Professional Users Research Articles

Self-Perceived Voice Handicap During COVID19 Compulsory Facemask Use: A Comparative Study Between Portuguese and Spanish Speakers.

This study investigates self-perceptions of voice-related handicap as a function of facemask use in the general working population during the COVID19 outbreak, using the Voice Handicap Index (VHI). Each VHI item was answered twice in a row; the first answer referred to the condition of not wearing a facemask (henceforth, the Without condition) and the second to the condition of using a facemask (henceforth, the With condition). VHI scores were collected via Google Forms (Google, Mountain View, California), targeting 2 groups of speakers of different nationalities, Portuguese (n = 261) and Spanish (n = 297). A Wilcoxon test was carried out to compare VHI scores between With and Without conditions for each group of speakers; a Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare groups within each condition. Results suggested that VHI overall scores and scores for all dimensions were higher for the With condition, for both Portuguese and Spanish speakers. When comparing groups of speakers, Spanish speakers presented higher scores for functional and emotional dimensions, for both With and Without conditions. In addition, the overall score for the Without condition was higher for Spanish speakers. No differences between groups were found for the total VHI score for the With condition. When comparing overall VHIdiff between speakers, that is, the difference in the VHI total score between With and Without conditions, no significant differences could be found. Thus, a multiple regression analysis was carried out between the VHIdiff and the independent variables of interest: age, sex, smoking habits, professional occupation, nationality, facemask type and its hours of use. The resulting model providing the highest association suggested that 2.5% of the variation in overall VHIdiff total score could be associated with sex, smoking habits, and professional level. Female smokers who use their voices during prolonged hours at work (e.g., teachers, lawyers, sales people) presented a higher VHI total score when wearing a mask. Future voice-related health interventions should address preventive strategies towards speaking behaviors leading to vocal fatigue and vocal effort as a consequence of compulsory facemask use, especially with respect to female professional voice users who smoke.

The consequences of the auditor’s choice in group companies and expectations gap

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to investigate the consequences of the auditor’s choice in group companies and the expectation gap of listed firms on the Tehran Stock Exchange (TSE).Design/methodology/approachIn this study, 128 companies (768 observations) listed on the TSE during the period 2012 to 2017 have been investigated. To test the hypotheses, logistic regression has been used.FindingsThe results showed that companies that are members of business groups are more likely to choose their auditors from large audit firms. The research findings also showed no significant relationship between the business group firms that have used the large auditor and the financial reporting quality. The results showed a positive and meaningful relationship between the member firms that use the large auditor and the audit fees. The results showed a negative and significant relationship between membership in business groups and the audit expectations gap.Originality/valueDespite the importance of the audit performance, defining auditors’ roles most acceptably has always been challenging to create a gap through the diverse understanding of auditors’ role, which is the distance of perception between users’ auditors. For this reason, over the past years, the audit expectation gap and how to reduce it have focused on academics, professional accounting firms and users of financial statements. As any unmet expectations from the community will reduce the audit firm’s credibility and ability to gain and be widely detrimental to stakeholders, the audit study’s expectation gap in performing audit study is critical. Although there are extensive studies on the gap in auditing expectations in developed economies, most conclusions cannot be attributed to developing countries such as Iran due to cultural and legal differences. Besides, the audit environment in Iran and existing laws can have different results. This research also helps to bridge this gap by providing additional guidance to regulators. Besides, as all recent studies on the expectation gap were qualitative, the present study measures the expectation gap through quantitative statistical methods.

Tele-Monitoring System for Chronic Diseases Management: Requirements and Architecture.

In the last years a large variety of eHealth services and Apps for professional medical users have been developed for different scenarios. The increasing elderly population (+100% in 2050) makes urgent to implement tele-medicine paradigm in the healthcare structures. The need of monitoring large number of patients distributed over the territory, together with the lack of medical resources, makes the adoption of Information Communication Technologies (ICT) crucial for the future healthcare services. This paper presents an ICT architecture model for the provision of tele-monitoring services within a novel proposed remote monitoring concept for healthcare, considering the new Family and Community Nurse (FCN). An integrated and personalized tele-monitoring solution is presented, through a detailed description of the reference network architecture and service platform. Moreover, the preliminary results of the experimental activities carried out for the evaluation of the system in terms of usability in operational scenarios are provided.

How Do Young Community and Citizen Science Volunteers Support Scientific Research on Biodiversity? The Case of iNaturalist.

Online community and citizen science (CCS) projects have broadened access to scientific research and enabled different forms of participation in biodiversity research; however, little is known about whether and how such opportunities are taken up by young people (aged 5-19). Furthermore, when they do participate, there is little research on whether their online activity makes a tangible contribution to scientific research. We addressed these knowledge gaps using quantitative analytical approaches and visualisations to investigate 249 youths' contributions to CCS on the iNaturalist platform, and the potential for the scientific use of their contributions. We found that nearly all the young volunteers' observations were 'verifiable' (included a photo, location, and date/time) and therefore potentially useful to biodiversity research. Furthermore, more than half were designated as 'Research Grade', with a community agreed-upon identification, making them more valuable and accessible to biodiversity science researchers. Our findings show that young volunteers with lasting participation on the platform and those aged 16-19 years are more likely to have a higher proportion of Research Grade observations than younger, or more ephemeral participants. This study enhances our understanding of young volunteers' contributions to biodiversity research, as well as the important role professional scientists and data users can play in helping verify youths' contributions to make them more accessible for biodiversity research.

Vagus Nerve Injury during Continuous Intraoperative Neuromonitoring (cIONM) for Thyroid Surgery: Assessment of Severity

Introduction: Vocal cord palsy is one of the biggest concern in thyroid surgery especially among the professional voice user. Continuous intra-operative nerve monitoring allows real time of the nerve function during surgery that will reduce risk of injury. The procedure involve is not without complication but meticulous usage and following standard operating procedure is utmost important. This study was aimed looking at the potential morbidity of the procedure.
 Methodology: A prospective observational study was conducted on 20 patients who underwent routine thyroid surgery using c-IONM. The procedure of c-IONM follows the standard guidelines. Measurements of vagal stimulation were taken proximal(V3) and distal(V2) to APS electrode to document any injury to the vagus nerve. The blood pressure and pulse rate were also documented through-out surgery, looking at the physiological effect of the stimulation. The function of the vocal cord was assessed by pre and post-operative laryngoscopy
 Result: 18 patients with 29 nerves at risk were included as in two patients, the vagal stimulation did not achieve the acceptable amplitude (400 µV). There were drops of amplitude between V3 and V2 in 14 nerve at risks but there was clinical evidence of palsy on laryngoscopy. There were also fluctuation of mean arterial pressure and pulse rate but not significant enough to warrant intervention.
 Conclusion: The use of c-IONM during thyroidectomy do exert minimal effect on the vagus nerve and its function but not significant enough to abandoned the procedure. It is safe and able to help the surgeon to identify and preserve the nerve function especially in difficult thyroidectomy

Effect of Non-face-to-face Voice Therapy Using the Self-Voice Health Care Program for Vocal fatigue

Objectives: Covid-19 has increased the need for non-face-to-face treatment. In particular, professional voice users have a high risk of voice disease due to continuous voice use. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of the Self-Voice Health Care Program (SVHCP) which was developed on the basis of Korean speech-language pathologist’s vocal behaviors, status and vocal fatigue.Methods: Fifteen speech-language pathologists (2 males and 13 females, the average age was 31.19 years) with voice problems who have more than 25 sessions per week participated via an experimental recruitment SMS and posting from the online speech-language pathologists internet community. Participants watched a 5-minute SVHCP video with instructions and carried out SVHCP daily for one week. The voice measures were carried out before and after SVHCP.Results: K-VHI-10 (<i>p</i>= .017), K-VFI-fatigue (<i>p</i>= .004), K-VFI-physical (<i>p</i>= .019), K-VFI-rest (<i>p</i>= .003), K-VFI-total (<i>p</i>= .005) and total subjective vocal symptoms (<i>p</i>= .009) were significantly lower than before. Additionally, among the subjective vocal symptoms, hypertension when speaking (<i>p</i>= .007), roughness when speaking (<i>p</i>= .007), pain when speaking (<i>p</i>= .034), difficulty with high pitch when singing (<i>p</i>= .017), feelings of voice fatigue (<i>p</i>= .017) were significantly lower than before.Conclusion: Our outcomes demonstrated that the SVHCP was effective in reducing vocal fatigue and subjective vocal symptoms. The SVHCP can help improve voice-related quality of life and voice health for professional voice users. Further research is needed in conjunction with the IT field for the utilization of the SVHCP.

Testing the Effectiveness of Narrative Archetypes for Archive Exploration

In this paper, we propose the use of narrative archetypes for supporting the creation of effective exploratory search tools for archives. For example, a path can be created through items that display characters of the same story, or the same story events. By embedding the archetypes in a semantic sys- tem for archive navigation, we tested their effectiveness with users, and collected the users’ preferences about the use of the system. Participants belonged to two different groups: pro- fessional users (editors, journalists, etc.) and causal users. A small focus group was conducted with professional users. The results show a good acceptance of the approach, with higher scores by professional users.

Surgical Outcome of Potassium-Titanyl-Phosphate (KTP) Laser Photocoagulation for Vocal Fold Vascular Lesions

IntroductionLaser technology is used in microscopic direct laryngeal surgery for a variety of indications. Lasers are categorized broadly as photoangiolytic or cutting/ablating lasers, based on the chromophores that absorb their energy. Photoangiolytic lasers such as the 532 nm Potassium-Titanyl-Phosphate (KTP) laser are absorbed selectively by the chromophore hemoglobin, facilitating controlled intravascular coagulation, with preservation of the overlying epithelium and adjacent tissue. Efficacy of the KTP laser has been demonstrated for incision, coagulation, and ablation in vocal fold (VF) surgery. ObjectiveThe purpose of the present study was to examine surgical outcomes following KTP laser photocoagulation for the management of VF vascular lesions. MethodsAdult patients with sufficient data who had undergone KTP laser photocoagulation in the operating room for the treatment of VF vascular lesions were included in this retrospective study. Strobovideolaryngoscopy (SVL) video footage from all preoperative visits and all available postoperative visits was compiled and de-identified. Patients were followed up at days 1-7, 8-14, 30-60, and greater than 60 days after surgery. Three blinded physician evaluators reviewed and evaluated the SVL footage independently for postoperative outcome parameters. Postoperative SVL video footage was evaluated on a 5-point scale for surgical success (surgical objective score; 1 = failure and 5 = complete success). The average surgical objective score was 4.36, 4.04, 4.25, and 4.46 (out of 5) at postoperative visits 1-4, respectively. ResultsThere were 60 cases (19 male and 41 female) included in the retrospective cohort. The average age was 42.42 ± 15.51 (range = 18-74). Fifty-one-point six seven percent of subjects were professional voice users (singers, teachers, public speakers, and others). All subjects were diagnosed preoperatively with VF vascular malformations and had undergone pulsed KTP laser photocoagulation. There were 40 bilateral cases and 20 unilateral cases, for a total of 100 VFs included in the study. Vascular malformation recurrence was identified in 3.00% and 10.00% of subjects at the third and fourth postoperative visits, retrospectively. The formation of new vascular malformations was identified in 0.00%, 1.00%, 6.00%, and 7.00% of subjects at postoperative visits 1-4, respectively. ConclusionKTP laser photocoagulation is highly effective for the management of vocal fold vascular lesions. Presence of hemorrhage or edema does not affect the long-term surgical outcome. In relatively few cases, vascular lesion recurrence or formation of new vascular lesions may occur.

Factors Influencing Adoption of Compost Made from Organic Fraction of Municipal Solid Waste and Purchasing Pattern: A Survey of Italian Professional and Hobbyist Users

Composting represents an alternative for the management of the organic fraction from municipal waste. However, the adoption of compost made from municipal waste is not yet widespread across all European countries, including Italy. Being ‘professional’ (i.e., farmers and gardeners) and ‘hobbyists’ the most representative categories of compost buyers in Italy, this study investigated their attitude toward municipal waste compost adoption and their purchasing pattern, pointing out criticalities and strategies to promote a wider use of this kind of compost. For the two categories of users, frequency of use of different information, buying habits, opinions on marketing issues, and factors which encourage compost utilization were investigated. The ‘professionals’ and ‘hobbyists’ reported different purchasing behaviors in terms of quantity, frequency, and preferred packaging format. The capability of compost from municipal waste to improve soil characteristics and its low environmental impact were identified as the most significant aspects for users, while availability of economic subsidies was not a determining factor for municipal waste compost adoption. With regard to the information sources, the broader use of personal communication channels like peers’ suggestions may have influence on compost adoption pointing out how social influence can promote sustainable behavior and influence users’ purchasing choices.

EHealth Implementation Issues in Low-Resource Countries: Model, Survey, and Analysis of User Experience.

BackgroundThe implementation of eHealth in low-resource countries (LRCs) is challenged by limited resources and infrastructure, lack of focus on eHealth agendas, ethical and legal considerations, lack of common system interoperability standards, unreliable power, and shortage of trained workers.ObjectiveThe aim of this study is to describe and study the current situation of eHealth implementation in a small number of LRCs from the perspectives of their professional eHealth users.MethodsWe developed a structural equation model that reflects the opinions of professional eHealth users who work on LRC health care front lines. We recruited country coordinators from 4 LRCs to help recruit survey participants: India, Egypt, Nigeria, and Kenya. Through a web-based survey that focused on barriers to eHealth implementation, we surveyed 114 participants. We analyzed the information using a structural equation model to determine the relationships among the constructs in the model, including the dependent variable, eHealth utilization.ResultsAlthough all the model constructs were important to participants, some constructs, such as user characteristics, perceived privacy, and perceived security, did not play a significant role in eHealth utilization. However, the constructs related to technology infrastructure tended to reduce the impact of concerns and uncertainties (path coefficient=−0.32; P=.001), which had a negative impact on eHealth utilization (path coefficient=−0.24; P=.01). Constructs that were positively related to eHealth utilization were implementation effectiveness (path coefficient=0.45; P<.001), the countries where participants worked (path coefficient=0.29; P=.004), and whether they worked for privately or publicly funded institutions (path coefficient=0.18; P<.001). As exploratory research, the model had a moderately good fit for eHealth utilization (adjusted R2=0.42).ConclusionseHealth success factors can be categorized into 5 groups; our study focused on frontline eHealth workers’ opinions concerning 2 of these groups: technology and its support infrastructure and user acceptance. We found significant disparities among the responses from different participant groups. Privately funded organizations tended to be further ahead with eHealth utilization than those that were publicly funded. Moreover, participant comments identified the need for more use of telemedicine in remote and rural regions in these countries. An understanding of these differences can help regions or countries that are lagging in the implementation and use of eHealth technologies. Our approach could also be applied to detailed studies of the other 3 categories of success factors: short- and long-term funding, organizational factors, and political or legislative aspects.

Airway Management in Singers: A Cross-sectional Survey

To review and establish current practices regarding airway management in vocal professionals undergoing surgery. Cross-sectional survey SETTING: The setting included practitioners that treat vocal professionals across international sub-specialty societies. A twenty-one-item survey was sent to practitioners that routinely treat vocal professionals including the American Broncho-Esophagological Association, European Laryngological Society, and 2017 Fall Voice Conference attendees. It included questions regarding the respondents' demographics, preferences for airway control in non-laryngeal and laryngeal surgery, and peri-operative management. Total respondents (n=163): 82.8% were Laryngologists, 4.3 % were General Otolaryngologists, 3.1% were Head & Neck Oncologists, and 6.8% were Speech-Language Pathologists. One hundred twenty-five of the participants (76.7%) classified their experience with vocal professionals as 'extensive' or 'often.' For non-laryngeal surgery, there was a tendency towards laryngeal mask airway (53.1%) over endotracheal intubation (46.9%). For professional singers, a smaller endotracheal tube was recommended. Size varied based on sex. For males, 88.5% recommended a tube ≤7.0 in non-singers; 98.2% recommended a tube ≤7.0 in singers. In females 76.1% recommended a tube ≤6.0 for non-singers; 94.6 % recommended a size ≤6.0 in a female singer. For laryngeal surgery, 14% of providers personally intubated patients over 90% of the time. Of the providers who work with trainees, 60.5% did not allow resident intubation. Objective data regarding precautions in airway management of professional voice users is scarce. This is the largest survey to date on current practices. Survey results indicate that smaller ETTs are preferred for singers, and that more experienced practitioners are preferred for the intubation.

Hygienic Assessment of the Influence of Factors of Digital Environment on Adolescents in the Process of Educational and Leisure Activities

Background: The wide use of digital tools in teaching requires a hygienic assessment of their impact on the health and lifestyle of students. The objective of the study was to assess the impact of the digital environment on the health and lifestyle of adolescents, depending on the duration of use of electronic learning tools in educational and leisure activities. Methods: An anonymous online questionnaire-based survey of 111 high school and college students was conducted to establish their screen time in the educational process, when performing homework and at leisure, as well as indicators of wellbeing and lifestyle and health complaints. In addition, learning conditions in college computer classes, such as illumination, microclimate, air ionization, levels of electromagnetic fields, airborne concentrations of phenol and formaldehyde were assessed. Modern statistical methods (Student’s t-test, chi-squared test) and methods of evidence-based medicine were applied. Results and discussion: Almost 66 % of the respondents reported using electronic teaching aids (a computer or laptop) at school three or more times a week and severer symptoms of fatigue after such classes. Complaints typical of adult professional users were not common in adolescents, except for visual impairment over the past year (48.6 %). In computer classes, microclimate parameters were far from being optimal: illumination was lower than the regulated values; the levels of electromagnetic fields, ionization, and indoor air concentrations of phenol and formaldehyde were comparable to the appropriate standard values. We observed a high involvement of adolescents in the use of digital tools at home for educational purposes and especially at leisure. The intensive use of Internet (more than 4 hours a day) was associated with frequent complaints of headaches, visual impairment, sleep disorders, and poor self-assessment of the physical shape that may be attributed to the established decreasing number of teenagers engaged in physical culture and sports. Conclusion: The length of time spent in the Internet space for homework and leisure activities affects students’ health and lifestyle. This indicates the need to develop and implement preventive and educational programs for adolescents in order to minimize health risks posed by digital environment and confirmed by outcomes of distance learning.

Designing Telecollaborative Projects for Professional Communication and User Experience

This article draws on Trans-Atlantic and Pacific Project (TAPP) collaborations (e.g., [Arn&amp;oacute;, 14] [Vandepitte, 16]) to show how students in already-existing technical communication classes can join other classes in realistic transnational projects through ICT and thereby acquire and enhance various types of transversal competences necessary to students&amp;rsquo; future performance in a globalized workplace.

A Machine Learning-Based Approach for Surface Soil Moisture Estimations with Google Earth Engine

Due to its relation to the Earth’s climate and weather and phenomena like drought, flooding, or landslides, knowledge of the soil moisture content is valuable to many scientific and professional users. Remote-sensing offers the unique possibility for continuous measurements of this variable. Especially for agriculture, there is a strong demand for high spatial resolution mapping. However, operationally available soil moisture products exist with medium to coarse spatial resolution only (≥1 km). This study introduces a machine learning (ML)—based approach for the high spatial resolution (50 m) mapping of soil moisture based on the integration of Landsat-8 optical and thermal images, Copernicus Sentinel-1 C-Band SAR images, and modelled data, executable in the Google Earth Engine. The novelty of this approach lies in applying an entirely data-driven ML concept for global estimation of the surface soil moisture content. Globally distributed in situ data from the International Soil Moisture Network acted as an input for model training. Based on the independent validation dataset, the resulting overall estimation accuracy, in terms of Root-Mean-Squared-Error and R², was 0.04 m3·m−3 and 0.81, respectively. Beyond the retrieval model itself, this article introduces a framework for collecting training data and a stand-alone Python package for soil moisture mapping. The Google Earth Engine Python API facilitates the execution of data collection and retrieval which is entirely cloud-based. For soil moisture retrieval, it eliminates the requirement to download or preprocess any input datasets.

Visualizing Food-Drug Interactions in the Thériaque Database.

This paper presents a prototype for the visualization of food-drug interactions implemented in the MIAM project, whose objective is to develop methods for the extraction and representation of these interactions and to make them available in the Thériaque database. The prototype provides users with a graphical visualization showing the hierarchies of drugs and foods in front of each other and the links between them representing the existing interactions as well as additional details about them, including the number of articles reporting the interaction. The prototype is interactive in the following ways: hierarchies can be easily folded and unfolded, a filter can be applied to view only certain types of interactions, and details about a given interaction are displayed when the mouse is moved over the corresponding link. Future work includes proposing a version more suitable for non-health professional users and the representation of the food hierarchy based on a reference classification.

Effects of changes in financial statement aggregation under IFRS on the behaviour of non-professional and professional information users

ABSTRACT This study investigates the effects of the degree of financial statement aggregation and footnote disclosures under IFRS on the judgements of information users with different knowledge levels. A quasi-experiment is conducted with Korean MBA students and CPAs as surrogates for non-professional and professional users, respectively. The results suggest that changes in the level of aggregation of financial statements influence the judgements of non-professional but not professional information users. Neither the judgements of non-professional users nor those of professional users are affected by footnote disclosures. The findings of this study highlight the need for companies to improve the presentation format of their financial statements to better convey relevant information to users.

The influence of human interaction on the vibration of hand-held human-machine systems – The effect of body posture, feed force, and gripping forces on the vibration of hammer drills

In hand-held human machine systems the biodynamic response of the human hand arm system influences the overall dynamic behavior. The biodynamic response of the hand arm system is affected by several influencing factors. These influencing factors include the feed force, body posture, gripping force, and anthropometric properties. In present studies the importance of the gripping force on the biodynamic response is highlighted. In the state of the art; however, the magnitude of gripping forces as well as the influence of the human factors body posture and feed force on hammer drills for a larger group of professional users is unclear. To analyze the influence that these human factors have on hammer drill vibrations, a study with 15 professional power tool test personnel has been conducted. Characteristic gripping force values have been measured (Median: 84 N–156 N at the main handle, 10 N–30 N on the auxiliary handle) for different feed forces (100 N, 150 N, 200 N) and body postures. Then the influence of body posture, feed force, and gripping force on the hammer drill vibration is determined. A significant influence of the body posture (ANOVA: p = .003, r = .367) on the RMS acceleration of the main handle was observed. Furthermore, the feed force has a significant influence on the vibration of the hammer-drill for some groups. The data also demonstrates that for increasing gripping forces, the RMS of the acceleration and frequency weighted acceleration ahv on the main and auxiliary handle decrease. The findings of this study represent a starting point for the development of adjustable hand-arm models for the reproducible vibration assessment of power tools.

Bio-Inspired Haptic Feedback for Artificial Palpation in Robotic Surgery.

Adding haptic feedback has been reported to improve the outcome of minimally invasive robotic surgery. In this study, we seek to determine whether an algorithm based on simulating responses of a cutaneous afferent population can be implemented to improve the performance of presenting haptic feedback for robot-assisted surgery. We propose a bio-inspired controlling model to present vibration and force feedback to help surgeons localize underlying structures in phantom tissue. A single pair of actuators was controlled by outputs of a model of a population of cutaneous afferents based on the pressure signal from a single sensor embedded in surgical forceps. We recruited 25 subjects including 10 expert surgeons to evaluate the performance of the bio-inspired controlling model in an artificial palpation task using the da Vinci surgical robot. Among the control methods tested, the bio-inspired system was unique in allowing both novices and experts to easily identify the locations of all classes of tumors and did so with reduced contact force and tumor contact time. This work demonstrates the utility of our bio-inspired multi-modal feedback system, which resulted in superior performance for both novice and professional users, in comparison to a traditional linear and the existing piecewise discrete algorithms of haptic feedback.

Improving DGNSS Performance through the Use of Network RTK Corrections

The differential global navigation satellite system (DGNSS) is an enhancement system that is widely used to improve the accuracy of single-frequency receivers. However, distance-dependent errors are not considered in conventional DGNSS, and DGNSS accuracy decreases when baseline length increases. In network real-time kinematic (RTK) positioning, distance-dependent errors are accurately modelled to enable ambiguity resolution on the user side, and standard Radio Technical Commission for Maritime Services (RTCM) formats have also been developed to describe the spatial characteristics of distance-dependent errors. However, the network RTK service was mainly developed for carrier-phase measurements on professional user receivers. The purpose of this study was to modify the local-area DGNSS through the use of network RTK corrections. Distance-dependent errors can be reduced, and accuracy for a longer baseline length can be improved. The results in the low-latitude areas showed that the accuracy of the modified DGNSS could be improved by more than 50% for a 17.9 km baseline during solar active years. The method in this paper extends the use of available network RTK corrections with high accuracy to normal local-area DGNSS applications.

Image Feature Synthesis and Matching in Content-Based Image Retrieval System – A Review

One of the important concepts in information &amp; data analytics is the content-based image retrieval process. We are living in the information age. In the modern-day digital information technology imaging world, this is playing a predominant role in different sectors ranging from defense to research fields. Content-based image retrieval, also known as query by image content is the application of computer vision techniques to the image retrieval problem, that is, the problem of searching for digital images or textual matters in large databases. The usage of digital images has been increased enormously from the last decade due to the drastic growth in storage &amp; network technology. These technological changes have led professional users to use, store and manipulate remotely stored images. Information Retrieval (IR) deals with the location and retrieval of related documents or images based on user inputs such as keywords or examples as a query from the repository. This has motivated us to take up the research work on the CBIR concepts. Hence, to throw light into this chosen research topic, we are carrying out extensive research on the image feature synthesis and matching in content-based image retrieval systems using the concepts of AI, ML &amp; Fuzzy Logic schemes, which could be used to improve the retrieval system's performance in CBIRs. A brief survey, i.e., an insight into the chosen research area in the field of content-based image retrievals was made &amp; the same is being presented w.r.t. the work done by various researchers across the globe in the form of an extensive literature review. The work done by them was studied, lacunas observed &amp; the problem was defined with a couple of good objectives to be solved four objectives were proposed as O1 - Investigation of the effectiveness of evolutionary computation in generating composite operator vectors for image, so that feature dimensionality is reduced to improve retrieval performances; O2 - Construction of the image-leve