Products For Human Nutrition Research Articles

Review of the Safety and Efficacy of Moringa oleifera.

Moringa oleifera leaves, seeds, bark, roots, sap, and flowers are widely used in traditional medicine, and the leaves and immature seed pods are used as food products in human nutrition. Leaf extracts exhibit the greatest antioxidant activity, and various safety studies in animals involving aqueous leaf extracts indicate a high degree of safety. No adverse effects were reported in association with human studies. Five human studies using powdered whole leaf preparations of M. oleifera have been published, which have demonstrated anti‐hyperglycemic (antidiabetic) and anti‐dyslipidemic activities. These activities have been confirmed using extracts as well as leaf powders in animal studies. A rapidly growing number of published studies have shown that aqueous, hydroalcohol, or alcohol extracts of M. oleifera leaves possess a wide range of additional biological activities including antioxidant, tissue protective (liver, kidneys, heart, testes, and lungs), analgesic, antiulcer, antihypertensive, radioprotective, and immunomodulatory actions. A wide variety of polyphenols and phenolic acids as well as flavonoids, glucosinolates, and possibly alkaloids is believed to be responsible for the observed effects. Standardization of products is an issue. However, the results of published studies to date involving M. oleifera are very promising. Additional human studies using standardized extracts are highly desirable. © 2015 The Authors Phytotherapy Research Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

TÜRKİYE VE KUZEY DOĞU ANADOLU BÖLGESİ (KDAB)’NDE DOMATES ÜRETİMİ VE PAZARLAMASI

According to 2013 data from TUIK, of the 11.8 million tons of tomato productions in Turkey have been consisted of the table tomatoes (67.19%) and tomatoe paste (32.81%). In Turkey, approximately 25% to 30% of the tomato production are processed in the food industry and the remaining amount is consumed as fresh. 80% of the total amount of processed tomato is used for paste, 15% for canned tomatoes, the remaining amount is used in the manufacture of tomato products (ketchup, tomato juice, etc.). Furthermore, approximately in 100 businesses and facilities, tomato is one of the important vegetable because of its importance in canning industry as well as other products mainly processed in agricultural crops and indispensable products in human nutrition also in fresh consumption, but also in food industry as frozen, tomato paste, sauce, ketchup, pickles, tomato juice, tomato paste, peeled tomatoes, sliced tomato, cube-shaped chopped tomatoes, canned tomatoes as much variety of application areas. In this study, the importance of tomato has been emphasized in the country’s agriculture and covering examining the assessment of tomato farming in Erzurum, Erzincan, Bayburt, Agri, Kars, Igdir and Ardahan provinces of Northeast Anatolia Region has been made.

Purification of Alaskan walleye pollock (Gadus chalcogrammus) and New Zealand hoki (Macruronus novaezelandiae) liver oil using short path distillation.

The beneficial health effects of a diet rich in n-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LC-PUFA) have been extensively researched in recent years. Marine oils are an important dietary source of n-3 LC-PUFA, being especially rich in two of the most important fatty acids of this class, EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid; 20:5n-3) and DHA (docosahexaenoic acid; 22:6n-3). Oils rich in n-3 LC-PUFA are prone to oxidation that leads to loss of product quality. Alaskan pollock (Gadus chalcogrammus Pallas, 1814) and New Zealand’s hoki (Macruronus novaezelandiae Hector, 1871) are the highest volume fisheries of their respective countries. Both produce large quantities of fishery byproducts, in particular crude or unrefined n-3 LC-PUFA containing oils. Presently these oils are used as ingredients for animal feed, and only limited quantities are used as human nutritional products. The aim of this research was to investigate the applicability of short path distillation for the purification of pollock and hoki oil to produce purified human-grade fish oil to meet quality specifications. Pollock and hoki oils were subjected to short path distillation and a significant decrease in free fatty acids and lipid oxidation (peroxide and para-anisidine values) products was observed. Purified oils met the Global Organization for EPA and DHA Omega-3 (GOED) standard for edible fish oils.

SUSTAINABLE LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION IN THE PERSPECTIVE OF NATIONAL FOOD SECURITY POLICY

This paper presents an overview of the role that livestock play in various dimensions of food security. Food security is defined as a state of affairs where all people at all times have access to safe and nutritious food to maintain a healthy and active life. Availability, accessibility, and affordability of individuals to consume food according to their respective socio-economic conditions are important dimensions. It describes the place of livestock products in human nutrition, the contribution of livestock to the national food supply and the way that livestock can affect food access, as a direct source of food and a source of income. Access to food is the most basic human right, especially for Indonesia with more than 240 million people with annual growth of 1.3%. To secure food availability, a sustainable food production growth more than 2% per year, including animal protein sources, is needed. It is necessary to strengthen food supply by maximizing available resources; improve food distribution system to guarantee a stable food supply and public access; encourage diversified food consumption; and prevent as well as resolve food scarcity. Furthermore, within the national objectives for self-sufficiency in rice, corn, soybean, and white sugar, the current annual percapita consumption of livestock products has reached 6.96 kg (meat), 7.3 kg (eggs) and 16.5 kg (milk), which indicates good progress to stimulate sustainable domestic livestock production. Key words: Food security, sustainability, livestock production

Beliefs and Concerns about Dairy Products in the Swiss Older Adult Population

Various studies have shown that the public is aware of the importance of milk and milk products in human nutrition. Even so, older adults still do not consume the recommended amount of dairy products. This study aimed to evaluate the knowledge of older adults (50-81 years) about the nutritional value of dairy products as well as their beliefs about these products. The most common concerns about milk and dairy products were added sugar (60%), cheese substitute (55%), and artificial aroma (55%). A majority of respondents rated milk as a good supplier of calcium, believed that consumption of dairy products improves bone health in older age, and also believed that it is better to drink milk than to consume calcium supplements. On the other hand, iron, vitamin C, and vitamin D content were often overestimated. The majority of older adults also stated that milk contains a lot of fat and believed that consumption of full-fat dairy products increases body weight and adversely affects cholesterol level.

Terapeutski i dijetetski aspekt mleka

Milk and milk products in human nutrition are an important group of food, and in addition have therapeutic and dietary significance. In Serbia today produces good milk due to natural fodder. The aim of this paper is to present the main facts about milk and dairy products, on the basis of the available literature. The main facts about milk and dairy products were analyzed and grouped for each product of this food group. Milk, as the item of the mammary gland, is an emulsion of fat in an aqueous solution of protein, vitamins and minerals. Dairy products are substances derived technological processing of milk: skim milk, powdered milk, yogurt, a variety of cheeses, sour cream, cream, butter, buttermilk, whey, etc. Natural diet of cattle, sheep and goats in Serbia today provides a good quality of the resulting milk and dairy products from these animals. Except in the daily diet, milk and milk products are used in therapeutic practice and dietetics. The composition of milk and milk products suited to the needs of man in nutrition, and in addition appropriate, in certain situations, for therapeutic and dietary use.

Microalgae for Biofuels and Animal Feeds

The potential of microalgae biomass production for low-cost commodities—biofuels and animal feeds—using sunlight and CO2 is reviewed. Microalgae are currently cultivated in relatively small-scale systems, mainly for high value human nutritional products. For commodities, production costs must be decreased by an order of magnitude, and high productivity algal strains must be developed that can be stably cultivated in large open ponds and harvested by low-cost processes. For animal feeds, the algal biomass must be high in digestible protein and long-chain omega-3 fatty acids that can substitute for fish meal and fish oils. Biofuels will require a high content of vegetable oils (preferably triglycerides), hydrocarbons or fermentable carbohydrates. Many different cultivation systems, algal species, harvesting methods, and biomass processing technologies are being developed worldwide. However, only raceway-type open pond systems are suitable for the production of low-cost commodities.

Bebidas lácteas com soro de queijo e frutas

O soro do leite é um subproduto de relevância da indústria de queijos por ser produzido em grande volume e conter aproximadamente 55% dos nutrientes do leite. O seu aproveitamento industrial em produtos da alimentação humana ainda é considerado baixo, visto que a alta concentração de minerais proporciona uma baixa aceitação sensorial dos alimentos que o contém. Dessa forma, têm-se desenvolvido bebidas, principalmente as fermentadas, que apresentam novos sabores e aromas, com o objetivo de recuperar essa importante fonte de nutrientes para a cadeia alimentar humana. Observa-se, portanto, que a utilização do soro de queijo enriquece os produtos que os contém e evita o descarte diretamente no solo, na rede pública de esgoto, rios e lagos, minimizando o impacto negativo, conforme abordado nesta revisão.

Milk and Milk Products in Human Nutrition (2011), edited by R.Clemens, O.Hernell, K.Michaelsen, Nestlé Nutrition Institute Workshop Series Paediatric Programme, Vol. 67, Nestec Ltd., Vevey, Switzerland and S. Karger AG, Basel, Switzerland. ISSN 978‐3‐8055‐9586‐5. Price US$59.00.

Milk and Milk Products in Human Nutrition (2011), edited by R.Clemens, O.Hernell, K.Michaelsen, Nestlé Nutrition Institute Workshop Series Paediatric Programme, Vol. 67, Nestec Ltd., Vevey, Switzerland and S. Karger AG, Basel, Switzerland. ISSN 978‐3‐8055‐9586‐5. Price US$59.00.

Determination of acrylamide in dry feedstuff for dogs and cats

Acrylamide is considered to be an endogenous contaminant of food and feedstuff. Attention is paid to the acrylamide content in human nutrition products; however, there is lack of data about its concentrations in feedstuff. The aim of this study was to use a newly developed adsorptive stripping voltammetry procedure for determination of acrylamide concentrations in five and three different kinds of dog and cat dry feedstuff, respectively. The applied analytical procedure consists of a solvent extraction in ultrasound bath, followed by voltammetric measurement at the hanging mercury drop electrode in ammonia buffer. The accuracy of the method was verified by use of standard reference materials. The range of acrylamide concentration found in samples of dry dog and cat feedstuff ranged from 106 to 358 μg/kg, and from 66 to 269 μg/kg, respectively. The precision of analyses expressed in form of the relative standard deviations ranged between 0.6–1.7%. The voltammetric procedure appears to be a reliable, sensitive, rapid and low-cost analytical technique for the determination of acrylamide in food and feedstuff. The concentrations of acrylamide found in feedstuff were relatively moderate but it is undoubtedly necessary to monitor its concentrations in future.

Lead content in cereal products as a population health threat marker: a case study in the province of Podlasie

Heavy metals, which are considered basic industrial and environmental pollutants, pose a threat to the human health if found in food products even in trace amounts. Lead may cause such conditions as functional disorders of the kidneys, liver or the circulatory system. It can also impede the biosynthesis of heme and cause disturbances in the metabolism of vitamin D and the following microelements: Fe, Cu, Zn Se and Ca. The aim of the study was to assess the health threat and estimate risks from the presence of Pb in cereal products available in retail shops in the Province of Podlasie. The material consisted of samples of cereal products (flour, groats, bakery products, pasta and rice) taken at random from retail shops in Podlasie in 2004-2005 and 2010-2011. The lead concentration was estimated by using the atomic absorption spectrometry method (AAS). The content of Pb was analyzed depending on a product type and sampling period; the health threat was assessed with reference to the current Polish requirements. The results were statistically analyzed using Statistica 7.1 software, Duncan’s test and Wilcoxon test. The results revealed that the average content of Pb in the examined cereal products did not exceed the norms. During the analyzed period, a decrease in the Pb concentration in cereals was found. This may indicate an improvement in the quality of the environment, which can be measured by the content of Pb in cereal products. At the same time, owing to the significant role of cereal products in human nutrition, the lead content may also serve as a marker of health exposure.

Effects of some growth regulating applications on leaf yield, raw cellulose and nutrient element content of the Mü küle table grape variety

The vine leaf is an important dietary product for human nutrition by virtue of its high nutritious value and low calorie. This study was conducted in the Province of Konya in a vineyard belonging to a producer in the 2010 vegetation period. This study investigated the effects of repetitive applications of herbagreen (HG), humic acid (HA), combined foliar fertilizer (CFF) and HG+CFF performed in the Mu�kule grape variety grafted on 5 BB rootstock on fresh or pickled leaf size and leaf raw cellulose content. HA application increased leaf area and leaf water content values whereas HG+CFF application increased leaf raw cellulose values. The effects of the application on leaf weight and leaf volume were found to be insignificant. It was observed that leaf blade samples were efficient in terms of N, P, Fe, Mn and Cu content, but deficient in K, Ca, Mg and Zn content.

Survey of organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in commercial pasteurized milk in Iran

The objective of this study was to investigate the presence of organochlorine pesticides (α-HCH, β-HCH, γ-HCH, HCB, dieldrin, o,p'-DDE, p,p'-DDE, p,p'-DDD, p,p'-DDT) and polychlorinated biphenyl (PCBs) congeners (28, 52, 101, 138, 153, 180) in pasteurized and sterilized milk containing 1.5%, 2.5%, and 3% fat from Tehran province (Iran). Considering the importance of milk and dairy products for human nutrition and the toxicity of these compounds, their daily intake (DI) through milk was also determined. The compounds γ-HCH (13.49 ng g(-1) fat), β-HCH (11.7 ng g(-1) fat), and PCB180 (7.56 ng g(-1) fat) were found at highest concentrations. The DI for all compounds was less than the acceptable daily intake established by FAO/WHO except for Σ PCBs which was more than the minimal risk level.

Content of essential polyunsaturated fatty acids in three canned fish species

Three canned fish species—Pacific saury (Cololabis saira), Pacific herring (Clupea harengus) and Baltic sprat (Sprattus sprattus)—most common and popular in Russia, were analyzed for fatty acids. Special attention was paid to long-chain essential polyunsaturated fatty acids: eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5ω3) and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6ω3). Sums of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid in saury, herring and sprat were, on average, 2.42, 1.80 and 1.43 g/100 g product, respectively. Contents of these essential acids in all the canned fish species were found to be very high compared with many other fish reported in the available literature. All the canned fish appeared to be highly valuable products for human nutrition concerning the content of eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids.

A PILOT STUDY ON COPPER LEVEL AMONG DOMESTIC ANIMALS IN ISMAILIA GOVERNORATE

Monitoring levels of mineral concentrations in animal tissues is important for assessing the effect of contamination on animal health and safety of animal origin products in human nutrition. This study evaluated the levels of copper in cattle, buffaloes, camels, sheep and goats reared in Ismailia Governorate, Egypt. Samples of 303 animals aged 6-36 months were collected from the Governorate slaughterhouse at slaughtering and analyzed after acid digestion using atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS). The mean concentrations obtained per wet weight (ppm) for liver, kidney, muscle, hair, serum were 31.33, 10.87, 5.55, 7.44 and 0.90in camels; 27.61, 6.01, 4.10, 7.84, and 0.79 in buffaloes ; 25.10, 5.61, 4.52, 6.92 and 0.78 in cows; 37.44, 8.08, 7.235, 10.03 and 0.75insheep and 25.23, 3.62, 4.75, 6.33 and 0.64 in goats. The highest concentration of copper was in liver while the lowest was in hair for all animals. The results indicated that sheep had the higher liver copper concentrations, followed by camels, buffaloes, goats and then cows.

Copper, Zinc, Iron, and Manganese Accumulation in Cattle from Asturias (Northern Spain)

Monitoring levels of mineral concentrations in animal tissues is important for assessing the effect of contamination on animal health and safety of animal origin products in human nutrition. This study evaluated the levels of certain trace elements (copper, zinc, iron, and manganese) in cattle from an industrial and mining region in the north of Spain (Asturias). Samples of 312 animals aged 9-12 mo were collected from the whole region and analyzed after acid digestion using atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS). The geometric mean concentrations obtained per wet weight for the liver, kidney, muscle, and blood were 34.3 mg/kg, 4.04 mg/kg, 1.65 mg/kg, and 0.651 mg/L for copper, respectively, and 38.5 mg/kg, 23.0 mg/kg, 47.0 mg/kg, and 2.44 mg/L for zinc, respectively. For iron, blood was not analyzed and results were 96.2 mg/kg, 105 mg/kg, and 56.0 mg/kg for the liver, kidney and muscle, respectively. For manganese, only the liver and kidney were analyzed, and the results were 3.11 mg/kg and 1.19 mg/kg, respectively. There was no evidence of an accumulation of toxic levels of trace metals in Asturian cattle. Females accumulated more iron in the liver (p<0.001, F<I->1,310=18.4) and the kidney (p<0.001, F<I->1,310=13.5) and more manganese in the liver (p<0.01, F<I->1,310=9.55) than males.

Goat milk in human nutrition

Goat milk and its products of yoghurt, cheese and powder have three-fold significance in human nutrition: (1) feeding more starving and malnourished people in the developing world than from cow milk; (2) treating people afflicted with cow milk allergies and gastro-intestinal disorders, which is a significant segment in many populations of developed countries; and (3) filling the gastronomic needs of connoisseur consumers, which is a growing market share in many developed countries. Concerning (1), very much improvement in milk yield and lactation length of dairy goats, especially in developing countries must be accomplished through better education/extension, feeding and genetics. Concerning (2), little unbiased medical research to provide evidence and promotional facts has been conducted, but is very much needed to reduce discrimination against goats and substantiate the many anecdotal experiences about the medical benefits from goat milk consumption, which abound in trade publications and the popular press. Goats have many unique differences in anatomy, physiology and product biochemistry from sheep and cattle, which supports the contention of many unique qualities of dairy goat products for human nutrition. Concerning (3), a few countries like France have pioneered a very well-organized industry of goat milk production, processing, marketing, promotion and research, which has created a strong consumer clientele like in no other country, but deserves very much to be copied for the general benefit to human nutrition and goat milk producers. The physiological and biochemical facts of the unique qualities of goat milk are just barely known and little exploited, especially not the high levels in goat milk of short and medium chain fatty acids, which have recognized medical values for many disorders and diseases of people. The new concept of tailor making foods to better fit human needs has not been applied to goat milk and its products so far, otherwise the enrichment of short and medium chain fatty acids in goat butter, and their greater concentration compared to cow butter, could have become a valued consumer item. Also revisions to human dietary recommendations towards admitting the health benefits of some essential fats supports the idea of promoting goat butter. While goat yoghurt, goat cheeses and goat milk powder are widely appreciated around the world, goat butter is not produced anywhere commercially in significant volume.

Update on Dairy Products in Human Nutrition

This is an interactive session that discusses current status of dairy products in human nutrition, dairy products and chronic disease, future of dairy products in human nutrition.

Reproduction par effet prébiotique de la flore intestinale du nourrisson

As a result of the widespread applications and the use of milk and milk products in human nutrition, intense scientific interest has focused on identifying the components in milk that may be relevant to improving human health. Milk contains a heterogeneous mixture of secretory compounds with a wide variety of chemical and functional activities. Among these compounds, many indigenous minor bioactive compounds are present. This review provides an overview of the available knowledge on the polyamines, oligosaccharides and sphingolipids occurring in goat and sheep milk compared to cow milk. It has been highlighted that goat milk is richer in polyamines than is milk from other mammals and that the former represents a very appealing source of human-like oligosaccharides. Furthermore, it is interesting to note the effect that breed and polymorphism at the CSN1S1 locus exerts on the polar lipid content and oligosaccharides profile. Goat and sheep milk production plays an important role in the nutrition and economy of many countries around the world, especially in the Mediterranean area. Information on the bioactive properties of goat and sheep milk is an important tool for their use as a nutritional source for infants, in medicinal foods and for developing new markets.

What are the livestock industries doing, and what do they need from us?

Livestock industries are facing global competition and revolutionary changes. While facing this global competition, the similarities of many animal meat products require that they compete on a cost-of-production basis. Additional issues include the environmental impact of animal agriculture, the role of animal products in human nutrition, food safety and quality, biotechnology, animal welfare, and market access. Progressive producers are becoming more aware of the needs of their customers and are striving to improve product quality. Checkoff funds are used to finance promotion, research, and consumer information programs and are increasingly used to finance producer education. Industrialization trends in the livestock industries are changing the needs of constituencies, delivery mechanisms, and relationships with the people involved. Characteristics of closed operations include high production cost, outdated technology, smaller size, older operators, and lack of management focus. Successful operations tend to be growing in capacity, are system-oriented, maintain high throughput, keep accurate records, use outside consultants, and control production costs. Modern livestock production has lowered the cost of production by integrating new production and management technologies. In order for producers to be successful in the future, access to technology, capital, and timely information will be critical. Animal scientists have many common objectives with livestock industries. Their work in research, teaching, and extension is critical for continued progress. However, people in the industries sometimes have the perception that academic arrogance, discipline myopia, uncoordinated research, slow technology transfer, increasing research costs, and counter-productive tenure systems prevent animal scientists from being as relevant and responsive as they could be. Support from the industries is essential as animal scientists and academic departments seek political and funding support. This support can be attained by including integrated systems research, improving communication skills, achieving more efficient research budgets, rapidly publishing results, reducing the cost of information distribution, developing flexible research agendas, retraining scientists, acquiring modern methods, and emphasizing critical thinking, communication, and teamwork when teaching.