Export Products Research Articles

Distortions in China's agricultural virtual water trade: A perspective on value chain decomposition

Due to the exacerbation of climate change, agricultural water security has risen to a prominent position on the global agenda. However, virtual water trade isn't always beneficial for enhancing water resource sustainability; instead, it often leads to serious trade distortion problems due to unreasonable industrial and trade structures. This study employs pathway decomposition method to highlight the path characteristics of such distortions, revealing how virtual water trade distortions occur, why there are regional differences, and what insights can be gained for policy formulation. The study focuses on the agricultural sectors of seven key provinces in China. Findings indicate that virtual water in these provinces' agricultural sectors is predominantly exported through inter-regional and inter-sectoral intermediate goods trade. Furthermore, in regions where virtual water trade distortion is more severe, this characteristic becomes more apparent, leading to significant exports of virtual water. However, the trade chains for importing virtual water are usually short and direct, resulting in a relatively low volume of virtual water imports. These characteristics are closely related to the value chain participation mode. The policy implication is: while "value chain upgrading" has become a trendy term, merely improving trade conditions without enhancing the processing of agricultural products for export, or simply increasing imports of low-end intermediate inputs without upgrading the agricultural input structure for imports, offers no assistance in alleviating virtual water trade distortions. Based on these findings, we propose several differentiated strategies to mitigate virtual water trade distortions.

Study on Palm Oil Cultivation and Processing Technology to Support The Biofuel Program (Optimization for The Development of Palm Oil-Based Energy Plantation in Indonesia)

Abstract Crude Palm Oil (CPO) is an important commodity for Indonesia, after fossil oil is no longer the main component of export products. The bioenergy product that has been well developed and applied is biodiesel. The development of CPO for bioenergy has some obstacles, such the amount of CPO needed is large so that it will affect the capacity of CPO used for food. In addition, the price of CPO which is considered high is around US$ 700-900/ton, whereas the ideal price of CPO as a bioenergy raw material is a maximum of US$ 400/ton. Several approaches that are recommended as a solution to overcome these problems are optimization of palm oil cultivation, harvesting management, and also processing technology. The methodology used in this research includes collecting data from palm oil industry players, palm oil mills (PKS), academics involved in the development of the palm oil industry, and professional organizations related to palm oil. The data was obtained by conducting discussions and knowledge sharing with them. The results of this study will assist policy makers, in this case the Ministry of Industry, Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources (ESDM) and the Ministry of Agriculture to determine bioenergy development policies that involve aquaculture ecosystems, land selection, industrial location and optimal process technology. The Ministry of Industry and Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources (ESDM) can partner to develop palm oil-based energy, the Ministry of Agriculture will develop palm cultivation which is sufficient to support mustard products for energy, palm land can be restructured according to energy needs. To support the energy plantation program, it is recommended that the government set up a palm plantation devoted to energy covering an area of 250,000 hectares on state land or state-owned enterprises (BUMN). Procurement of palm oil plantations can be done in stages from 25 hectares, according to land potential and budget.

Skilled emigration in a world of variety

Upgradation of export product quality and product diversification are two crucial determinants of the economic growth of developing countries. Both depend heavily on the endowment and quality of the skilled labor. However, one of the challenges developing countries face is the emigration of skilled labor. In this paper, we intend to explore the effect of skilled labor emigration on the export product quality, the number of varieties produced (extensive margin), and the amount of production (intensive margin). To do so, we provide a theoretical framework followed by empirical evidence. Results suggest that export product quality deteriorates with an outflow of skilled labor. Moreover, the number of varieties produced by the domestically specialized manufacturing or domestic service sectors falls but the total amount of production increases. This product diversification at the domestic level has a similar impact on export diversification when we have skilled emigration. The theoretical results have been examined empirically in this paper.

Hydro Priming Efficacy on Rubber Plant Seeds (Hevea brasiliensis) Growth

Among the plantation products, rubber is critical to economic activity within Indonesia. Rubber is also identified as one of Indonesia's export products, which is significant as an export revenue source apart from the oil and gas sector. Malaysia is the world's second-largest rubber producer and exporter of natural rubber after Indonesia. Besides having more open export opportunities and stimuli, the domestic rubber market is still large. Therefore, this study aims to ascertain the efficiency of hydro priming of rubber seeds on germination time and power as well as sprout height. The research was conducted in the greenhouse at the experimental garden in the Faculty of Agriculture KU IMS in Kuantan Singingi, which are given at geographical coordinates 00 00-10 00 LS 1010 02 – 1010 55 BT. The research was conducted in November-December 2023. The questionnaire survey was conducted in November and December of 2023. The average air temperature of the research location for November and December 2023 was 28. ranges from 8 0C to 32 0C with relative humidity of about 81%. The research approach was conducted in a qualitative manner utilizing mathematical techniques. Data is generally put in a tabular form and analyzed. Various treatment levels were under Control, 12h, 24h, 36h and 48h of hydro priming. In this research, the parameters recorded include time taken for germination, germination strength and sprout height. According to the outcomes of the assessments made in this study, the hydro priming treatment conducted on the rubber plant seeds showed the fastest germination time characteristics in the 48-hour treatment, which is 3. 4 days. The maximum germination capacity was observed in the hydro-priming treatment of 36 hours, which was 90. 0%. On the other hand, the tallest observation parameter of the height of the sprouts was in 48 hrs of Hydro Priming, with a height of 26. 3 cm

A Study on the Recent Trends of Entrepreneurship in Exports

The determinants of participation in international business is a well- researched area with in both economics and business management disciplines. Such studies have largely highlighted factors external to the firm. A few enquiries in the small and medium sector have looked person- specific factors as explaining the difference in behavior between exporters and non-exporters. Taking off from these two streams, this paper delves deep into the exporting behavior of small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in two specific sectors after considering the dimensions of entrepreneur, enterprise and environment. Entrepreneurship is the sustainable driving force and stable source of economic development, and it is an important guarantee for the continuous improvement of export product quality and high-quality economic development. This paper selects entrepreneurship and export product quality as research objects. It measures the export product quality at the enterprise level using data from the China Industrial Enterprise Database and the China Customs Import and Export Trade Database. Furthermore, based on matching entrepreneurship at the macro-level and the export product quality at the micro-level, the impact and mechanism of entrepreneurship on the export product quality are empirically examined. It was found that entrepreneurial innovation and entrepreneurship further significantly contribute to the improvement of export product quality by promoting the total factor productivity of enterprises. Entrepreneurial innovation and entrepreneurship do not significantly contribute to the export product quality of state-owned and collective enterprises, while they significantly contribute to privately-owned, independent legal entities, Hong Kong–Macao–Taiwan, and foreign-funded enterprises. Furthermore, the promoting effect on privately-owned and independent enterprises is greater than that on Hong Kong–Macao–Taiwan and foreign-funded enterprises. Further analysis shows that improving the rule of law, reducing excessive government intervention, and improving the market mechanism for products and production factors, as well as vigorously developing the non-state-owned economy, will all be conducive to the cultivation and development of entrepreneurs and better promotion of the improvement of export product quality.

Optimization of Indonesian Pineapple Exports to Japan by Utilizing The Indonesia – Japan Economic Partnership Agreement (IJEPA)

This study discusses the optimization of Indonesia's pineapple exports to Japan by leveraging the Indonesia-Japan Economic Partnership Agreement (IJEPA). Although Indonesia is the world's second-largest pineapple producer and Japan is one of the largest pineapple importers, Indonesia's pineapple exports to Japan are still ranked sixth, below five other competing countries. This research aims to identify factors that can enhance the effectiveness of utilizing the IJEPA in Indonesia's pineapple exports to Japan. This study employs a quantitative method by applying RCA analysis to measure comparative advantages in pineapple production, ECI analysis to evaluate export competitiveness based on product quality, price, services, marketing, production efficiency, and ease of doing business, and EPD analysis to evaluate export product performance based on market share position. The results of this research are expected to provide a deeper understanding of the utilization of the IJEPA so that exporters can optimize Indonesia's pineapple export volume to Japan. Additionally, it is hoped that Indonesian businesses can effectively utilize this agreement and achieve greater success in entering the Japanese pineapple market..

Exporting Vietnam’s Coconut Products: Opportunities and Threats

After highlighting the importance of Vietnam’s coconut product export industries, the research summarizes the prominent features of Vietnam's coconut products, the export procedures, and the export turnover of these products. It also identifies the opportunities and threats for Vietnam's coconut products. Specifically, opportunities for exporting Vietnam's coconut products include: (i) Large-scale production; (ii) Broad consumer market; (iii) Product processing technology; (iv) Support from coconut associations and traditional craft villages. On the other hand, the threats for exporting Vietnam's coconut products include: (i) Food safety issues; (ii) Competition with foreign countries; (iii) Production technology; (iv) Raw material market - product consumption market. The research results serve as a basis for the research team to consider and propose solutions from the government, associations, and enterprises to promote the export of Vietnam's coconut products.

Analisis Daya Saing Komoditas Vanili Indonesia di Pasar Internasional

Indonesia is a country that has a good climate for the growth of agricultural plants such as spices. One of the spices, namely vanilla, is a plant that can grow in tropical climates. Vanilla is a spice that is in great demand on the international market considering its benefits in the food, pharmaceutical and cosmetics industries. The target market for vanilla exports in Indonesia is developed countries. This research aims to analyze the competitiveness of Indonesian vanilla exports in the international market, using descriptive statistical analysis methods, Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA), and Export Product Dynamics (EPD). The data used is secondary data for the 2018-2022 period. The results of the analysis show that the average RCA value is more than one, which means that Indonesian vanilla has strong competitiveness and the EPD analysis shows that the competitiveness of Indonesian vanilla is fluctuating. The results of the analysis show that Indonesia has strong comparative competitiveness of vanilla in destination countries by continuing to increase production levels and maintaining good quality so that it can continue to compete in the international market.

Potential Impact of Withdrawal of Generalized System of Preferences for India by European Union

Trade between India and Europe has been growing at strong pace for the last two decades. India’s goods exports to Europe have increased from USD 12.3 Bn in 2002 to USD 68.9 Bn in 2002. During the same time period India’s export products eligible for Europe Generalized System of Preferences (GSP) has also risen in absolute terms from USD 5.8 Bn in 2002 to USD 19.7 Bn in 2022. While the absolute value of GSP covered products has increased, the percentage coverage of India’s export products eligible for Europe GSP has fallen from 47% in 2002 to just 29% in 2022. Since, the end of 2022, India is graduating out of many sectors covered under the GSP regime. While, this is a major concern for policymakers, and exporters in general, the potential impact has not been quantified. This article quantifies this impact applying CGE modelling through GTAP. The results show that, while India’s overall exports are affected only to a minimum extent by the removal of GSP, it is mainly due to the growth in non-GSP sectors and services exports. However, the negative shock on some labour-intensive sectors will have an impact on the country’s overall GDP.

Effect of Substrate on Growth and Development of Ganaderma Lucidum Karst Cultivation in Bao Loc - Lam Dong - Vietnam

Purpose: The study of "the influence of substrate on growth and development of Ganaderma lucidum cultivation in Bao Loc - Lam Dong" was conducted at the Technology College of economy and technology of Bao Loc from May to September 2023 with the aims of selectingsuitable substrates for growth and development in Reishi, completed the processes of Reishi artificial cultivation in Bao loc. Methodology: Database involved nine treatments: rubber tree sawdust 75% + rice bran 25% supplemented urea 0,25%; rubber tree sawdust 95% + rice bran 5% supplemente urea 0,25% and DAP 0,25%; rubber tree sawdust 100% supplemented SA 0,5% and DAP 0,25%; rubber tree sawdust 96% + 2% maize powder + 2% rice bran; rubber tree sawdust 90% + maize powder 10% ; rubber tree sawdust 75% + maize powder 10% + rice bran 15%; rubber tree sawdust 95% + rice bran 5% supplemented DAP 0,2% , SA 0,2% and urea 0,1%; rubber tree sawdust 70% + rice bran 30%; control treament (rubber tree sawdust 90% + rice bran 5% + 5% maize powder). Experimental design was a Completely Randomized Design with 3 replications. The data were analyzed by using the analysis of variance (ANOVA) and group means were compared by Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMR) using the SAS 9.1 program. Means separation were computed following Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT). Findings: Results were achieved: Significant difference was observed in biological yield, dry yield and biological efficiency of Reishi (Ganaderma lucidum) on differences substracts .The highest biological yield (52,11 g/packet) and biological efficiency (15,79%) was obtained from mixed rubber sawdust 70% + 30% ridce brain Unique Contribution toheory, Policy and Practice: Complete the process of growing Ganoderma mushrooms in Bao Loc, orienting the development of Lam Dong into a large medicinal mushroom production area in Vietnam, creating Ganoderma mushroom products for export to the world.

Analisis Pengaruh Depresiasi Rupiah Terhadap Dolar Amerika Serikat Pada Bidang Ekspor Dan Impor

This study aims to analyze the effect of the depreciation of the Rupiah exchange rate against the US Dollar in the context of export and import activities in Indonesia. The research method used is a desk study, which involves collecting and analyzing data from various literatures, journals, and other academic sources. The results show that Rupiah depreciation has a significant impact on export and import activities. Rupiah depreciation tends to increase the competitiveness of Indonesian export products in the international market due to relatively cheaper prices in foreign currency. Conversely, imports become more expensive, which may reduce the volume of imported goods and services. This study also identifies other factors that affect the impact of depreciation, such as demand elasticity, production cost structure, and government policies. The conclusion of this study is that Rupiah depreciation has complex impacts that need to be properly managed through appropriate economic policies to maximize the benefits for the Indonesian economy.

Forecasting Freight on Board for Gonggong Export in Batam Using Markov Chain

As an archipelagic country, Indonesia has great potential in the fisheries sector. As a free trade zone, Batam is important in exporting fishery products. One of the fishery export products in Batam City is gonggong snails. It is a favorite seafood item in Riau Islands Province and has high economic value. However, previous studies focused more on the content of gonggong snails and their industrial feasibility; there has been no specific research on the analysis of gonggong snail exports in Batam City, even though gonggong snails are one of Batam City's export products. In this research, we will forecast the freight on board (FoB) value for gonggong exports in Batam City using a discrete-time Markov chain with two states: above and below the moving average. There are several types of moving averages, including simple moving averages and weighted moving averages. An initial analysis will determine the moving averages' type and duration following the Gonggong export FOB data in Batam. The data used is the Gonggong export FoB data for Batam City from January 2020 to November 2023. Based on this data, the transition probability matrix will be calculated based on the number of export transitions below and above the Weighted Moving Average 6 (WMA 6) value. Limiting probability from the Markov chain will be used to predict the long-term FOB value of fishery product exports up to steady-state conditions. It was found that steady-state conditions would be reached after 17 months, with a probability of FOB exports below WMA6 of 55.06% and FOB exports above WMA6 of 44.94%.

Spatial Analysis of the Effect of Halal Product Export and Import on Current Accounts in OIC Countries

OIC countries are countries that have the highest development of the halal industry. Most of the export and import activities carried out by OKI are halal products. Exports and imports of the country’s halal products will describe the condition of the current account surplus or deficit. This study aims to determine the spatial dependence on the current account and the effect of exports and imports of halal products on the current account. The method used descriptive quantitative techniques with spatial analysis. This research was conducted in 51 OIC countries in 2021 using secondary data. The independent variable values are obtained from ITC and the dependent variable is obtained from WDI. The results showed that there is a spatial autocorrelation in the current account, and the spatial autoregressive regression (SAR) results show that exports of halal products have a significant positive effect on the current account. Meanwhile, imports of halal products have a negative but not significant effect on the current account. Keywords: spatial, halal export, halal import, current account balance

Application of Composite Frequency Data Analysis Model to Forecast the Growth of Vietnam's Coffee Exports

In recent years, mixed-frequency data analysis models have received much attention and application in the fields of economics and finance, especially in forecasting national macroeconomic indicators. However, in Vietnam, there are almost no studies applying these models. Vietnam is a country with a long-standing agricultural production background and the workforce mainly makes a living from farming. There are many types of Vietnamese agricultural products with high export value, bringing a significant source of foreign currency to the country. Coffee is Vietnam's main export product, a product that earns a lot of foreign currency, contributing to the country's socio-economic development. Therefore, applying models with mixed frequency data such as MIDAS to forecast coffee export growth is a promising new research direction.

Characterizing the antioxidant and antifungal properties of nano-encapsulated pistachio hull extract in fenugreek seed gum to maintain the quality and safety of fresh pistachio.

The quality of pistachio, one of the export products of Iran, will be decreased during storage as a result of mold spoilage, toxins production, and oil oxidation. This study aimed to investigate the capability of pistachio hull extract (PHE) loaded in fenugreek seed gum (FSG):whey protein isolate (WPI) nanoemulsion to control oil oxidation, and fungi growth in fresh pistachio nut during storage at 4°C. The total anthocyanin and total phenolic content of the PHE were 125.44 μg/g and 675.18 mg/g, respectively. The DPPH radical scavenging activity of PHE at 100 ppm was higher than that of tert-butylhydroquinon (TBHQ). In comparison with other concentrations, 50 ppm showed the strongest antifungal activity against Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus parasiticus, and Aspergillus nomius. All nanoemulsions have a mean size lower than 265 nm. The polydispersity index (PDI) of different nanoemulsions was lower than 0.3, and a negative zeta potential was observed. The encapsulation efficiency was higher than 67.0% and all nanoemulsions had spherical morphology. The pistachio nuts were coated with different coating solutions containing 0 and 100 ppm of PHE and stored at 4°C for 8 weeks. The results showed that the pistachio sample coated with a composite coating of WPI and FSG containing 100 ppm of PHE has a higher moisture content and lower changes in L*, a*, and b* indexes, oil oxidation, fungi development, and total mold and yeast count. This treatment exhibited higher overall acceptance than other samples at the end of storage time. The results of this study suggest the use of biodegradable coatings enriched with natural extracts that have high antioxidant and antifungal activities.

Research on risk precaution of intellectual property infringement in cross-border e-commerce

Cross-border e-commerce is one of the innovative applications of Internet technology in the field of foreign trade. In recent years, China's cross-border e-commerce business has developed rapidly, but it is also faced with the challenge of intellectual property infringement risk. This paper takes the intellectual property rights in China's cross-border e-commerce as the research object, analyzes the current situation and main types of intellectual property infringement risks, and sums up the reasons why China's International online trade enterprises frequently encounter intellectual property risks from the perspective of infringement. For example, the relevant laws and regulations, the supervision mechanism of export products need to be improved and perfected, and there are differences in the determination of intellectual property infringement liability in different countries. Based on this, this paper intends to put forward relevant improvement paths from the aspects of perfecting relevant laws and norms, strengthening the legal supervision of intellectual property rights, clarifying the imputation principle applicable to tort liability and increasing the intensity of compensation for intellectual property infringement damages, in order to promote the vigorous development of China's foreign trade industry.

Comparative Analysis of Profitability, Water and Energy Productivity in Curry Leaf Cultivation: Drip vs. Conventional Production Systems in Coimbatore district, India

The aim is to analyze the cost and returns of curry leaf production under different irrigation methods, assess water and energy productivity and draw conclusions regarding the sustainability and profitability of drip irrigation. The study utilizes a sample of 60 respondents from two blocks in Coimbatore district, employing a multi-stage random sampling technique. Primary data was collected through structured questionnaires administered via personal interviews between June and September 2023. Cost concepts were employed to calculate cultivation costs, while water and energy consumption were assessed to determine productivity. This study investigates the economic and environmental implications of adopting drip irrigation over conventional furrow irrigation for curry leaf cultivation in the Coimbatore district of Tamil Nadu, India. The results demonstrate that drip irrigation significantly reduces operational costs and improves yields compared to furrow irrigation. Gross and net incomes are substantially higher with drip irrigation, highlighting its economic advantages. Moreover, drip irrigation shows higher water and energy productivity, indicating its potential for resource conservation and sustainability. The results emphasize the importance of governmental support in promoting drip irrigation adoption to enhance water efficiency and facilitate value-added product export. In conclusion, this study highlights the significance of drip irrigation in enhancing profitability, conserving resources and promoting agricultural sustainability in curry leaf cultivation within the Coimbatore region.

Digital economy development and export upgrading: Theoretical analysis based on Chinese experience

AbstractThe development of the digital economy in China has not only led to a revolution in science and technology and its industry transformation but also affected China's export upgrading. This article uses the provincial‐level panel data of China's export products from 2012 to 2019 to explore the impact and mechanism of digital economy development on export upgrading. The result shows that the development of the digital economy generally promotes the technical complexity of exports, which is more significant in regions with higher resource allocation efficiency. The mediation effect test finds that the development of the technology market and human capital improvement are the two basic paths of the digital economy to promote export upgrading. The conclusion is still valid after a series of robustness tests, such as replacing the explanatory variables and using instrumental variables.

Digital transformation by firms and the cleanliness of China's export products

This study breaks the research chain on “firm digital transformation-trade green transformation”, focusing on the effect and mechanism in firms' digital transformation on the “cleanliness” of export products. It offers theoretical and empirical support on how to respond to demand for a green transformation in trade by firms in the context of their digital transformation. First, we reveal the mechanism in the effect of firms' digital transformation on export product cleanliness at the theoretical level by extending the Stackelberg game model and constructing a variable for product cleanliness. Second, we build an index to evaluate firms' digital transformation by matching data on A-share listed companies from 2007 to 2016 with a China Customs firm database and quantitatively analyze it with a machine learning algorithm. Combined with the measured export product cleanliness index, this mechanism is empirically tested with standardized measurement methods. Overall, we find that firms' digital transformation can significantly contribute to improvement in export product cleanliness. This finding remains robust to a series of tests and decomposition of digital transformation into various dimensions. The mechanism test found that the digital transformation of firms mainly promotes the improvement of export product cleanliness through the channels of increasing digital factor inputs, promoting green technology innovation, improving environmental management performance and achieving economies of scale. Heterogeneity analysis shows that digital transformation better facilitates the promotion of cleaner exported products from firms certified with ISO14001, whose primary export destinations are countries outside of the EU, and with high disclosure quality. Furthermore, digital transformation has a structural effect on the improvement of export product cleanliness in the context of urban disclosure of environmental information.

The Competitiveness Of Indonesian Frozen Shrimp (HS030617) Export in European Market

Shrimp is one of the top ten major commodities that significantly contribute to foreign exchange earnings in the fisheries sub-sector. Indonesia is among the world's fourth-largest exporters of frozen shrimp commodities. The European market holds a 25% share as one of the main global importers of shrimp products. The research method employed includes Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) to analyze competitiveness through comparative advantage and Export Product Dynamic (EPD) to assess competitive positions in the European market from 2018 to 2022. The research results indicate that Indonesian frozen shrimp (HS 030617) exhibits high competitiveness in the European market, except in Italy and Spain. Meanwhile, through competitive advantage, the competitive export position of Indonesian frozen shrimp commodities (HS 030617) varies in the European market.