Products Of Biological Origin Research Articles

Increased antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles synthesized from leaf extract of Isodon coetsa

Application of nanotechnology for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles using plant extract can be a promising alternative to traditional chemical methods. Products of biological origin have less side effects, thus are safe for human health besides being cost-effective and pollution-free. Keeping in view this, the current work was designed for the environment- friendly production of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) utilising Isodon coetsa acetone leaf extract. The effect of some important variables including incubation time, pH, AgNO3 concentration, temperature and volume of plant extract were examined for the optimum production of AgNPs. Synthesized nanoparticles were further characterized using atomic force microscopy (AFM), X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD), and UV-visible absorption spectroscopy. In addition, the antibacterial potential of nanoparticles was also determined by agar-well diffusion method. The optimal conditions for synthesis of AgNPs achieved after 24 h of incubation at pH 9.0, 2mM AgNO3, 60°C temperature, and using 10% I. coetsa leaf extract. X-ray diffraction spectroscopy revealed that the size of the strongest peak for AgNPs was 9.5 nm, while atomic force microscopy confirmed their spherical shape with smooth surface without any pinholes or cracks. AgNPs showed excellent antibacterial action against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The current study has contributed to the development of a simple and fast bioprocess for the synthesis of AgNPs of the appropriate size and form which also have increased antibacterial activity in comparison to crude extract. Therefore, the process of biogenically synthesised AgNPs from plants is a straightforward, commercially feasible, and environmentally benign approach that can be used in disease control while utilizing their important role as therapeutic agent for treating various ailments caused by pathogenic bacteria.

Assessment of allantoin concentrations in comfrey root available on the Polish market

Comfrey (<i>Symphytum officinale</i> L.) root is a commonly known rich source of allantoin. This compound is widely used in pharmacy and cosmetology, but mainly in a synthetic form. However, the properties of natural allantoin in products of biological origin may be different from those of synthetic allantoin, especially due to the presence of other bioactive substances. Moreover, even in the same raw material, the level of this compound may vary depending on the plant age and environmental conditions. Therefore, we compared the content of allantoin in selected <i>Symphyti Radix</i> raw materials available on the Polish market. The allantoin concentrations determined using the HPLC method were found to be in the range of 15.14-36.46 mg/g DW. Although comfrey root can be an important source of natural allantoin in dermocosmetics and dermatological formulations, fluctuations in the level of this compound depending on the origin of the raw material should be taken into consideration.

MORPHOLOGICAL DOMINANCE OF ISOLATES AT TWO SITES WITH LESS HUMANOID INTERFERENCE IN MAHARASHTRA, INDIA

Products of biological origin are highly demanded in the industrial sector and because of the substantial financial gains made in the enzyme industry; more and more of these businesses are springing up. This study presents the results of processing samples collected in areas with less human interference, such as Jhow Island and the Borivali Monari Creeks. The samples were collected under the supervision of a forest officer after receiving permission from the Mangrove Cell in Maharashtra. Isolate morphology was investigated in this study. Forty-two isolates from the Borivali site shared the following characteristics: circular shape, entire margins, convex, small size colonies, smooth textures, cream pigments, opaqueness, gram positivity, and a major organism group belonging to Coccus. Twenty isolates were collected from Jhow Island, and their predominant features were as follows: circular shape, entire margins, flat elevation, punctiform colonies, smooth textures, tan pigments, opaqueness, Gram positivity, and the organism's major group belonging to Coccus. Protease, amylase, and cellulase were screened for first because of their vital role in industry. Protease producers were chosen for further testing, and using the inverted pyramid technique, the highest protease-producing isolate, Bor S17B13, was chosen for enzymatic activity. 16S rRNA sequencing was used to determine the identity of isolate Bor S17B13, and a phylogenetic tree was constructed to show that Bor S17B13 is a member of the Priestia aryabhattai strain. The gene sequence for Priestia megaterium strain B21 can be found in the National Center for Biotechnology Information database under the accession number OM743775. Protease enzymes can be used for anything from bio-industry to environmental cleanup (bio-remediation). New possibilities for scaling up enzyme production will become available as more research is done.

Biological inputs, more economy and greater sustainability

The problems generated by the inappropriate use of agrotoxins and imported and costly chemical products to guarantee the health of the plants have been a great challenge for Brazilian farmers. The growing development and supply of new products of biological origin on the market is strengthening the portfolio of available bio-inputs for the production system. Among the benefits of the use of bioinputs is the greater sustainability of the productive system, with less frequent outbreaks of pests, reduction in application costs, greater efficiency of biological nitrogen fixation and promotion of plant growth. These benefits will promote greater profitability and contribute to a more sustainable agriculture. In this way, this review intends to discover some of the techniques that can be used in agriculture within two preceitos of sustainable agriculture.

Theoretical justification of selecting a method for cultivation of mammal cells as a basis for designing membrane bioreactors in accordance with the requirements of good manufacturing practice

The object of research is technological cultivation systems, the central element of which are bioreactors, which ensure efficient metabolism of mammalian cells (Metazoa). Fundamental differences in the phenotypic characteristics of mammalian cells from microorganisms and the special phase-hydrodynamic state of the cultivation system form special requirements for the design and operation of bioreactors. One of the most problematic areas in the process of using cell cultures to obtain medicinal products of biological origin is to ensure the correct cultivation conditions in order to obtain the maximum amount of the target product. The quality assurance system for drug production is based on good manufacturing practice, which puts forward a number of general requirements for the organization of production of drugs of specified quality, efficacy and safety. The study analyzed the phenotypic characteristics of mammalian cells. The analysis of industrial cultivation systems is carried out and a new classification is proposed, which takes into account the phase-hydrodynamic state of the culture and the specifics of the hydrodynamics of the bioreactor. The analysis made it possible to determine membrane cultivation systems as the most promising. The choice of this cultivation system has a number of features, in particular, the provision of favorable conditions during a long process of cultivation of support-dependent cells. This system guarantees a constant and efficient supply of nutrients, including dissolved oxygen, and the removal of waste products. A wide range of materials for the manufacture of membranes allows to use an individual approach to different types of cell lines. Due to this, it is ensured that high cultivation rates are obtained - the density of cells on the growth surface, the provision of the necessary substances during the entire cultivation process without negative mechanical effects on the cells. The modular design of the membrane elements allows for scalability of the cultivation process from laboratory development to industrial cultivation. The results obtained in this work can be the initial data in the study of hydrodynamic and mass transfer characteristics and in the development or construction of new bioreactors, which will reduce the stage of laboratory development and accelerate the introduction of innovative drugs.

Characterization of Biostimulant Mode of Action Using Novel Multi-Trait High-Throughput Screening of Arabidopsis Germination and Rosette Growth.

Environmental stresses have a significant effect on agricultural crop productivity worldwide. Exposure of seeds to abiotic stresses, such as salinity among others, results in lower seed viability, reduced germination, and poor seedling establishment. Alternative agronomic practices, e.g., the use of plant biostimulants, have attracted considerable interest from the scientific community and commercial enterprises. Biostimulants, i.e., products of biological origin (including bacteria, fungi, seaweeds, higher plants, or animals) have significant potential for (i) improving physiological processes in plants and (ii) stimulating germination, growth and stress tolerance. However, biostimulants are diverse, and can range from single compounds to complex matrices with different groups of bioactive components that have only been partly characterized. Due to the complex mixtures of biologically active compounds present in biostimulants, efficient methods for characterizing their potential mode of action are needed. In this study, we report the development of a novel complex approach to biological activity testing, based on multi-trait high-throughput screening (MTHTS) of Arabidopsis characteristics. These include the in vitro germination rate, early seedling establishment capacity, growth capacity under stress and stress response. The method is suitable for identifying new biostimulants and characterizing their mode of action. Representatives of compatible solutes such as amino acids and polyamines known to be present in many of the biostimulant irrespective of their origin, i.e., well-established biostimulants that enhance stress tolerance and crop productivity, were used for the assay optimization and validation. The selected compounds were applied through seed priming over a broad concentration range and the effect was investigated simultaneously under control, moderate stress and severe salt stress conditions. The new MTHTS approach represents a powerful tool in the field of biostimulant research and development and offers direct classification of the biostimulants mode of action into three categories: (1) plant growth promotors/inhibitors, (2) stress alleviators, and (3) combined action.

Regulatory requirements for Vaccine registration in United States

Vaccination is one among the foremost cost-efficient health interventions out available, saving a lot of individuals from illness, incapacity, and death annually. No alternative countermeasures are effective in reducing or eliminating the prevalence of infectious diseases reminiscent of measles, mumps, rubella, smallpox, and diphtheria. Vaccines are products of biological origin that exhibit some inherent variability. They are characterized by advanced manufacturing processes and are administered to a huge number of healthy youngsters, adolescents, and adults. Their quality cannot be assessed by testing the ultimate product alone. The vaccine industry is highly regulated. Vaccines development maybe an advanced and long method. Before a new vaccine is approved for release into the market, a rigorous restrictive procedure to assess quality, effectiveness, and safety should be undertaken. The Office of Vaccines Research and Review (OVRR) at the Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER), U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) are responsible for the regulation of Vaccines. Current authority for the regulation of vaccines is in Section 351(a) of the Public Health Service Act (PHS). Throughout the lifecycle of development, from preclinical studies to licensure, vaccines are subjected to rigorous testing and oversight. Manufacturers should adhere to good manufacturing practices and management procedures to make sure the quality of vaccines.

Studies on thermal–oxidative degradation behaviours of raw natural rubber: PRI and thermogravimetry analysis

Thermal–oxidative degradation behaviours of raw natural rubber (NR) have been investigated by using thermogravimetry analysis in inert and oxidative atmospheres and the plasticity retention index (PRI). The activation energy Ea, was calculated using Horowitz–Metzger and Coats–Redfern methods and compared with PRI. The Ea values obtained by each method were in good agreement with each other. The June samples are the least stable rubbers among the studied ones, whereas February samples exhibited the highest values of activation energy, therefore in agreement with the PRI behaviour, which indicates that the thermo-oxidative stability of the June samples are the poorest during the thermo-oxidative degradation reaction. Natural rubber is a product of biological origin, and thus these variations in the values of thermal behaviour and PRI might be related to the genetic differences and alterations of climatic conditions that act directly on the synthesis of non-rubber constituents, which are generally reflected in latex and rubber properties.

Rudolf Kraus em busca do "ouro da ciência": a diversidade tropical e a elaboração de novas terapêuticas, 1913-1923

Based on the career of Rudolf Kraus, the article analyzes the search for cures to infectious diseases in tropical regions in the early twentieth century, focusing especially on Kraus' development of new biological treatments like sera, vaccines, and protein solutions. At that time, the world's tropical regions were often portrayed as more propitious for research, given the larger number of organisms that could be identified in these realms and an allegedly lower level of peer competition as well. The tropics were thus seen as an oasis for microbiological research. Kraus dedicated himself to the production of various products of biological origin, but he failed to achieve his hoped-for success with many of them.

Consideration of religious sentiments while selecting a biological product for knee arthroscopy

There is an increasing use of various synthetic and biological products in orthopaedics. The use of a biological product can be a major area of concern for patients of various cultures/religions. The purpose of this work is to study various restrictions in different faiths and their compatibility with available products focused on cartilage repair. A systematic search in several databases, CINAHL, EMBASE, Global health, PubMed, MEDLINE and the Cochrane collaboration, was performed to find out various religious beliefs of some major religions regarding the use of animal products. Hindu, Muslim, Christian, Jewish and Buddhist faiths were studied to find out whether animal-derived surgical implants are permitted. Major religious scholars were asked about their opinions, and guidelines related to human/religious ethics were evaluated. A market survey was carried out to find out biological contents of various products and their compatibility. Jews and Muslims have religious restrictions for porcine products, while Hindus reject bovine products. Vegetarian Hindus reject usage of any animal product. Most Christians do not have any restrictions except those who follow vegetarian dietary regulations. Though there is no prohibition for the use of animal products in Buddhism, a code of non-violence to animals is being followed. However, difference of opinion exists about interpretation of these dietary guidelines for surgical usage amongst various scholars. Products of biological origin have a definite restriction for various religions, with few exceptions. Surgeons should know the source of the product and should be aware of the basic requirements of the patient's faith. Patient should be informed about the source of the product and alternative if available, and an informed consent may be considered. Type of study, Level V.

Analysis of marketing mix elements of non-wood forest products in central Serbia

Demand for high-quality products of biological origin has been increasing, in accordance with changes in objectives of forest management, which are caused by socio-economic development. Although non-wood forest products (NW?FPs) have been collected and used for generations, only in recent decades their importance has been recognized. The aim of this paper is to analyze marketing strategies of companies involved in processing and distribution of NWFPs. Due to the specificity and comprehensiveness of the problem, the various general and specific methods and techniques, which are used in the study of marketing elements, have been applied. A?WOT analysis was applied in order to better interpret results of SWOT analysis. The survey was conducted among small and medium enterprises dealing with NWFPs in central Serbia. Conducted research determined the most important final products, prices, types of promotion and structure of distribution channel.

The French haemophilia cohort: rationale and organization of a long-term national pharmacosurveillance system.

Medicinal products of biological origin still carry a specific iatrogenic risk, mainly because of their starting material, mode of preparation and variability. Careful postmarketing surveillance systems are therefore necessary. To assess the long-term safety of haemophilia treatment with plasma-derived and recombinant clotting factor products, a cohort study was set up in France in 1994. Participants were patients with haemophilia A and B, with or without previous clotting factor therapy. Clinical events, treatments, biological data and adverse events were recorded on standard forms. Blood samples were separated into serum, plasma and peripheral blood mononuclear cells, frozen, and banked in a central laboratory. The same data and samples were collected at yearly follow-up visits. As of December 1999, 1234 haemophiliacs were enrolled in 39 haemophilia centres. At enrollment, 50.2% of patients were under 15 years of age, and the cumulative number of days of exposure to the product was below 50 in 35.1% of cases. The median duration of follow-up was 26.9 months, with a total of 2729 patient-years (135,947 days of exposure and 211 million units of factor VIII or IX). To date, only 17 patients were lost to follow-up. The initial results show good compliance with this health-watch policy among patients and clinicians specializing in haemophilia. The regular follow-up data and centralized sample bank will serve to investigate rapidly any suspected outbreaks as soon as reliable biological tests become available in the future.

Microbiologically influenced copper corrosion in potable water with emphasis on practical relevance

The physical and chemical properties of biofilms, incombination with metabolic and degradation products ofbiological origin, influence the nature and localchemistry of the aqueous phase at the copper/biofilmphase boundary. The pitting susceptibility of copperis determined by this change of water composition atthe copper/biofilm phase boundary and is supported bythe mixture of solid corrosion products and thebiofilm at the copper surface. Several factors influence the susceptibility of copperto MIC: commissioning, design and operatingconditions; the chemical composition of the water andthe relevant biological activity. Field experience andtheory showed that a combination of methods should beused to protect existing copper installations. Insummary, water chemistry seems to be a majorinfluencing parameter for the described corrosionproblems. Raising the alkalinity of the potable waterwhilst optimising the chloride/sulphate ratio isconsidered as the most promising preventative measureto overcome the described problems.