Program Execution Research Articles

Empirical Network Structure of Malicious Programs

A modern binary executable is a composition of various types of networks. Control flow graphs are a commonly used representation of an executable program used for classification tasks. Control flow and term frequency representations are widely adopted, but provide only a partial view of program semantics and present challenges to increases in resolution. By performing a quantitative analysis of program networks, we enable the identification of patterns within these features that are correlated to structure. This allows for increases in feature resolution and pattern recognition in classification tasks. These are necessary steps in order to obtain greater explainability in classification results. We demonstrate the presence of Scale-Free properties of network structure for program data dependency and control flow graphs, and show that data dependency graphs also have Small-World structural properties. We show that program data dependency graphs have a degree correlation that is structurally disassortative, and that control flow graphs have a neutral degree assortativity, indicating the use of random graphs to model the structural properties of program control flow graphs would show increased accuracy. An increase in feature resolution allows for the structural

Державне регулювання процесу ініціювання інноваційних проектів за умов обмеженого фінансування

Державне регулювання процесу ініціювання інноваційних проектів за умов обмеженого фінансування

Behaviour Based Malware Detection using Machine Learning

Abstract: Considering all the researches done, it appears that over last decade, malware has been growing exponentially and also has been causing significant financial losses to different organizations. Thus, it becomes important to detect if a file contains any malware or not. The malwares can cause a lot of damage to the system such as slowing downthe system and also stealing sensitive information from the system. malware is a executable program specifically to destroy a genuine user's computer by spreading harmful virusin different ways .In the current times, one of the most important assets of the people is their data and information which needs to be protected. Hence, in order to protect the data and information, there is a need for software which couldperform this task and help in ensuring the integrity of our system. Our method for malware detection uses different machine learning algorithms such as decision tree, random forest etc. The algorithm which has the maximum accuracy gets selected which provides a great detection ratio for the system. Furthermore, the performance of the system is detected by calculating the false positive and false negative rates using the confusion matrix.

Increasing Awareness Of Sustainable Oral Health In The Elderly With The Peer Group Methods At Klinic Pratama 'Aisyiyah Moyudan Sleman Yogyakarta 2023

Introduction - The link between disease and age is extremely complicated. Age explains more variation in disease incidence than any other known factor, including oral diseases. Periodontal infections and dental caries are the most frequent human diseases and the leading causes of tooth loss. Both disorders can impair nutrition and have a detrimental impact on self-esteem and quality of life. The aim of this study is to maximize self-efficacy and health literacy through health empowerment, elderly adults with Diabetes Mellitus (DM), hypertension, or other systemic disorders require dental health promotion by creating dental and oral health cadres, the goal is to raise elderly's awareness of dental and oral health through peer groups.
 Method - Forming and educating cadres in oral health was one of the tasks done. Two men and two women who were patients at the Klinic Pratama ‘Aisyiyah Moyudan Sleman Yogyakarta Indonesia and also members of chronic disease management Program (PROLANIS), were chosen as cadres. The cadres were given tooth brushing aids and dental and oral health posters, which were then used to train 30 elderly participants on how to brush their teeth properly and correctly. The training participants worked on pre-test and post-test questions before and after the training.
 Result – Oral health cadres have been selected and trained to provide education to fellow elderly and participants. The education conducted by the cadres for 30 other participants generated very good results, where the average post-test score experienced a high increase (90) compared to the pre-test average score (60). In the second and third month after the program's execution, cadres' activities were independently monitored. Dental and oral health cadres could teach the people how to brush their teeth effectively.
 Implications – Promotive and preventive efforts carried out by cadres who were fellow elders employing peer group methods get excellent results, whereas education carried out from and by the internal community was more targeted and achieved excellent results.

A Systematic Review on the Implementation of the Arabic Language and Islamic Values Education (ALIVE) Program in the Philippines: Implications on the Educational Psychology Practice

The purpose of this meta-synthesis is to gather issues about the implementation of the ALIVE program in Philippine public elementary schools based on the "Standard Curriculum for Elementary Public Schools and Private Madaris" (DepEd Order Number 51 Series of 2004) developed by the Department of Education. Based on a set of criteria, ten (10) research studies conducted between 2015 and 2023 were selected. The ALIVE Program's execution was examined through studies found in published articles from CrossRef, OpenAlex, and Google Scholar databases. The included studies were arranged using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) 2020 flow diagram. The concerns regarding the ALIVE Program's implementation was determined to be the meta-theme. Through the use of thematic analysis, seven sub-themes emerged, including: fostering cultural integration through the ALIVE program and collaborative leadership; modifying the program's implementation in diverse school settings; maximizing learning environments for the ALIVE program through strategic leadership; navigating educational challenges in historical and conflicting contexts for the ALIVE program; transforming education for inclusive perspectives in the ALIVE program; educating for inclusive social transformation; and holistic governance for educational equity. This systematic review provides a comprehensive synthesis of recent research, revealing the complex barriers impeding the effectiveness of the ALIVE Program. With the aid of educational psychology practice, the study seeks to provide a thorough knowledge of these issues in order to inspire focused interventions and reforms that will enable the program to be implemented successfully in the Philippines.

ADVANCED AUTOMATIC SYSTEM FOR REMOTE CONTROL IN THE OIL AND GAS INDUSTRY

The purpose of this work is to design and implement a cascade control system of the level with the flow rate, with remote supervision, in an industrial type installation, located in the Laboratory of Measurement Techniques, Department of Automation, Computers and Electronics, within the Faculty of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering. The operating parameters of the installation are as follows: suction pressure: 0 – 2 bar; discharge pressure: 0 -10 bar; water flow: 0-30 m3/h; transported liquid: water. The automation system is structured on three hierarchical levels: level 1: the instrumentation mounted on the installation (transducers, signaling devices, etc.); level 2: includes the TGA System; level 3: constitutes the upper hierarchical level and includes the HMI (Human Machine Interface). The TGA system is a computerized system that ensures the monitoring, command and control functions of all the stand's component elements. It contains a programmable logic controller PLC 1214 – Siemens, which communicates via an Ethernet IP network with an operator interface and with the network of the Faculty of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, which allows remote control of the installation. It also includes the protection system in case of failure, which involves stopping the rotating equipment, isolating the pipes by closing the control valve and alarming the operators. The HMI (Human Machine Interface) interface presents 3 options on the start page, from where the operator can select which application he wants to test: flow control loop application; level adjustment loop application; cascade adjustment loop application. The HMI equipment integrates SCADA functions, database update, evolution curves of analog quantities, sound and monitor alarm system, keyboard command, periodic records, event records, alarm records and technological schemes at the human-machine interface. The entire software is made in an open architecture, recommended by ISO norms. The PLC communicates in the network by adopting the protocol TCP/IP. An executable program used for the real-time application program was developed.

Developing Local MSMEs with Indonesian Socio-Culture Service Learning for Muria's Processed Parijoto Fruit

The concept of entrepreneurship empowerment was explored in depth to highlight its multifaceted nature and its role in fostering economic growth and cultivating a positive community mindset, which in turn spurred the development of essential infrastructure contributing to community empowerment. Service Learning, as a strategy for community entrepreneurship empowerment in the Indonesian culture, was enacted through the collaboration of faculty and university students who were acknowledged for their capacity to deliver authentic learning experiences. It, thereby, facilitated the acquisition of both soft and hard skills. This initiative exemplified the coordinated efforts among universities, such as the local MSME (Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises) Community of processed Parijoto fruit, and its various partners. The execution of this community service program, which was done in Muria, comprised six primary phases: surveying, conducting interviews, gathering data, preparing materials, engaging in focus group discussions, formulating action plans, and conducting evaluations and reflections. The outcomes encompassed the analysis of laboratory products, educational sessions, mentoring activities, and the creation of educational resources. While the assessment of processing parijoto fruit yielded positive impacts from the endeavor, it was found to have a need to optimize support from businesses to sustain a conducive environment for MSMEs. Such entrepreneurship training initiatives have demonstrated efficacy in empowering communities and generating further prospects for individuals residing in rural areas.

SWOT Analysis of Parallel Processing APIs - CUDA, OpenCL, OpenMP and MPI and their Usage in Various Companies

Purpose: Parallel Processing is the technique of achieving High Performance Computing (HPC) with parallel execution of programs that are synchronized during the execution time. This research paper studied the companies which use Parallel Processing techniques in their projects and products along with the identification of major Application Program Interfaces (APIs) that are used to achieve parallelism. The major aim of this research work is to perform the SWOT analysis of Parallel Processing APIs to identify the importance of each one from the company perspective. Design/Methodology/Approach: The research method adopted to accomplish the SWOT Analysis of Parallel Processing APIs - CUDA, OpenCL, OpenMP and MPI and their Usage in Various Companies is qualitative and exploratory in nature. Systematic literature review of different companies that use Parallel Processing techniques to build and develop parallel programs is done during this research work. Findings/Results: Parallel Processing constructs can be used to solve various problems in the six major application domains as: - Computational Finance & Business Economics, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning (ML), Data Science, Numerical Analysis and Design of Algorithms. Major Parallel Processing APIs used in companies are: - CUDA, OpenCL, OpenMP and MPI for implementing the problems with parallel execution. Foremost companies that use Parallel Processing APIs are studied and various applications, systems, models, and projects that are developed using Parallel Processing techniques are listed. SWOT Analysis is performed on all four Parallel Processing APIs and its SWOT(Strengths-Weaknesses-Opportunities-Threats) are identified. Originality/Value: Listing of SWOT Analysis (Strengths-Weaknesses-Opportunities-Threats) of Parallel Processing APIs - CUDA, OpenCL, OpenMP and MPI. Paper Type: Company Analysis research paper

Defining components of early thyroid hormone signalling through temperature-mediated activation of molecular memory in cultured Rana [lithobates] catesbeiana tadpole back skin

Thyroid hormones (THs) are essential signalling molecules for the postembryonic development of all vertebrates. THs are necessary for the metamorphosis from tadpole to froglet and exogenous TH administration precociously induces metamorphosis. In American bullfrog (Rana [Lithobates] catesbeiana) tadpoles, the TH-induced metamorphosis observed at a warm temperature (24 °C) is arrested at a cold temperature (4 °C) even in the presence of exogenous THs. However, when TH-exposed tadpoles are shifted from cold to warm temperatures (4 → 24 °C), they undergo TH-dependent metamorphosis at an accelerated rate even when the initial TH signal is no longer present. Thus, they possess a “molecular memory” of TH exposure that establishes the TH-induced response program at the cold temperature and prompts accelerated metamorphosis after a shift to a warmer temperature. The components of the molecular memory that allow the uncoupling of initiation from the execution of the metamorphic program are not understood. To investigate this, we used cultured tadpole back skin (C-Skin) in a repeated measures experiment under 24 °C only, 4 °C only, and 4 → 24 °C temperature shifted regimes and reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) analyses. RNA-seq identified 570, 44, and 890 transcripts, respectively, that were significantly changed by TH treatment. These included transcripts encoding transcription factors and proteins involved in mRNA structure and stability. Notably, transcripts associated with molecular memory do not overlap with those identified previously in cultured tail fin (C-fin) except for TH-induced basic leucine zipper-containing protein (thibz) suggesting that thibz may have a central role in molecular memory that works with tissue-specific factors to establish TH-induced gene expression programs.

Development of a technological innovation and social entrepreneurship training program to generate services in a Mexican public entity

Technology is driving innovation in social entrepreneurship, where access to information, education, mobile connectivity, artificial intelligence (AI), and cryptocurrencies have made it possible to modify the social impact. Our research focuses on the formation, integration, and execution of ideal training programs that contribute to positive results in economic axes defined in terms of Technological Innovation, Social Entrepreneurship, Innovative Solutions for Social Challenges, efficiency, scalability, and financial sustainability. This research needs to solve the problem of developing a training program in technological innovation and social entrepreneurship because currently, these programs face several problems partially solved in the literature; these problems are mostly: lack of alignment with organizational objectives, lack of relevance and applicability, deficiencies in program design, lack of top management support, and inadequate performance evaluation. Technological innovation and social entrepreneurship in vocational training are implemented as processes that introduce new technologies, methodologies, and approaches to improve the learning and performance of an organization's workers. In this research, measures and metrics were implemented that allowed various aspects to evaluate and improve the performance of the training program, metrics were implemented that made it possible to assess multiple aspects and enhance the performance of the training programs. Our research axes show that quantitative feedback surveys established our performance indicators were conducted to evaluate the relevance and applicability of the program. Due to their characteristics, the results obtained in this research allows to solve this problem and empower the participating people and organizations to create social and environmental impact; they also allowed to increase productivity and define more efficient processes. For this reason, this research work identified the factors that intervene in using training programs within a public entity by collecting qualitative and quantitative data

Healthy Aging in Algoma: Tests of Change Program

Introduction: In Algoma District, Ontario, Canada, approximately 25% of the population is 65 years of age and older. The Ontario Provincial Geriatrics Leadership Office (2020) predicts that by 2040 this number will increase to 32% and that 29% of older adults will be living with frailty. In February of 2022, Tests of Change (ToC) Program work commenced to bring an integrated care approach to healthy aging in Algoma. Healthcare member organizations of the Algoma Ontario Health Team (AOHT) and community patient, family, and caregiver advisors identified older adults living with frailty as the target population. A driver diagram of change ideas was conceptualized to support improving care for the identified population. To enact the recommended changes, three priority projects - Outpatient Geriatric Rehabilitation Capacity, Coordinated Access to Geriatric Services and Early Frailty Identification - complement each other with the common purpose of improving early frailty intervention and increasing access to the most appropriate care.
 Aims: The ToC Program entails:
 Embedding a frailty screening tool into electronic medical records for use in primary care;
 Initiating coordinated access to geriatric services leveraging eReferral and a common platform for electronic referral management; and
 Designing an outpatient geriatric rehabilitation program.
 This Program aims to advance the following elements:
 Design upstream engagement strategies (e.g., screening, prevention, disease self-management) for the target population;
 Increase patient access to the appropriate level of care; and
 Transform care coordination, transitions and recovery at home.
 Highlights: The AOHT has engaged partners from across the continuum of care who provide services for frail older adults. Partners include: community support services, home and community care support services, primary care, acute care, specialized geriatric services, and patient advisors. These critical partners assume leadership roles in program design, implementation and evaluation.
 Conclusions: Early frailty identification can improve quality of life, increase intervention success, and delay the need for specialist care. This program is predicated on the establishment of foundational processes enabled by digital tools to identify frailty early, streamline referrals for access to the most appropriate geriatric services, and provide patients with the opportunity to fully participate in interventions such as outpatient geriatric rehabilitation to increase their ability to live independently in the community. By taking an integrated collaborative approach to program planning and execution, overall patient outcomes will be improved.
 Transferability: The WHO Guidelines on Integrated Care for Older People (ICOPE) recommend advancing integrated care through community collaboration, a patient centered approach and supportive leadership. In 2019, the Ontario Health Team (OHT) model was introduced provincially as a way for healthcare providers to partner to deliver coordinated, integrated care. Of significance, several of the 54 approved OHTs have identified older adults living with frailty as a target population. Globally, as older adults are living longer lives, it is anticipated that there will be proportionally more older adults living with frailty. Through collaboration and sharing of the ToC program results, program scalability can be achieved at the OHT level and support the global knowledge base on efforts to strengthen integrated care for older adults.

The The Influence of Construction Site Internships in Architecture Education

This study examines the impact of internships and the influence of construction site manager (CSM) as a role model on students' educational and career paths, employing Kolb's experiential learning theory as a theoretical framework. To address the research objectives, a questionnaire was conducted on 93 architecture students, focusing on four key research questions: (1) Does the internship experience affect students' perception of CSMs? (2) Does it influence their career goals related to CSM positions? (3) Does the internship experience alter the career aspirations of intern students regarding the career as a construction site manager? and (4) Do students perceive CSMs as role models after completing their internships? The findings show how internships significantly affect students, improving their comprehension of the CSM role, influencing their aspirations for their careers, and offering life-changing experiences. It is anticipated that these findings will significantly advance the field of architecture education and have applications in curriculum development, internship program design and execution, and career counseling services, especially in underdeveloped or developing countries.

Effect of Orem's self-care model on the quality of life in adolescents with diabetes type 1: A randomized clinical trial

The present study aims to determine the effect of Orem's self-care model on the quality of life in adolescents with diabetes type 1. A randomized controlled trial was conducted at Guilan University of Medical Sciences in Rasht, Iran. Adolescents diagnosed with type 1 diabetes constituted the study's participants. The research enrolled 80 diabetic patients, divided randomly into two groups: the control group and the intervention group. The study employed four blocks labeled A, B, C, and D, selecting the initial block through a lottery-based method. The intervention group received a series of eight training sessions structured by the Orem’s self-care model. In contrast, the control group received standard routine education without the structured sessions aligned with the aforementioned model. The data collection instruments used in this study comprised a demographic information questionnaire, an Orem’s health status questionnaire, and an SF-36 quality of life questionnaire. The study comprised 80 diabetic type 1 patients, with 40 assigned to the control group and 40 to the intervention group. The average age of the participants was 13.40 (SD=2.25). Notably, a substantial difference was observed in the change of scores about the physical dimension between the intervention and control groups (P=0.03). Additionally, a significant disparity in mental dimension scores was observed between the intervention and control groups (P=0.02). Our investigation demonstrated that the development and execution of an educational training program grounded in the Orem's self-care model yielded an enhancement in the quality of life among adolescent patients diagnosed with type 1 diabetes.

Social welfare evaluation during demand response programs execution considering machine learning-based load profile clustering

In the last decade, with the introduction of smart meters to smart grids, demand response programs (DRPs) have been widely adopted to establish a generation and consumption balance. DRPs provide many benefits for efficient grid management. However, these programs are conducive to higher levels of dissatisfaction by changing grid customers' consumption patterns. This paper aims to investigate the effects of DRPs on social welfare (SW). To this end, the paper presents a mathematical model for SW during the implementation of DRPs. In the proposed model, the level of customer satisfaction is assumed the main factor contributing to SW. This mathematical model considers different types of DRPs in terms of their impacts on SW. The paper also seeks to obtain linear and nonlinear models of DRPs and the coefficient of participation (CoP). CoP as an indicator shows the percentage of customers who actively participate in each DRP and plays a significant role in the assessment of the SW level. Moreover, owing to the sparsity and variety of distribution network customers, load patterns are classified into different clusters to take the load types into account. As a matter of fact, this process aims to identify similar patterns and thus, the same level of satisfaction for each separate cluster. The classification process is performed by using a machine learning-based clustering method known as the Affinity Propagation (AP) algorithm. Then, the model calculates the level of SW for the clusters based on the usage of electrical equipment and the time of day when they are turned on. The obtained levels of SW help operators select the best programs for every cluster in terms of customer satisfaction, and achieve the highest performance of DRPs. Lastly, the model is evaluated using real data of a distribution network to ensure the effectiveness and accuracy of the model.

Responsible management practices in Bangladesh

This study aims to impact the responsible management practices of factories in the Ready-Made Garment (RMG) sector in Bangladesh. Collaborative research with our main partner - the BGMEA University for Fashion and Technology (BUFT) - on responsible management has contributed to the embedding of ethical practices in the RMG sector. More specifically, in a first stage of this program, the collaborative knowledge development is ingrained in the degree and executive education programs of BUFT - impacting about a quarter of the professionals entering the RMG sector in Bangladesh - and has informed the practices and policies of professional bodies, such as BGMEA in Bangladesh, MODINT in the Netherlands and the International Apparel Federation (IAF). Furthermore, in a second stage of this program, research on sustainability hot spots in the RMG value chain has influenced decision-making of the European Committee in relation to their sustainability policies. It substantially advanced the understanding of how European non-development policies and regulations aimed at private and public market actors contribute to or undermine sustainable development policies. The project delivered practical tools and innovative regulatory reform proposals with substantial potential for greater policy-coherence for development, thereby contributing to an integral approach focusing on a shift towards responsibility.

Improving the multi-functionality of optical tweezers with FPGA integration.

The development of optical tweezers aims to extend their operating function and pattern. However, excessive programming can lead to a decrease in the system's operating speed and introduce bugs or data transmission delays. In this study, we present a time-shared optical tweezers system that allows for parallel operation of multiple functions. To enable efficient data transmission, we employ a queue structure and a buffer. To assess the system's performance, we utilize a biological sample in conjunction with the optical tweezers system and scanning imaging technique. We quantify the trapping parameter while concurrently running power stabilization programs. As a result, the standard deviation of the measured stiffness is reduced by 60% in the x and y directions and 30% in the z direction, indicating a significant improvement in calibration precision. Throughout the program execution, the system maintains an operating rate of 110kHz, and the data are continuously updated in real time on the host. The system's performance demonstrates its potential for quantification and morphological reconstruction of biological samples.

Strategi Peningkatan Mutu dan Keamanan Produk Olahan Melalui Pelatihan Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) pada UKM Piyasan Nanggroe Kabupaten Aceh Utara

Community Engagement activities were conducted in Gampong Matang Meunye, Aceh Utara District, with a focus on the development of Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) represented by the UKM Piyasan Nanggroe group. This group possesses expertise in producing high-quality dried bananas, referred to as "pisang gintong," and aspires to scale up production extensively. The objective of this Community Engagement was to provide support in enhancing production and business legality, particularly in the realm of business management, encompassing business motivation, financial recording, and digital marketing. Furthermore, this endeavor aimed to elevate product quality by implementing Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) with hygienic and efficient standards and introducing processed banana products using state-of-the-art processing technology that is more hygienic and healthier while leveraging local resources. The implementation of the activities comprised three stages: preparation, program execution, and evaluation. The preparation phase encompassed pre-surveys, team formation, proposal development and submission, team and partner coordination, and the preparation of training materials. The program execution stage involved disseminating information and conducting discussions to impart knowledge in business management, digital marketing, and GMP practices. The evaluation and reporting phase ensured the success of the program. After the program, it is anticipated that MSME entrepreneurs within the UKM Piyasan Nanggroe group will experience increased production capacity, a better understanding of the importance of sound financial record-keeping, the implementation of marketing strategies through labels (Halal and branding), and the adoption of hygienic standard processing technology. This article aims to provide practical guidance for MSME entrepreneurs in enhancing their quality and competitiveness.

Anatomical predictors of mental rotation with bodily and non-bodily stimuli: A lesion-symptom study

Mental rotation (MR) is widely regarded as a quintessential example of an embodied cognitive process. This viewpoint stems from the functional parallels between MR and the physical rotation of tangible objects, as well as participants' inclination to employ motor-based strategies when tackling MR tasks involving bodily stimuli. These commonalities imply that MR may depend on brain regions crucial for the planning and execution of motor programs. However, there is disagreement regarding the anatomy of MR between findings from functional imaging and lesion studies involving brain-injured patients. The former indicate the involvement of the right-hemispheric parietal cortex, while the latter underscore the significance of posterior areas in the left hemisphere. In this study, we aimed to discern the neural underpinnings of MR using lesion-symptom mapping (LSM) for both bodily (hands) and non-bodily (letters) stimuli. Behavioral results from the two MR tasks revealed impaired MR of bodily stimuli in patients with left hemisphere damage. LSM results pinpointed the left primary motor and somatosensory cortices, along with the superior parietal lobule, as the anatomical substrates of MR for both bodily and non-bodily stimuli. Furthermore, damage to the left angular gyrus, supramarginal gyrus, supplementary motor area, and retrosplenial cortex was associated with MR of non-bodily stimuli. These findings support the causal involvement of the left hemisphere in MR and underscore the existence of a common anatomical substrate in brain regions pertinent to motor planning and execution.

The role of technology in Islamic boarding school programme enforcement: Financial management of Islamic students and schools

An Islamic boarding school exemplifies an educational institution that effectively integrates religious principles with conventional pedagogical methods. This guarantees that the Islamic boarding school environment is hygienic and reduces external elements that may disrupt the educational process. Nevertheless, numerous contemporary Islamic boarding schools have become increasingly receptive to advancements. Over time, human-created technology has become increasingly varied. This technological advancement has impacted all aspects of life, including schooling. Islamic boarding schools in Indonesia represent the oldest educational institution, renowned for their adherence to traditional teaching methods while incorporating contemporary technological advancements. This is done to preserve the favourable conditions of education, ensuring that it remains undisturbed by external factors. This study employed a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) to investigate the role of technology in implementing programmes at Islamic boarding schools, with a specific focus on fostering an entrepreneurial spirit among students. The review encompassed research conducted between 2013 and 2023, including theses and articles. The literature primarily examines the keywords "role of technology", "Islamic Boarding Schools", "boarding school programme enforcement", and "financial management", and after that, conduct an analysis. The findings demonstrate that technology plays a significant role in aiding the execution of programmes in Islamic boarding schools as a means of instruction, enabling collaborative services, and streamlining financial administration for students and the schools themselves. In addition, technology can facilitate the creation of student resources by utilising suitable technology and fostering creativity, resulting in more extensive advantages in producing readily consumable water for the local population.

Cytokinin Response of the Streptophyte Alga Coleochaete scutata provides a clue to the evolution of cytokinin signaling

IntroductionCytokinins, a group of adenine derivatives, are phytohormones that regulate many aspects of the plant's reaction to changes in the abiotic and biotic environment and ensure the correct execution of developmental programs. While the signaling pathway and its effects are very well established for Angiosperms, its origin, and evolution are less well understood. MethodsThe first step in the analysis of the cytokinin signaling pathway is to test if the organism can react to the hormone. Thus, an assay was established, that uses differences in the growth pattern of the Streptophyte alga, Coleochaete scutata, to determine if this algal species reacts to different cytokinins.ResultsSurprisingly not only classical cytokinins, such as trans-zeatin and kinetin, led to a change in the pattern of growth, but also adenine, which is usually used as a negative control. DiscussionThis raises questions about the origin and the functioning of the cytokinin signaling in C. scutata and also in algae in general.