Professional Norms Research Articles

Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation and Lebanese Critical Care Nurses' Perceptions: A Qualitative Phenomenological Study.

The training of nursing staff to deliver extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in Lebanon has recently attracted attention. It is important to comprehend the background of nurses who take on this new duty. The main objectives of this study were to (1) explore the experiences of intensive care unit nursing staff who work with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, (2) identify the psychological and physiological challenges experienced by intensive care unit nurses while managing patients with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, and (3) determine the roles assumed by intensive care unit nurses while managing patients utilizing extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. A qualitative phenomenological design utilizing semistructured interviews utilizing a purposive sampling of 15 intensive care unit nurses using extracorporeal membrane oxygenation devices. Interviews were audio recorded, verbatim transcribed, and thematically analyzed. Three themes emerged, namely (1) nurses' role in extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, (2) skills and training, and (3) challenges faced by extracorporeal membrane oxygenation nurses. This study demonstrates that nurses play a crucial role in providing extracorporeal membrane oxygenation patient care, placing them under significant occupational stress due to the intensive care unit's routine workload and the demands of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Additionally, role confusion brought on by a lack of professional practice norms and emotional exhaustion made occupational pressure worse.

The Democracy Effects of Legal Polarization: Movement Lawyering at the Dawn of the Unitary Executive

The success of the conservative legal movement in reshaping the Supreme Court has unquestionably helped transform the substance of constitutional law in ways that advance the movement’s longstanding political agenda: reverse the civil rights-era constitutionalization of civil and social equality rights, and reduce government regulation of private sector business enabled by the modern administrative state. Less well understood is the movement’s role beyond the courts, and the range of ways it has shifted once shared norms that helped distinguish the practice of law from the practice of politics in the United States. This Article surfaces one example of that phenomenon, tracing the movement’s efforts beginning in the 1980s to advance a unitary exec-utive theory of constitutional power inside the Executive Branch. Inside the Department of Justice, these efforts functioned to kneecap a suite of post-Watergate ethics reforms designed to guard against cor-ruption or other misconduct by government lawyers. Outside the Department, aided by an increasingly polarized system of professional incentives the movement likewise pioneered, inadequate ethics ac-countability at the top of the profession functioned to undermine acceptance of professional norms more broadly. Among the norms most damaged: the belief that lawyers are bound by professional duties that transcend commitments to partisan loyalty. This recovered history in part underscores the extent to which judicial rulings are at best lag-ging indicators of legal revolutions. It likewise offers a case study of the structural consequences of theories of constitutional power engineered around circumstantial partisan interest. Above all, it illustrates how de-stabilizing the norms that support rule-of-law systems can weaken constitutional democracy across the board.

Ethical Component of Library Competencies Design: Professional View

Objective. Substantiation of the ethical component place in the set of modern librarians’ key competencies. Methods. Conclusions and results have been obtained due to use of dialectical, socio-communicative, analytical-review methods, methods of systematization, comparative analysis, bibliographic analysis, content analysis and document analysis. Results. The need to supplement the educational standards on the speciality 029 “Information, Library and Archival Affairs” bachelor’s and master’s levels with ethical component – the librarian’s understanding of the principles and values of information and professional ethics, academic integrity and capacity to follow them was justified. Conclusions. Adherence to professional ethical norms and the spread of the academic integrity culture creates the conditions for the demand for other librarian’s professional competencies because it provides the value of knowledge and personal theoretical and applied achievements. Given the urgent need to spread the culture of academic integrity in the scientific and educational environment and the lack of relevant educational goals in bachelor and master educational standards, Ukrainian Library Association offers the scientific and methodological basis for the formation of the academic integrity culture as an important competence of a modern librarian within the framework of implementation of the compensatory function.

What we think about professional and unprofessional behaviors: differences between the perception of clinical faculty members and medical students

IntroductionDifferences in the viewpoints of clinical faculty members and medical students about prioritizing professional norms accepted by the professional community and lack of alignment of these views can lead to distortion of understanding, problems in learning and assessment of professionalism, and failure in students’ professional identity formation. This study aimed to identify the differences in viewpoints of clinical faculty members and medical students about prioritizing the importance and prevalence of professional and unprofessional behaviors among undergraduate medical students.MethodsA multi-stage qualitative study was conducted at Tehran University of Medical Sciences during 2020–2021. At first, a systematic search was conducted to identify professional and unprofessional behaviors using the directional content analysis method. A panel of experts was formed to check the codes obtained from reviewing the literature and to evaluate its compliance with the context. Then, the modified nominal group technique sessions were held with clinical faculty members and medical students to strengthen the codes extracted from the studies and systematically integrate their views to achieve a comprehensive list of professional and unprofessional behaviors in accordance with the context. Finally, a consensus was made among them about prioritizing the importance and prevalence of these behaviors in undergraduate medical students.ResultsA total of 490 codes of professional behaviors and 595 unprofessional behavior codes were identified in the literature review. In the following sessions of the modified nominal group, 13 clinical faculty members listed 105 codes of professional and unprofessional behaviors, and 51 medical students also listed 313 codes. The results of the modified nominal group technique showed that the faculty members reported the importance of unprofessional behaviors higher than professional ones. At the same time, students rated the importance of professional behaviors higher than unprofessional ones. Both faculty members and students rate the prevalence of professional behaviors as high and the prevalence of unprofessional behaviors as low.ConclusionThe results showed a difference of views between clinical faculty members and medical students about prioritizing professional and unprofessional behaviors. It is essential to align their viewpoints to understand, learn and value professionalism to develop a professional identity.

Nonverbal Neutrality Norm: How Experiencing Trauma Affects Journalists’ Willingness to Display Emotion

ABSTRACT The neutrality norm, journalists’ ability to remove their opinions and emotions from coverage, is typically studied linguistically, not nonverbal communication, how something is said. More understanding is needed on how journalists maintain professional nonverbal neutrality norms during crises. Utilizing qualitative interviews with journalists analyzed through the lens of the needs of meaning framework, this study shows journalists are continually negotiating nonverbal neutrality boundaries. Results suggest journalists are not fully aware of nonverbal behaviors’ impact on overall neutrality, trained in controlling nonverbal behaviors, nor receiving coping support. Suggestions for individual and organizational practices are provided.

Applying Behavioral Theory To Inform How Provider-Level Characteristics Affect TBI Screening Adoption In Behavioral Healthcare

<h3>Research Objectives</h3> To test hypotheses that behavioral health providers' intentions to screen for TBI mediate the relationship between provider attitudes, perceived behavioral control (PBC), and subjective norms on TBI screening adoption as informed by the Theory of Planned Behavior. <h3>Design</h3> Prospective surveys with two consecutive time-points spaced one-month apart. Structural equation modeling (SEM) with logistic regressions was used for data analysis. <h3>Setting</h3> Behavioral healthcare organizations. <h3>Participants</h3> A convenience sample of 215 licensed, behavioral health providers in the United States. <h3>Interventions</h3> N/A. <h3>Main Outcome Measures</h3> Theory of Planned Behavior Questionnaire assessing attitudes, PBC, subjective norms, and intentions measured at Time 1, and TBI screening adoption measured at Time 2. <h3>Results</h3> Approximately 25% (N = 55/215) of providers adopted TBI screening. The structural model yielded excellent model fit (χ2 = 346.13, p < 0.01; CFI = 0.98; TLI = 0.98; SRMR = 0.04; RMSEA = 0.09; 90% CI = 0.08 – 0.10). Intentions to screen for TBI fully mediated the relationships between provider attitudes toward TBI screening and subjective norms on TBI screening adoption. Specifically, providers who viewed the adoption of TBI screening more favorably and had higher subjective norms demonstrated increased odds of intending to screen for TBI (OR: 0.67; p < .001 and OR: 0.12, p < .001, respectively). Greater intentions to adopt screening significantly predicted TBI screening adoption (OR: 0.30, p < .01). However, PBC did not affect intentions or adoption. <h3>Conclusions</h3> Consistent with the Theory of Planned Behavior, attitudes, norms, and intentions affected whether behavioral health providers adopted TBI screening. Implementation strategies that target professional norms around responding to TBI within behavioral healthcare contexts, and providers' attitudes toward TBI have potential to increase the adoption of TBI screening in these settings. <h3>Author(s) Disclosures</h3> Funding: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke of the National Institutes of Health (F31-NS124263; Hyzak, PI); Alumni Grants for Graduate Research Scholarship; College of Social Work PhD Seed Grant. Authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.

Engaging key stakeholders to overcome barriers to studying the quality of research ethics oversight

The primary purpose of Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) is to protect the rights and welfare of human research participants. Evaluation and measurement of how IRBs satisfy this purpose and other important goals are open questions that demand empirical research. Research on IRBs, and the Human Research Protection Programs (HRPPs) of which they are often a part, is necessary to inform evidence-based practices, policies, and approaches to quality improvement in human research protections. However, to date, HRPP and IRB engagement in empirical research about their own activities and performance has been limited. To promote engagement of HRPPs and IRBs in self-reflective research on HRPP and IRB quality and effectiveness, barriers to their participation need to be addressed. These include: extensive workloads, limited information technology systems, and few universally accepted or consistently measured metrics for HRPP/IRB quality and effectiveness. Additionally, institutional leaders may have concerns about confidentiality. Professional norms around the value of participating in this type of research are lacking. Lastly, obtaining external funding for research on IRBs and HRPPs is challenging. As a group of HRPP professionals and researchers actively involved in a research consortium focused on IRB quality and effectiveness, we identify potential levers for supporting and encouraging HRPP and IRB engagement in research on quality and effectiveness. We maintain that this research should be informed by the core principles of patient- and community-engaged research, in which members and key stakeholders of the community to be studied are included as key informants and members of the research team. This ensures that relevant questions are asked and that data are interpreted to produce meaningful recommendations. As such, we offer several ways to increase the participation of HRPP professionals in research as participants, as data sharers, and as investigators.

Part 6. Education for value-informed nursing practice

With the ongoing transition to value-based health care, a strong command of foundational economic concepts, like cost and value, and the ability to thoughtfully engage in value-informed nursing practice have become essential for the future of the nursing profession. Earlier in this six-part series, we explained value-informed nursing practice, its historical, economic, and ethical foundation, its promise for an environmentally responsible, innovation-driven future health care, and why its adoption requires a reframing of some of the nursing's professional norms and behaviors. This paper concludes the series with one of the most important issues—education for value-informed nursing practice. We begin by setting forth our vision of how nursing students will learn and apply value informed nursing practice, consider challenges that nurse educators will face, and offer some suggestions for engraining value into the consciousness of the nursing profession.

Mapping the Police-Media Institutional Relationship

The relationship between police and media has been and remains one of the most significant for both institutions. The modern police and modern newspaper developed contemporaneously, each influencing the form, function, and popular appeal of the other. Theories of media and power, however, often address the police as part of larger power structures and ignore the unique police-media institutional relationship.&#x0D; This research paper establishes essential characteristics of the police-media relationship and identifies frequent sites of interaction between them, with a focus on crime reporting. Media effects, dominant ideology, and institutional approaches are then assessed as interpretive frameworks, concluding that institutional theory provides the strongest theoretical model for analyzing internal and interorganizational behaviours.&#x0D; The professional norms and practices that compose police and media institutional logics are defined, and their historical origins and evolutions are investigated. These long-established logics continue to direct how police and media construct and respond to crime, and consequently how crime is perceived by the public and treated by legal authorities. Because the habits of crime reporting shape policing practices, altering routine media coverage of crime and police issues may help address systemic problems in policing.

Googling it: While news search results can affect newsrooms’ perception of social issues, journalists mainly rely on it for complementary information

This article investigates the ramifications of search engine algorithms for journalism practice and its professional commitment to serving the public interest. Taking a discipline-transcending approach that combines quantitative data analysis with an exploration of the social forces shaping knowledge production in journalism, we examine a case study involving New Zealand media’s coverage of economic recession. This inquiry addresses the question of how journalists navigate the terrain of algorithms and respond to the challenges posed by programme-based news production in relation to their professional norms. Our study highlights the significant role of search engines, particularly Google, in shaping the journalistic newsgathering process and, consequently, public understanding of social issues. The computer-assisted analysis of Google’s ‘recession’ news selection revealed distinct patterns in the distribution of news content and geographical bias towards the United States within the selection algorithm. Ethnographic research at one Auckland newsroom revealed that Google Search is a fundamental tool for journalists, albeit used primarily for basic information-gathering and fact-checking rather than in-depth investigative work.

Editors’ Introduction

Editors’ Introduction

Imposter Phenomenon in US Physicians Relative to the US Working Population

ObjectiveTo determine the prevalence of imposter phenomenon (IP) experiences among physicians and evaluate their relationship to personal and professional characteristics, professional fulfillment, burnout, and suicidal ideation. Participants and MethodsBetween November 20, 2020, and February 16, 2021, we surveyed US physicians and a probability-based sample of the US working population. Imposter phenomenon was measured using a 4-item version of the Clance Imposter Phenomenon Scale. Burnout and professional fulfillment were measured using standardized instruments. ResultsAmong the 3237 physician responders invited to complete the subsurvey including the IP scale, 3116 completed the IP questions. Between 4% (133) and 10% (308) of the 3116 physicians endorsed each of the 4 IP items as a “very true” characterization of their experience. Relative to those with a low IP score, the odds ratio for burnout among those with moderate, frequent, and intense IP was 1.28 (95% CI, 1.04 to 1.58), 1.79 (95% CI, 1.38 to 2.32), and 2.13 (95% CI, 1.43 to 3.19), respectively. A similar association between IP and suicidal ideation was observed. On multivariable analysis, physicians endorsed greater intensity of IP than workers in other fields in response to the item, “I am disappointed at times in my present accomplishments and think I should have accomplished more.” ConclusionImposter phenomenon experiences are common among US physicians, and physicians have more frequent experiences of disappointment in accomplishments than workers in other fields. Imposter phenomenon experiences are associated with increased burnout and suicidal ideation and lower professional fulfillment. Systematic efforts to address the professional norms and perfectionistic attitudes that contribute to this phenomenon are necessary.

ETHICAL COMPETENCE - A BASIC COMPONENT OF TEACHER PROFESSIONALISM

The article considers ethical competence as a basic component of the teacher's professionalism. The process of forming ethical competence should be systematic and requires the application of a holistic mechanism of professional development of the student's personality during training. The teacher's abilities regarding ethical competence, as well as its components, are highlighted.&#x0D; A necessary condition for the formation of students' ethical competence is the use of the latest pedagogical technologies and teaching methods in addition to traditional ones. The process of forming a teacher's ethical competence is complex, dynamic, multifaceted and multifactorial. The substantive basis of ethical competence is pedagogical ethics. Pedagogical ethics studies the features, content, principles and functions of pedagogical morality, the nature of the teacher's activity and his moral relationships in the pedagogical environment, develops the basics of pedagogical etiquette, which is a set of rules for teacher communication and behavior. Ethics is not reduced to a certain system of sanctions in pedagogical activity, because its task is to explain the social and psychological expediency of observing certain professional norms and rules. It is ethics, from the standpoint of a holistic approach to the individual, that insists on considering the education and upbringing of the individual as its spiritual saturation, which unfolds in spiritual dialogue, communication between equal subjects. The vocation of a teacher is not only the transfer of knowledge, abilities and skills, but also the comprehensive development of the student's abilities and capabilities, the upbringing of a decent, responsible, conscious citizen of the country. The professional activity of a teacher is based on the supremacy of universal human values, norms and principles of morality. When performing it, the teacher acts as the bearer of responsibilities in relation to: the student, the student's parents, the professional pedagogical community as a whole and individual teachers, himself, society.

Paradigm Repair and News Engagement: Exploring Bari Weiss’s Resignation from the New York Times

ABSTRACT In July 2020, New York Times Opinion staff and writer Bari Weiss announced her resignation, accusing the newspaper’s problematic editorial preference. Her resignation ignited robust debates about professional norms and journalistic accountability among journalists, partisan elites, and the public. Drawing on insights from ethical crisis communication, journalistic paradigm repair, and schema congruity theory, this study used this case as a point of departure and examined the effects of NYT response to and politician endorsement of Weiss’s resignation on news audiences’ perceptions and subsequent behaviors. Based on a 3 (NYT response: acceptance, denial, silence) by 2 (partisan endorsement: left-leaning vs right-leaning) between-subject experiment (N = 251) in the United States, we found that NYT’s accepting response induced higher ratings of journalistic accountability of NYT, which in turn led to greater intentions to engage with the outlet. Endorsement from the right-leaning partisan elites resulted in lower perceptions of Weiss’s ethics, but higher levels of news engagement. Further, there was an indirect effect of partisan endorsement on news engagement intentions through perceived ethics. We discussed our findings regarding how news organizations could uphold their core values and meet their business goals during reputational crises at times of low media trust and heightened political polarization.

Формирование профессиональной культуры у студентов вуза

The presence of a professional culture is an essential quality of a well-trained specialist, a professional. The article investigates the ways of forming a professional culture among university students. The features of vocational training at the university are considered. It is noted that education is not limited to mastering narrowly professional knowledge and skills. It is shown that the methods of forming a professional culture in a modern university are carried out by a combination of education and training. Moreover, education plays a leading role. These methods are complex in nature, with the presence of both educational and extracurricular forms of educational work. The methods of professional education include specific and non-specific methods, as well as the purposeful allocation by each teacher of individual educational components of professional culture. At the same time, the university is an educational system that provides professional training and the formation of the personality of students, where the education itself at the university and each teacher are elements of the environment for educating professional culture. Formed as a result of studying at a university, the professional culture of a modern specialist is manifested in the ability to comply with professional rules, norms and traditions established by the professional community, combined with a positive attitude towards the chosen profession, understanding the social mission of their profession and awareness of responsibility for making professional decisions.

Professional Development Leadership in Public Organizations: A Refined Conceptualization

Professional development leadership (PDL) can potentially align organizational goals and professional norms, thereby increasing the performance of professional employees in public organizations. Public management research has largely overlooked this type of leadership behavior, however, which may be due to the fact that it remains conceptually under-developed. This article presents a refined conceptualization of PDL based on theorizing and the abductive analysis of 31 interviews with managers and professionals in public organizations. The ambition of PDL is to facilitate a shared understanding of professional quality within the scope of organizational goals and to influence others to realize this understanding in practice. Core behaviors are attempts to create alignment between organizational goals and professional norms, to develop professional knowledge, and to activate professional knowledge and norms in practice. The conceptualization comprises a steppingstone for systematic research on PDL, and public managers may find inspiration as to how they can address professional norms and knowledge in their leadership practice.

Public administration and politics meet turbulence: The search for robust governance responses

Public administration and politics meet turbulence: The search for robust governance responses

Self-efficacy, uncertainty and anxiety among nursing graduates in response to licensing test postponement due to the COVID-19 pandemic: A mixed-methods study.

AimTo examine the relationships between self‐efficacy, uncertainty and anxiety among nursing graduates waiting for a mandatory nursing licensing test that was postponed due to the COVID‐19 pandemic.MethodsA total of 352 graduates of nursing education programs participated in this mixed‐methods study. The data were collected using an online questionnaire in June 2020.ResultsThe participants demonstrated high uncertainty and anxiety and low self‐efficacy towards the ability to succeed in the licensing exam. Graduates, who started working, reported lower uncertainty. Self‐efficacy, uncertainty, gender and family status contributed significantly to the explanation of 24% of the variance of the anxiety. The qualitative analysis revealed three themes: (a) emotional distress, cognitive challenge and social implications, (b) consequences for significant others and (c) strengthening of professional values and norms.ConclusionsA significant crisis like a pandemic is accompanied by acute cognitive burden and stressful emotional experiences and creates an unconventional situation that requires unusual solutions. Granting a temporary permit for employment as a nurse following the postponement of a licensing test contributed to the ability of nursing graduates to cope with the situation. Policies to deal with similar situations in the future emergencies should be developed and implemented.

Guardians of the Discipline: Institutional Maintenance through Tenure Review

While interdisciplinary research continues to be promoted in universities, early-career researchers struggle to receive recognition for their interdisciplinary work and advance in their academic careers. Drawing on institutional work and the study of professions, we examine how professional norms around career promotion are discursively constructed and used in institutional maintenance. We conducted 59 interviews with department chairs, directors of interdisciplinary research centers, and disciplinary and interdisciplinary untenured scholars in an American university. We identify two modes of discursive institutional work—expansion and expulsion discourse—which suggest that while interdisciplinarity activated efforts to transform tenure review, it also triggered institutional work to maintain disciplinary order. The untenured interdisciplinary scholars used expansion discourse to argue that the tenure review norms should be revised. However, the untenured scholars simultaneously drew on expulsion discourse to reflect on the illegitimacy of interdisciplinary research. The senior scholars relied mainly on expulsion discourse arguing that interdisciplinary research among tenure track faculty should be renounced. We contribute to extant literature by demonstrating the discursive and performative aspects of institutional work by professionals as well as by shedding light on the discursive production of justifications for institutional practices that actors seek to legitimize and maintain. More broadly, our findings problematize the career risks that untenured interdisciplinary scholars take to accomplish the interdisciplinary aims of their universities.

National medicines policy development, Saudi Arabia.

Medicines are at the core of every health system. The World Health Organization recommends countries develop national medicines policies that guide production, procurement, prescription and provision of medicines so that people can access the medicines they need at prices they can afford, while avoiding irrational use. However, the development of such policies is rarely straightforward. We describe important components of the national medicines policy in Saudi Arabia, which was developed within a broader transformation of the health system and the economy. The new policy formalizes existing best practices, shapes emerging policies and sets a direction for future development in four main areas. First, the policy seeks to consolidate institutional roles to provide greater cohesion; second it aims to reshape procurement and prescribing habits, with a greater focus on cost containment; third, it lays out policies which focus on assuring a secure supply of good-quality medicines, including essential medicines with limited profit potential and new products. Finally, the policy supports the growth of the domestic pharmaceutical industry, including the development of human resources. Many sectors and institutions joined in the development of the medicines policy, which was underpinned by a review of the past and current pharmaceutical context in Saudi Arabia, and good practices globally. The resulting policy was built on evidence and endeavours to give clear direction to the pharmaceutical industry and implementing agencies on rules and requirements, professional norms and institutional roles. At the same time, it maintains flexibility to allow for adaptation in a rapidly evolving institutional landscape.