ratio (GF), basic criteria of concrete such as water/cement ratio and cement dosage were chosen as independent variables. Flexural and compressive strength, bond strength, stripping time of steel reinforcement and 180, 270 and 360-day carbonation depths of FRC were investigated experimentally. The Carbonation coefficients of each FRC were calculated and a correlation was obtained for a general “Ke” carbonation coefficient by Multi Linear Regression. Average of K was 0.219 mm√days. Stripping time of steel reinforcement from FRC was two times longer in samples containing only STF than samples containing only GF. With the dual combination of STF and GF, this time has been increased approximately 4 times.

Experimental determination of the fatigue behavior of dowel strips in ortho‐composite slabs for road bridges

AbstractIn contrast to reinforced concrete and conventional composite bridges, the orthotropic steel deck slab offers a high load‐bearing capacity combined with a low dead weight. It is therefore ideally suited for slender and long‐span structures. However, the notch sharpness in the details and drastically increased traffic loads led to extensive fatigue damage and, as a consequence, often to premature repair or replacement work. With the ortho‐composite slab a lightweight and robust construction is currently being developed as an alternative. It combines the significant advantages of a low dead weight, long service life and economical production. The construction consists of a modified orthotropic stiffened steel plate and a thin, single‐layer reinforced in‐situ concrete. Composite dowel strips (CDS) with a clothoid shape are provided as shear connectors. In this paper, the experimental test program will be introduced. It comprises static push‐out tests on CDS in longitudinal and transverse directions as well as static and cyclic beam and segment tests. The focus lies on the test set‐ups, sample preparations, measurement concepts and the results of the so‐called beam tests. The investigations presented here were carried out as part of the AiF‐FOSTA research project P1265 [1].

Numerical investigations of the load‐bearing and fatigue behavior of orthotropic composite slabs for road bridges

AbstractFatigue damage to existing steel bridges occurred due to the large increases in traffic loads and the notch sharpness in the details of orthotropic steel roadway slabs. The development of the orthotropic‐composite‐slab (OC‐slab) provides an alternative durable and lightweight composite construction. As part of the AIF‐FOSTA research project P1265 [1], the orthotropic‐composite‐slab for road bridges is currently being investigated at the Technische Universität Dresden. The project aims to develop fundamentals for the design of OC‐slabs with dowel strips. The investigations create important foundations for the establishment of the innovative construction method as an economical and durable alternative. The papers [2] and [3] give an overview of the construction and the load bearing behavior of the OC‐Slab, the paper [4] details about the experimental test program. This paper describes the numerical investigations carried out. They complement the experimental tests and provide additional knowledge about the load‐bearing and fatigue behavior of the OC‐slabs with dowel strips. The focus is on the presentation of the numerical simulation of the beam test and the determination of the ultimate and fatigue strength of the structure.

Geometric imperfection measurement on welded hybrid steel box‐section girders

AbstractHigh‐strength steel materials (steel grades of S500 ‐ S960) gaining prominence in civil engineering, especially for large‐span bridges. In the case of bridges, the application of hybrid girders combining low‐ and high‐strength steel materials is an effective and economical solution. The hybrid girders generally consist of webs comprised of low‐strength steel and flanges made of high‐strength steel. In Europe, apart from some minor practical applications and research results in Sweden, these structure types are completely new solutions in bridges, and the theoretical background of their stability design is missing from the current European standardized design provisions. To determine the theoretical background of this girder type and to develop the design theories for application purposes it is essential to execute experimental laboratory test programs. Analyzing the local buckling and plastic behavior of hybrid steel plate girders through experiments is essential to have an approopriate knowledge on the geometrical and structural imperfections of the hybrid girders. Therefore, in the present paper the measurement of geometric imperfection on 14 welded hybrid steel box‐section girders with varying geometry is presented and their results are evaluated and discussed. The flanges of the examined hybrid girders are made of S700 or S500, the web of the specimens consists of S355 steel grade. The measured imperfection values are evaluated based on the steel grade and geometric parameters such as plate width or thickness. Using the measured imperfection, a numerical model will be developed to predict the bending and shear resistance of the specimens.

Structural behavior of single‐sided welded HSS‐T‐joints with softening in the heat‐affected zone

AbstractIn the case of high‐strength steels, softening in the heat‐affected zone (HAZ) is possible due to the heat input during the welding process. Therefore, in addition to weld failure, other forms of failure of the welded joint cannot be excluded. Within the framework of the AiF‐FOSTA research project P1453, experimental investigations are carried out on single‐sided welded T‐joints. The aim of the investigations is to analyze the failure modes resulting from softening in the HAZ. Specimens with different weld types, steel grades, plate thicknesses and cooling times t8/5 are investigated. The softening of the HAZ is experimentally evaluated for thermome‐chanical rolled and quenched and tempered high‐strength steels with yield strengths from 500 to 960 MPa by thermo‐physical forming simulations. The results will be used to improve the design rules for welded joints. In particular, this includes a consideration of the heat‐affected zone in the design of welded joints made of high‐strength steels. The paper presents the results of thermo‐physical forming simulations. By measuring macrosections of butt joints, a description of the expansion of the heat‐affected zone as a function of peak temperature and cooling time is presented. Furthermore, results of structural mechanics studies for the load bearing capacity analysis of single‐sided welded T‐joints are presented. This is followed by a detailed description of the experimental test program.

Comparing Strength and Modulus of Elasticity Values for Prisms Constructed with Lightweight and Normal Weight Grout

Current masonry design standards allow for the use of lightweight concrete masonry unit (CMUs), but lightweight grout is not an approved building material. An experimental test program was conducted to compare the compressive strength and modulus of elasticity of masonry prisms constructed with lightweight and normal weight grout. Three strength categories were considered: 13,780, 20,670, and 27,560 kPa (2,000, 3,000, and 4,000 psi). The experimental results indicated that at prism compressive strengths near 13,780 kPa (2,000 psi), there was no statistical strength difference between prisms made with lightweight and normal weight grout. As a result, the authors suggest that for compressive strengths near 13,780 kPa (2,000 psi), lightweight grout should be a code-acceptable alternative to normal weight grout. At higher prism compressive strengths, the values obtained for lightweight and normal weight materials diverged, and the lightweight prisms could not sustain the same loads and stresses as those made with normal weight grout. The results suggest that the difference in strength between lightweight and normal weight prisms can be accounted for by applying a lightweight reduction factor to the data set.

Modeling uncertainty of specimens employing spines and force‐limiting connections tested at E‐defense shake table

AbstractIn light of the significant damage observed after earthquakes in Japan and New Zealand, enhanced performing seismic force‐resisting systems and energy dissipation devices are increasingly being utilized in buildings. Numerical models are needed to estimate the seismic response of these systems for seismic design or assessment. While there have been studies on modeling uncertainty, selecting the model features most important to response can remain ambiguous, especially if the structure employs less well‐established lateral force‐resisting systems and components. Herein, a global sensitivity analysis was used to address modeling uncertainty in specimens with elastic spines and force‐limiting connections (FLCs) physically tested at full‐scale at the E‐Defense shake table in Japan. Modeling uncertainty was addressed for both model class and model parameter uncertainty by varying primary models to develop several secondary models according to pre‐established uncertainty groups. Numerical estimates of peak story drift ratio and floor acceleration were compared to the results from the experimental testing program using confidence intervals and root‐mean‐square error. Metrics such as the coefficient of variation, variance, linear Pearson correlation coefficient, and Sobol index were used to gain intuition about each model feature's contribution to the dispersion in estimates of the engineering demands. Peak floor acceleration was found to be more sensitive to modeling uncertainty compared to story drift ratio. Assumptions for the spine‐to‐frame connection significantly impacted estimates of peak floor accelerations, which could influence future design methods for spines and FLC in enhanced lateral‐force resisting systems.

Numerical modelling and vibration serviceability assessment of a steel footbridge with a significant 3D dynamic behaviour

This paper focuses on the vibration serviceability assessment and numerical modelling of an existing steel truss footbridge located in the outskirts of Castellón, Spain. The footbridge is rather slender and composed by a main span and two access ramps supported on three 4-arm piers of different heights. Due to the connection between the main span and the ramps at the top of the tall piers, longitudinal and lateral bending/torsion natural coupled modes of vibration coexist at low frequencies, with a relevant contribution of the piers and access ramps deformation. This leads to a significant three-dimensional and rather complex dynamic response under service conditions. With the aim of characterising the structural dynamic properties and assessing the level of vibrations induced by crossing pedestrians, two in-situ experimental test programmes are conducted. On the one hand, the structural response is measured during several hammer tests and the modal properties are identified and used to update a detailed 3D numerical model by means of a Genetic Algorithm. Due to the lack of information regarding the detailing of the piers foundations, two alternative models are analysed. The relevance of the pier-foundation system rotational stiffness is highlighted for the particular configuration. On the other hand, the footbridge main span response is recorded under different pedestrian activities: walking, running and vandal simulated actions. Finally, the vibration serviceability of the structure is assessed based on current codes and regulations.

Potential Use of Recycled Asphalt Pavement (RAP) in Hot MixAsphalt

The objective of the present paper is to examine the effect of Recycled Asphalt Pavement (RAP) on marshall properties and indirect tensile strength of HMA through experimental investigation. A mixture with 0% RAP was used as a control mix to evaluate the properties of mixes with 5%, 10%, and 15% RAP. One type of RAP was brought from Bab Al-moadam’s road in Baghdad for this purpose. The experimental testing program included Marshall and Indirect Tensile Strength tests. The results indicated that the bulk density, flow and VFA increase with the increasing of the percentage of RAP, while increasing in RAP results decreases in VTM and VMA values. Furthermore, the stability is changed from 10.1 kN for the control mix to12, 13.6 and 11.7 kN for mixes with 5%, 10% and 15% RAP respectively. The results reveal that the inclusion of RAP into HMA mixtures increases the indirect tensile strength and decreases the values of ITS with the increasing of the test temperature. The results also indicated that increasing the percentage of RAP produces an increasing in temperature susceptibility value. The results of marshall properties and IDT test indicate that the amount of new binder that needs to be added to the RAP mixture can be reduced without significant effects on the quality of the produced mix

Integral and Separate Effects Test Facilities To Support Water Cooled Small Modular Reactors: A Review

This study reviews previous experimental facilities and test programs relevant to water-cooled reactor system design and analysis to meet regulatory compliances. This study aims to find the best solution for designing the required experiments, obtaining necessary test data, and verifying the developed computer code/models to support the new reactor design and development while minimizing cost and time while leveraging experiences from previous facilities to minimize. Nuclear reactor licensing requires supportive design, analysis, and experimental results to ensure the safety of the full-scale prototype reactor in regular operation, as well as during postulated accident scenarios. These reactor design analyses are generally performed using system codes and other associated simulation tools that require assessment, verification and validation using an appropriate experimental dataset. Experimental facilities used for reactor system safety analysis and system code assessments are categorized into integral effects test (IET) and separate effects test (SET) facilities. These IET and SET experiments and studies use geometrically scaled systems to reproduce the prototype system behavior at a reasonable cost, albeit with some scaling-related distortions. The design challenge of these model facilities is to identify and minimize scaling distortions while reproducing the most important operational phenomena in steady-state operation and in postulated accident scenarios. Lessons learned from previous experimental facilities, models, and correlations can support the development of new multipurpose, scaled, hybrid, integrated, and modular experimental facilities for advanced light water-cooled small modular reactors (SMRs). Successful operation of these facilities can significantly reduce upfront reactor development and demonstration costs and time to deployment.