Years Of Professional Training Research Articles

Plan and Then Act: The Moderated Moderation Effects of Profession Identity and Action Control for Students at Arts Universities during the Career Development Process.

Preservice teachers at universities of arts have more than 10 years of professional training before admission, but in their senior year, they face the pressure of the graduation exhibition and performances and the teacher certification examination at the same time. This process is dissimilar to that for preservice teachers at general universities. Such a difference, however, has not been taken seriously in the past. In order to avoid burnout, preservice teachers at universities of arts, when they are under the pressure of limited time, may choose to identify with the departments they are more familiar with for their future careers, rather than identifying with their educational program, in order to increase hope for their career and reduce the chance of burnout. In addition, we believe that the use of action control/state control would also show different adaptation situations in the face of pressure. Therefore, this study focuses on the role of profession identity and action control as moderating variables in the process of becoming preservice teachers at arts universities. We recruited 304 art-major preservice teachers to establish a path model to explore their future time perspective and grit, detecting how the mediation of career decision self-efficacy affects learning burnout and career hope. Secondly, we inspected the moderating effect of profession identity and action control on learning burnout and career hope. We found that profession identity moderates the relationships between future time perspective and career decision self-efficacy as well as between career decision self-efficacy and learning burnout, all of which exhibited ordinal interactions. Furthermore, preservice teachers with high decision-making efficacy had lower burnout than those with low efficacy, but the high-efficacy advantage in preservice teachers under state control in reducing burnout would disappear. Lastly, although professional identification was important, action control regulated the relationship between career decision self-efficacy and learning burnout with ordinal interaction; that is, action control could effectively reduce their learning burnout.

Development of China's health care system in the time of COVID‐19: Challenges, opportunities, and call for actions

Development of China's health care system in the time of COVID‐19: Challenges, opportunities, and call for actions

Reflections on Psychiatric Training

Back to table of contents Next article EditorialFull AccessReflections on Psychiatric TrainingMatthew L. Edwards, M.D.Matthew L. EdwardsSearch for more papers by this author, M.D.Published Online:11 Jun 2021https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp-rj.2021.160401AboutSectionsPDF/EPUB ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InEmail One morning during medical school, I eagerly approached my senior resident during rounds on the medicine wards. Dressed in a short white coat, clipboard in hand, and with lapels flanked by a penlight on the left side and Snellen card on the right, I began to describe a patient with chronic pain who believed that the medical equipment used to manage her pain was sending signals. Even as our adjustments to her regimen yielded some improvement in her presenting condition, I could not stop contemplating the impact of the patient's mental disorder on her pain.Now, closing my final year of general psychiatry training, embarking on specialty training in forensic psychiatry, and marking the end of my tenure as Editor-in-Chief of the Residents' Journal (RJ), I am still committed to better understanding the extent to which mental health affects our lived experiences. Charged with curating a journal of perspectives ranging from arts and culture to psychopharmacology, from medical history to interventional psychiatry, and from medical ethics to psychotherapy, I have relied on this curiosity to help shape a journal with perspectives as diverse as the people who contribute to and support it.As I reflect on the past 3 years of professional training, I recognize the steady pulse that the RJ has provided in the background of my own professional life. The RJ's authors are reflective, patient-centered trainees, continually exploring how our field can better treat people with mental suffering. Our editors are respectful and engaging thought leaders in their fields, sharpening the articles and podcasts published each quarter while elevating the authors' voices throughout our pages.We continue to benefit from the RJ's growth over the years. The journal now boasts a growing geographic reach, aided in part by a widening social media footprint. Its timely articles and podcasts, produced by psychiatrists-in-training around the country, are carefully shaped and molded by a thoughtful editorial board. I thank our media editors, Drs. Barrington Hwang, Priya Gearin, and Bharat Sampathi, for managing and showcasing the breadth and depth of our media initiatives. Our social media and podcasts are as vital to the RJ and its readership as are our published articles.Although the members of the editorial board come from varied backgrounds, stages of training, and perspectives, we are united by a desire to cultivate this resident-led, academic journal dedicated to elevating the voices of trainees and future leaders in psychiatry. I am especially grateful to the following deputy and associate editors who have contributed to the RJ: Drs. Rachel Dillinger, Fiona Fonseca, Shirin Vartak, Danielle Lowe, Matthew Yung, Colin Wendt, Christopher Magoon, Amanda Calhoun, Jennifer Kim, Shixie Jiang, and Richard Hadi. They were supported by dedicated ad hoc reviewers Drs. Brent Schnipke, Julian Raffoul, and Amanda Mihalik-Wenger. Even amidst a deadly global pandemic that claimed the lives of millions around the world, redeployed trainees to the far reaches of medical services, and separated many from friends and family, these physicians-in-training continued to support our mission to foster a space for learners to share their ideas and perspectives, triumphs and failures, and hopes for the future of psychiatry.I am proud to announce that my colleague Dr. Austin Blum is the RJ's new Editor-in-Chief. A skilled writer, lawyer, and future forensic psychiatrist, Dr. Blum will continue the tradition of compassion, humility, and service to the RJ—values that my predecessors, Drs. Shapir Rosenberg and Oliver Glass, instilled in me.Dr. Edwards is Chief Resident in Psychiatry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif., and Editor-in-Chief, American Journal of Psychiatry Residents' Journal (2020–2021). FiguresReferencesCited byDetailsCited ByNone Volume 16Issue 4 June 11, 2021Pages 2-2 PDF download History Published online 11 June 2021 Published in print 11 June 2021

Determinants of students’ salaries in the professional training year

ABSTRACT This paper studies the main determinants of salaries for economics students in their year-long industrial placements. Using three different sources of data on three cohorts of economics placement students, including demographic characteristics, academic performance, programme of studies and employability-related characteristics, we find that academic performance, job location and industry type are the main determinants of placement salaries. We show not only that students’ academic performance can increase the returns of the placement year due to the possibility of high salaries, but such returns significantly increase at the top of the salary distribution. Students’ previous job experience also matters for high-paying placements. Conversely, demographic characteristics, such as age, nationality and ethnic background, do not appear to determine placement salaries. Finally, we find no evidence of gender differences in wages.

Confidence and gender differences within a work-integrated learning programme: evidence from a UK higher education institution

ABSTRACT This paper explores students’ assessment of several competencies to perform a job as part of the economic undergraduate programme at the University of Surrey. The first aim is to study how confident students are in six different areas (cognitive abilities, personal characteristics, transferable competencies, subject-specific expertise, organisational awareness, and professionalism) related to competencies during their Professional Training Year (PTY). We find evidence of a positive learning curve in all six areas. Specifically, students are under-confident in those areas at the beginning of their PTY, however, under-confidence disappears during the rest of the placement year. The second aim is to investigate whether the way students assess themselves and whether the way workplace supervisors assess students’ performance are affected by gender or not. Despite differences in students’ academic performance by gender, we find little evidence of student self-assessment gender differential on competencies to perform a job, with female students rating themselves with lower scores in two areas (transferable competencies and subject-specific expertise) than male students. Finally, we find limited evidence of differences in workplace supervisors’ assessment by gender.

Sports experts' unique perception of time duration based on the processing principle of an integrated model of timing.

BackgroundDuration perception is an essential part of our cognitive and behavioral system, helping us interact with the outside world. An integrated model of timing, which states that the perceived duration of a given stimulus is based on the efficiency of information extraction, was recently set forth to improve current understanding of the representation and judgment of time. However, the prediction from this model that more efficient information extraction results in longer perceived duration has not been tested. Thus, the aim of this study is to investigate whether sports experts, as a group of individuals with information extraction superiority in situations relevant to their sport skill, have longer duration perceptions when they view expertise-related stimuli compared with others with no expertise/experience.MethodsFor this study, 81 subjects were recruited based on a prior power analysis. The sports experts group had 27 athletes with years of professional training in diving; a wrestler group and a nonathlete group, with each of these groups having 27 subjects, were used as controls. All participants completed a classic duration reproduction task for subsecond and suprasecond durations with both the diving images and general images involved.ResultsThe divers reproduced longer durations for diving stimuli compared with general stimuli under both subsecond and suprasecond time ranges, while the other samples showed the opposite pattern. Furthermore, the years of training in diving were positively correlated with the magnitude of the prolonged reproduction duration when divers viewed diving stimuli. Moreover, the diver group showed a more precise duration perception in subsecond time range for general stimuli compared with the wrestlers and nonathletes.ConclusionThe results suggest that sports experts perceive longer duration when viewing expertise-related stimuli compared with others with no expertise/experience.

Factors influencing nurses' knowledge and skills in the prevention and management of postpartum haemorrhage

Background: Postpartum haemorrhage (PPH) is one of the main causes of maternal death. In Tanzania, 25% of maternal deaths are the result of PPH. Gaps in practitioner knowledge in the prevention and management of this issue may lead to severe maternal complications and death. Little has been documented about nurses' knowledge and skills regarding PPH prevention and management. Objective: To determine the factors influencing nurses' knowledge and skill in the prevention and management of PPH in the Dodoma Region, Central Tanzania. Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted involving 172 nurses working in Dodoma, Tanzania. Data on the sociodemographic characteristics of the nurses was collected using a structured questionnaire. Knowledge on PPH was assessed using a validated questionnaire and skills were assessed using an observational checklist. The chi-squared test was used to find associations between sociodemographic characteristics and knowledge and skills. Binary logistic regression (both reduced and full models) was used to identify significant predictors of knowledge and skills. Results: The findings indicated that being ≥40 years old (OR=2.87, P=0.004), being a registered nurse (OR=2.73, P=0.002), having >3 years of professional training (OR=2.38, P=0.01), and having ≥5 years of experience in a maternity unit (OR=3.06, P<0.00) were significant predictors for knowledge in the prevention and management of PPH in a reduced model of binary logistic regression. Being ≥40 years old (OR=11.5, P=0.00), having >3 years of professional training (OR=4.58, P<0.00), and having ≥5 years of experience in a maternity unit (OR=9.14, P<0.00) were significant predictors for skills in the reduced model. After adjusting to control for possible confounders, being a registered nurse was the only significant predictor of nurses' knowledge (AOR=3.35, P=0.001), while having ≥5 years experience in a maternity unit was the only significant predictor of nurses' skills (AOR=3.89, P=0.01). Conclusion: Professional qualification and experience in a maternity unit are significant factors influencing nurses' knowledge and skills, respectively, in the prevention and management of PPH.

The Spectrum of Change in the Elite Athlete's Heart

Extreme levels of both strength and aerobic training result in increased left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes and LV mass, a key component of athletes' heart. The aim of this study was to document temporal changes in the hearts of elite professional athletes (Australian Football League players) over a 2- to 6-year period. Thirty-six Australian Football League players with 3.5±2.7years of professional training at enrollment prospectively underwent echocardiography in the preseasons of 2009, 2013, and 2015. At each time point, LV dimension and contractility and RV dimension, area, and contractility were measured using two-dimensional echocardiography. LV volumes, ejection fraction, and mass were measured using three-dimensional echocardiography. The mean age at baseline was 21.8±2.6years (range, 18-29years). Most players (n=20) had increasesin fitness between studies (mean maximal oxygen uptake, 62.3±3.6 vs 64.3±2.1mL/kg/min). In these players, there were increases in both LV and RV size and in LV mass. Players who were >25years of age at their baseline scans demonstrated a trend toward increases in RV size and a decline in RV global longitudinal strain.Fitness level and playing position also affected the degree of physiological athletic cardiac remodeling. Australian football is a sport that involves both strength and aerobic training. This study, unique in its length and detail, demonstrates that remodeling in the athlete's heart is a continuous spectrum of change. This remodeling occurs over time in response to high levels of exercise, with proportional increase in LV mass and LV dimensions.

Patellar and Achilles Tendon Stiffness in Elite Soccer Players Assessed Using Myotonometric Measurements.

Background:Tendon overuse injuries are an issue in elite footballers (soccer players) and may affect tendon function. Achilles and patellar tendinopathy are the most frequent pathologies. Tendon stiffness, the relationship between the force applied to a tendon and the displacement exerted, may help represent tendon function. Stiffness is affected by training and pathology. Nevertheless, information regarding this mechanical property is lacking for elite soccer athletes.Hypothesis:Achilles and patellar tendon stiffness assessed using myotonometric measurements will be greater in elite soccer athletes than in control participants.Study Design:Cross-sectional study.Level of Evidence:Level 4.Methods:Forty-nine elite soccer athletes and 49 control participants were evaluated during the 2017 preseason. A handheld device was used to measure Achilles and patellar tendon stiffness. Dominant and nondominant limbs were assessed for both groups.Results:A significantly stiffer patellar tendon was found for both the dominant and the nondominant limb in the elite soccer athletes compared with the control group. Nevertheless, no differences were found in Achilles tendon stiffness between groups. When comparing between playing positions in soccer athletes, no significant differences were found for both tendons.Conclusion:Greater patellar tendon stiffness may be related to an improvement in force transmission during muscle contraction. On the other hand, it seems that after years of professional training, Achilles tendon stiffness does not change, conserving the storing-releasing function of elastic energy. The nonsignificant differences between positions may be attributable to the years of homogeneous training that the players underwent.Clinical Relevance:The present study shows another technique for measuring mechanical properties of tendons in soccer athletes that could be used in clinical settings. In the future, this technique may help clinicians choose the best exercise protocol to address impairments in tendon stiffness.

Convolutional Neural Network Style Transfer Towards Chinese Paintings

Chinese painting is one of the most important cultural heritages. However, creating a Chinese painting usually requires specific skills, patience, and years of professional training. Moreover, most existing style transfer methods mainly focus on photograph or western painting, and there are intrinsic differences between Chinese and western paintings. To this end, we propose a novel algorithm of Chinese painting style transfer (CPST) towards transferring with unique ink and wash characteristics, which automatically generates Chinese paintings with machine learning technology. In this paper, firstly, comparing Chinese paintings with western works, we set up four key restrictions in the style transfer, i.e., with special considerations of typical ink and wash features, including brush stroke, space reservation, ink tone with diffusion and yellowing. In order to incorporate these restrictions into the transferring convolutional neural networks (CNN), we separate different layers of the CNN into layers of style and content, so as to faithfully reserve the style of the reference image. Secondly, as Chinese paintings can be divided into fine brushwork and freehand brushwork, to cope with diverse painting skills, we devise different strategies to transfer not only the ink tone but also the painting skills to the target images. Experiments show that taking the aesthetic characteristics of Chinese painting style as reference, our results are more visually satisfactory and successfully overcome spillovers.

G-CSF guideline adherence in Germany, an update with a retrospective and representative sample survey

BackgroundCurrent guidelines (GL) recommend neutropenia prophylaxis with G-CSF after chemotherapy (CTX) for patients with high (≥ 20%), or, if additional risk factors are present, intermediate (≥ 10–20%) risk of febrile neutropenia. The first sample survey in 2012 (NP1) showed lack of GL adherence. The aim of this second sample survey was to evaluate if GL adherence and implementation have improved.MethodsThe sample size represented 1.0% of the incidences of lung and 1.1% of breast cancer in Germany in 2010. Data of patients with a febrile neutropenia (FN) risk ≥ 10% who had received at least 2 cycles of chemotherapy between October 2014 and September 2015 was surveyed retrospectively.ResultsData from 573 lung cancer (LC) and 801 breast cancer (BC) patients was collected from 109 hospitals and 83 oncology practices with 222 physicians participating. Compared with the NP1 survey, GL adherence increased in LC and FN high-risk (HR) chemotherapy from 15.4 to 47.8% (p < 0.001), and in FN intermediate-risk (IR) chemotherapy from 38.8 to 44.3% (p = 0.003). In BC and FN-HR chemotherapy, GL adherence was unchanged: 85.6% vs. 85.1% (p = 0.73) but increased in FN-IR from 49.3 to 57.8% (p < 0.001). In all IR CTX cycles, there are also no significant differences in GL adherence between the first (51.3%) and subsequent cycles (51.1%; p = 0.948). In LC patients treated in certified or comprehensive cancer centers, the GL adherence in FN-HR chemotherapy was 53.0% vs. 44.9% in other centers (p = 0.295); in FN-IR chemotherapy, it was 45.1% vs. 43.8% (p = 0.750). In BC with FN-HR chemotherapy, GL adherence in certified or comprehensive centers was 85.4% vs. 84.7% in other institutions (p = 0.869); in FN-IR chemotherapy, it was 60.2% vs. 55.0% (p = 0.139). GL adherence in FN-HR chemotherapy and in FN-IR chemotherapy differed between pulmonologists and hematologist-oncologists (FN-HR: 25.0% vs. 43.6%, p < 0.001; 38.1% vs. 48.6%, p < 0.001). Comparing gynecologists with hematologist-oncologists, GL adherence in FN-HR chemotherapy was 86.2% vs. 82.5%. In FN-IR chemotherapy, GL adherence by gynecologists and hematologist-oncologists was 58.6% and 55.6%, respectively (p = 0.288; p = 0.424). Classification and regression tree analysis split pulmonologists and other specialists, with the latter adhering more to GL (p < 0.001). Hematologist-oncologists and gynecologists with more than 2 years of professional training in medical cancer therapy adhered more closely to GL than others (68.7% vs. 46.2%, p < 0.001). Pulmonologists attending ≥ 2 national congresses annually adhered more to guidelines than other pulmonologists (44.8% vs. 24.3%, p < 0.001).ConclusionsAdherence to G-CSF GL in Germany has increased but is still insufficient. Certified and comprehensive cancer centers show a higher rate of GL implementation. In GL adherence, there is still a disparity between cancer types and between oncology treatment specialists.

IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PARADIGM OF PLM MODELING WITH CAD PRODUCTS

Modern systems of computer modeling have tremendous functionality, and now the most topical developments are software complexes that include several main modules. This allows us to provide the most optimal product lifecycle management (PLM) within the production process. In our opinion, the ideal basis for PLM modeling is the SolidWorks 2018 software package, which includes the most basic modules and tools for a full production cycle. In our study we used modules such as CAD, CAM and CAE, as well as the Costing tool. The first module is needed to create a three-dimensional model, as well as drawings and specifications on this basis. The CAM module is required to create a processing route, and CAE is required for the engineering analysis of parts and mechanisms. We also believe that the Costing tool is perspective in this case, with the help of which it is possible to analyze the cost of a part or the whole mechanism and optimize the product. In our opinion, the PLM modeling with the use of the above modules will allow future specialists to enter the labor market safely and easily become part of modern production facilities that use progressive methods of output in their activities. The research is based on methods of analysis, synthesis and comparison to determine the feasibility of implementing a paradigm of PLM-modeling using specific modules of the SolidWorks software package. We believe that this approach should be used by students towards the end of the educational process as a generalization of the knowledge that bachelors in mechanical engineering received during the last 4 years of professional training. In our case, a drum dryer was used for PLM, but in fact it could be any machine or mechanism.

Student academic performance and professional training year

This paper studies the relationship between students’ academic performance and the likelihood of attaining work experience as part of their undergraduate studies. The econometric analysis based on a sample of students from the School of Economics at the University of Surrey shows that the average of first-year marks is positively associated with subsequently securing a placement year. The mean predicted probability of obtaining a placement position is approximately 50% if a student's average first-year grade is 50, and the probability rises to 67% and 80% if the student achieves an average first-year grade of 60 and 70, respectively. Other relevant factors that affect the likelihood of securing a placement year are the course of study, the student's nationality and ethnic group. On the other hand, school type and A-level grades in mathematics or in economics have no effect on the chance of securing a placement year.

Somatotrope Pituitary Function in Professional Soccer Players.

Soccer is associated with repetitive head trauma, which, as it is known from sports like football and boxing, can result in hypopituitarism. Gonadotropins and GH are the most common pituitary hormones to become deficient. GH deficiency is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular mortality and has negative influence on body mass index, visceral fat mass, insulin resistance and sensitivity, bone mineral density and inflammatory markers. Therefore the aim of this study was to evaluate the somatotrope pituitary function in professional soccer players. This clinical study included 15 male, professional soccer players with at least 10 years of professional training. Basal hormonal parameters of the pituitary axis were obtained from the participants. To assess GH-IGF-I axis, glucagon stimulation tests were used. Rise in growth hormone during glucagon test was analyzed and the prevalence of newly diagnosed hormone deficiencies was evaluated. Mean age of all participants was 31±10 years. None of the 15 soccer players had GH deficiency. Mean rising factor of GH after stimulation with glucagon was 100 in all participants. We did not find signs of ACTH, TSH or LH/FSH deficiency in any player. In this small collective of soccer players we did not find playing soccer to be a risk factor for the development of GH-deficiency. According to our data screening for somatotrope deficiency is not necessary. Further investigations in larger cohorts are needed.

Intervenção educativa sobre parada cardiorrespiratória intra-hospitalar: conhecimento dos profissionais de enfermagem de unidades médico-cirúrgicas

Esta pesquisa objetivou avaliar o efeito de uma intervenção educativa sobre parada cardiorrespiratória no conhecimento teórico de profissionais de enfermagem em unidades de internação médico-cirúrgica. Estudo quase experimental, desenvolvido com profissionais atuantes em duas unidades de internação, de um hospital universitário público do Paraná. Como intervenções educativas, realizaram-se treinamentos teórico-práticos. Aplicaram-se um questionário antes e, imediatamente após os treinamentos. Consideraram-se valores de p &lt;0,05, como significativos. Dos 47 profissionais presentes nas unidades, 37 (78,72%) participaram do pré-teste e 32 (68,09%) do pós-teste. Identificou-se prevalência de mulheres, com idade entre 31 e 45 anos, que trabalhavam em sua unidade laboral e apresentavam tempo de formação profissional maior que cinco anos. Os escores obtidos após as intervenções educativas (pós-teste) apresentaram aumento estatisticamente significativo (p&lt;0,0001), em relação ao pré-teste. A intervenção educativa colaborou, positivamente, no conhecimento teórico dos profissionais de enfermagem sobre parada cardiorrespiratória.

Securing the Continuity of Medical Competence in Times of Demographic Change: A Proposal.

BackgroundUniversity hospitals make up the backbone of medical and economic services of hospitals in Germany: they qualify specialist physicians, ensure medical research, and provide highly specialized maximum medical care, which other hospitals cannot undertake. In addition to this assignment, medical research and academic teaching must be managed despite a growing shortage of specialist physicians. By the year 2020, the need for the replacement of retired physicians and increased demand will total 30,000 positions. The situation will become more difficult because, on the whole, patients are becoming older and sicker and because specialist physicians are able to find more attractive working conditions in smaller hospitals, abroad, or outside of curative medicine.ObjectiveIn order to retain sufficient qualified employees, major improvements in quality are required in terms of working and training conditions. For this purpose, a sustainable innovation process is necessary, which incorporates solutions from outside of the health care sector in order to be able to learn from experiences and mistakes from other industries. The FacharztPlus project aims to find suitable measures in order to retain specialist physicians for more years after the completion of 5 years of professional training. This should determine the suitability of additional qualifications alongside the professional career and an expertise-related work organization oriented to different stages of life.MethodsStructured interviews, surveys, and repertory grids are used as preparation for cross-industry expert panels to create future work scenarios for university hospitals. Industries involved are harbor logistics (container terminal), airports, and digitized industrial production (“industry 4.0”) because these industries are also facing a shortage of qualified staff and have to respond to rapidly changing demands. Based on the experts’ scenarios, consensus groups will be established in each university hospital trying to reach consensus about the implementation of relevant factors in order to improve employee retention.ResultsWe expect these consensus groups to develop and introduce measures for more structured training procedures, individual and team incentives, organizational guidelines for better recruiting and retention in hospitals, models of flexible and attractive working conditions including shift work and vacation planning, and use of new learning tools (eg, tablet PCs and mobile phones).ConclusionsAll measures are implemented in the Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care, Emergency Care and Pain Medicine at the University Hospital Muenster (UKM) with approximately 150 physicians and in the further 44 departments of the UKM and 22 teaching hospitals, which all together employ more than 5000 physicians. The measures will also be implemented at the university hospitals in Aachen, Rostock, and Greifswald. All decisions and measures will be discussed with representatives from hospital management and professional associations. Results will be presented at conferences and published in journals.

Emotions Et Sentiments Induits Par Les Evaluations Sommatives Chez Des Apprenants En Situation De Formation Professionnelle

To prove the quality of their teaching activities, school leaders and teachers are almost always resort to summative assessments; the level of the scores obtained by the largest number of students for assays or exams is the best indicator of the quality of learning achieved by students. Summative assessments become sufficiently numerous to help establish report cards and rankings monthly to the detriment of a formative assessment needed to regulate and guide the educational activity. All this does not take into account the dynamics of the error in learning and the stress state in which the learner is then subjected to a strong emotional pressure. Research in neuroscience show that a high level of anxiety causes a deficit in the ability to perform tasks involving solving non-routine problems. In this study, most of the respondents have had several years of professional training and a long teaching practice. It was interesting to explore their relationship to error and their level of apprehension of the summative evaluation in a context where they are in the process of "exercise" the student work. In general, the results show that the dominant fundamental emotion among all respondents is the fear as with most recurrent words anxiety, worry, fear, feelings or emotions that inhibit the action.

Change in Anthropometric Parameters of the Posture of Students of Physiotherapy after Three Years of Professional Training

Introduction and Aim. A physiotherapist's occupation requires high physical fitness and a properly functioning neuromuscular system. Working with patients is not always performed in accordance with the rules of work ergonomics. The aim of this paper was to verify the possible changes in the posture of students of physiotherapy after three years of professional training. Material and Methods. The sample group consisted of 30 randomly chosen students of physiotherapy. Each person was examined twice (at the age of 20 and at the age of 23). Both examinations were performed by the same researcher. The ultrasound system ZEBRIS Pointer was used for the examination; 17 parameters were analyzed in sagittal projection, frontal projection, and transversal projection. Results. Statistical analysis revealed positive correlations between the 10 parameters in examination 1 and examination 2 which means that a person with a relatively higher level of obliquity in examination number 1 also had slightly different values in an examination conducted three years later. Conclusion. Studying physiotherapy and physical work with patients resulted in a considerable worsening of the students' posture. It is advisable to educate students on ergonomics and the rules of safety and hygiene while working as a physiotherapist in order to protect the therapists' health.

The socially skilled teacher and the development of tacit knowledge

Skilled interpersonal relations are crucial for effective teaching and learning but much professional knowledge here is tacit and thus not easily communicated. This article presents the results of a study that examined the tacit knowledge of trainee and experienced teachers in relation to various problematic interpersonal aspects of school life. Trainee (n = 501) and experienced (n = 163) teachers in secondary schools were presented with a series of hypothetical vignettes and asked to rate each of 128 potential response options. Trainees completed the survey at the beginning and end of their professional training year. It was found that experience appeared to be related to the capacity to identify ‘bad’ responses, but there was little difference in relation to the identification of ‘good’ responses. Further differences between novice and experienced teachers in relation to preferred strategies are reported. Implications for teacher education and for future research are identified and discussed.

Hypnosis for the Pediatric Respiratory Care Toolbox

Utilization of hypnosis as part of the care of children with respiratory disorders helps these patients achieve symptomatic relief, improves the clinician’s ability to diagnose and treat patients with complicated clinical presentations, and saves some patients from undergoing costly investigations or receiving nonessential treatments. Hypnosis can be defined as a state of inward attention during which the mind is focused on ideas of therapeutic value that can potentiate physiologic change. There are few published randomized trials demonstrating the effectiveness of hypnosis in the management of asthma. Published case-series suggest hypnosis is of benefit for children with cystic fibrosis, dyspnea, habit cough, insomnia, or vocal-cord dysfunction. Hypnosis helps patients control their response to discomfort, which may allow reduction in the amount of pharmacologic analgesia during medical procedures such as phlebotomy or bronchoscopy. Once children decide to learn self-hypnosis, initial instruction time can require 5–30 minutes with older children and even less time with younger children. This training can be incorporated within regular medical-office appointments. Clinical hypnosis for use by various staff members at a pediatric pulmonary center is learned best through active participation in 20-hour experiential hypnosis workshops endorsed by medical hypnosis organizations. While acquiring the skills required for incorporating hypnosis into clinical practice may take relatively few hours, it is the clinician’s years of professional training that permits its appropriate use. Conclusion: Clinical hypnosis is an efficient and effective tool for addressing the mind–body connection for children with respiratory disorders.