Rye Products Research Articles

Влияние на две системи на земеделие върху продуктивността и биохимичните качества на лимец и ръж

The experiment was conducted in the period 2019 - 2022 in the experimental field of the Institute of Agriculture in Karnobat. The aim of the research was to determine the influence of two farming systems - organic and conventional on the productivity and biochemical characteristics of rye (Secale cereale L.) and triticale (Triticum monococcum L.). The crop structure and grain yield of rye and einkorn grown in different farming systems depend not only on the studied factor, but also on weather conditions during the growing season of the crops. Organic farming of both crops promotes the formation of higher number of spike-bearing stems compared to conventional farming. We believe that this is a compensatory mechanism, especially under unfavorable climatic conditions. In the case of organically grown rye and einkorn, the plant height, spike length, number of grains in the spike, mass of the grain in the spike were lower than the conventional ones. For organically grown einkorn, despite differences in agro-meteorological conditions, spike length remained stable over the years, but was 18% shorter than that of conventional. The biochemical parameters of the crops differ according to the cultivation method, with conventional rye having a higher percentage of crude protein and lower ash values compared to organic. The lysine content is almost the same in both cultivation methods, but the percentage of crude fiber is higher in conventional farming. Despite lower crude protein levels, organically grown einkorn showed greater stability in ash and fiber content over the years, as well as higher lysine content.

Microstructure and viscosity of in vitro-digested rye and wheat food products

Understanding rye and wheat digestion is vital for evaluating impacts on nutrient availability and glycaemic responses. This study investigated the disintegration of processed high-fibre rye foods and refined wheat products during simulated intestinal digestion, aiming to link product characteristics with nutrient liberation. The overarching aim was to elucidate how these rye products contribute to the observed benefits in human intervention studies, particularly regarding satiety, weight loss, and metabolism.Analysis included four wholegrain rye products and three refined wheat products, spanning yeast-fermented breads and un-leavened cereal products. Microstructure examination revealed larger, partially intact digesta particles in wholegrain rye products after 120 min of digestion, alongside more aggregated and less degraded starch granules compared to refined wheat bread. Fermented rye bread exhibited greater degradation of subaleurone cell wall fragments than un-fermented rye bread. Viscosity assessments indicated lower viscosity for wheat products than for rye products, with yeast-fermented soft rye bread and rye crispbread showing notably lower viscosity than unfermented rye products. Post-digestion carbohydrate analysis uncovered higher glucose and maltose release during digestion for wheat products. PCA analysis confirmed negative correlations between glucose and maltose release and rye products, characterized by larger post-digestion bolus particles and higher dietary fibre. The elevated cell wall content in rye products acted as a protective barrier for starch granules, mitigating swelling and amylose release, explaining the observed viscosity differences between wheat and rye products and potentially influencing starch digestibility. Consequently, rye products undergo slower and less complete digestion than wheat, aligning with findings from human intervention studies.

Biostimulants and Microbial Bioformulations

Agricultural biostimulants enhance crop performance through improved nutrient uptake and increased resilience. These substances positively influence plant metabolism, promoting superior photosynthesis and nutrient absorption. They also contribute to soil health. Parameters such as dry matter yield were closely examined to evaluate the performance of kale crops under the influence of the biostimulant, providing insights into its potential benefits within both conventional and regenerative farming contexts. These glasshouse trials were carried out in the Department of Botany at the University of Otago, along with field trials on Lake Hawea and Glen Dene Stations. Bacteria samples were prepared in the Centre for Innovation before being planted out onto the trials. Information for the report was gathered from several sources including journals, literature reviews, on field trials, and laboratory visits at the University of Otago. Embracing biostimulants aligns with sustainable agriculture, offering an eco-friendly approach. They complement traditional fertilizers, optimizing effectiveness, and fostering early plant development. Rye seeds coated with beneficial microbes represent an innovative application, promoting nutrient absorption, root development, and crop resilience. This technology aligns with eco-friendly farming. Field trials of kale cultivation, to evaluate a biostimulant impact on growth, yield, and stress resilience, guiding farmers in seamless integration for enhanced productivity sustainably. This report provides an insight into the uses of kelp biostimulants and microbial coatings for future farmers to integrate into sustainable farming practices.
 Biostimulants for Rye and Kale
 The research project involved planting rye and kale seeds in the glasshouse and introducing selected biostimulants to assess their impact. The study focused on evaluating the yield, specifically the dry matter, of both grass and kale. The goal was to understand how the application of specific biostimulants influenced the growth and productivity of rye and kale, with a particular emphasis on quantifying dry matter yield as a key outcome measure.
 Rye Seeds Coated with a Beneficial Bacteria
 This study explored the glasshouse cultivation of rye seeds coated with a beneficial microbe. This involved applying a microbial coating. The research aimed to investigate the impact of this coating on the growth and productivity of rye. The goal was to determine the efficacy of rye seeds coated with beneficial microbes (including their stability during storage) in enhancing the yield, offering a promising avenue for advancing modern agricultural practices.
 Kelp Biostimulant on Kale - Field Trial
 The field trial focused on the cultivation of kale on two distinct farms – one employing conventional practices and the other following regenerative farming methods. In this study, a biostimulant derived from kelp was introduced to assess its impact on kale growth and yield in both farming systems. The research aimed to compare and contrast the effects of the kelp-based biostimulant on two different agricultural approaches.
 Supervised by: Craig Bunt
 Scholarship Projects Funded by: Riddet Otago Scholarship, Kelp Blue, RAGT

Leaf rust (Puccinia recondita f. sp. secalis) triggers substantial changes in rye (Secale cereale L.) at the transcriptome and metabolome levels

BackgroundRye (Secale cereale L.) is a cereal crop highly tolerant to environmental stresses, including abiotic and biotic stresses (e.g., fungal diseases). Among these fungal diseases, leaf rust (LR) is a major threat to rye production. Despite extensive research, the genetic basis of the rye immune response to LR remains unclear.ResultsAn RNA-seq analysis was conducted to examine the immune response of three unrelated rye inbred lines (D33, D39, and L318) infected with compatible and incompatible Puccinia recondita f. sp. secalis (Prs) isolates. In total, 877 unique differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified at 20 and 36 h post-treatment (hpt). Most of the DEGs were up-regulated. Two lines (D39 and L318) had more up-regulated genes than down-regulated genes, whereas the opposite trend was observed for line D33. The functional classification of the DEGs helped identify the largest gene groups regulated by LR. Notably, these groups included several DEGs encoding cytochrome P450, receptor-like kinases, methylesterases, pathogenesis-related protein-1, xyloglucan endotransglucosylases/hydrolases, and peroxidases.The metabolomic response was highly conserved among the genotypes, with line D33 displaying the most genotype-specific changes in secondary metabolites. The effect of pathogen compatibility on metabolomic changes was less than the effects of the time-points and genotypes. Accordingly, the secondary metabolome of rye is altered by the recognition of the pathogen rather than by a successful infection. The results of the enrichment analysis of the DEGs and differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs) reflected the involvement of phenylpropanoid and diterpenoid biosynthesis as well as thiamine metabolism in the rye immune response.ConclusionOur work provides novel insights into the genetic and metabolic responses of rye to LR. Numerous immune response-related DEGs and DAMs were identified, thereby clarifying the mechanisms underlying the rye response to compatible and incompatible Prs isolates during the early stages of LR development. The integration of transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses elucidated the contributions of phenylpropanoid biosynthesis and flavonoid pathways to the rye immune response to Prs. This combined analysis of omics data provides valuable insights relevant for future research conducted to enhance rye resistance to LR.

Reaction of winter rye on top-dressing to nitrogen fertilization at different level of mobile phosphorus and potassium in the soil

The article presents the results of assessing the effectiveness of methods for fertilizing winter rye with nitrogen, grown on soils with different levels of mobile forms of phosphorus and potassium. The studies were carried out in field experiments located on sod-podzolic heavy loamy soil. It has been established that with an increase in the content of available phosphorus in the soil to a level of more than 250 mg/kg, it leads to a mathematically proven increase in the productivity of winter rye by 1.0 c/ha (tfact.(10.0) > tcrit.(2.0)) (C - here and below 1 center (c) = 100 kg center). An increase in the amount of mobile potassium in the soil (> 120 mg/kg) contributes to a significant decrease in grain yield by 18.1 c/ha (tfact.(19.9) > tcrit.(2.0)). The fertilizing carried out contributed to a mathematically proven increase in the productivity of winter rye by 1.0-2.3 c/ha (tfact.(10.7-13.1) > tcrit.(2.0)). On average, the local method of fertilizing, compared to the spreading method, provided a greater increase in grain yield relative to the control (2.3 c/ha).

Prospects for the use of soyan cake in the production of rye and wheat bread

In this paper, an analysis was made of the use and consumption of soybean meal. Studied organoleptic, physico-chemical, functional and technological indicators of soybean cake. The safety of the use of cake in the production of bakery products has been established. Due to its economic value, reduced price, and high content of nutrients such as protein, fiber, carbohydrates and antioxidants, the use of soybean meal in the production of rye-wheat bread has been explored by partially replacing wheat flour.

Heritability of sensory attributes in a diverse group of rye accessions

Increasing interest in products made from rye grain underscores the need for developing improved rye (Secale cereale L.) cultivars. In the context of consumer appeal, there are specific questions about the sensory attributes of different rye cultivars. Unfortunately, there are very few studies that focus on the flavor and other sensory attributes of rye products. In order to estimate rye-derived aroma and flavor variability, we evaluated sensory attributes in rye flatbread of forty-seven rye entries, selected from commercial rye cultivars and international accessions that are adapted to our latitude. Additionally, we evaluated distillates from eleven rye cultivars and breeding lines. We found significant differences in flatbread aroma and flavor (P < 0.001) and significant overall distillate aroma differences (P < 0.05) among tested rye entries. In our flatbread screening, heritability of nutty (h2 = 0.37), salty (h2 = 0.57), grassy (h2 = 0.37), toasted (h2 = 0.55), and raw dough-like (h2 = 0.34) flavor notes, and sweet (h2 = 0.29), fermented (h2 = 0.34), musty (h2 = 0.33), grassy (h2 = 0.37) and toasted (h2 = 0.5) aroma notes were found significant; the number of distillates evaluated was too small to estimate this parameter. We developed rye distillate aroma and flavor prediction models based on sensory evaluation of easy and quick-to-prepare flatbread. This manuscript proposes the usage of flatbread to evaluate rye grain aroma and flavor for sensory research purposes and for flavor prediction of other rye products.

Effect of Rye for Transition Sows on the Level of Piglet Serum Immunoglobulin Immunocrit

A sustainable increase in livestock productivity cannot be achieved without the use of sustainable animal feed. Due to the growing awareness of the long-term benefits of sustainability, there is an increasing interest in replacing traditional feed resources with the most sustainable feedstuffs in pig production. Rye production is relatively sustainable compared to wheat. This farm study investigated whether the newborn body weight as well as antibody transfer in piglets (serum immunoglobulin immunocrit) are affected by feeding rye instead of wheat grain to transition sows. A total of 237 sows and their piglets (n = 711) from three farms located in northern Germany participated in this study. During the transition period, the sows were fed either a wheat-based diet used as the control diet (CON) or a 30% rye diet (RYE) for 7 days before the calculated farrowing date. On the day of farrowing, piglet body weights within 24 h post-natal (PN) were recorded, and blood samples were taken from the lightest, medium, and heaviest piglets in each litter to determine the quantification of immunoglobulins in the piglets. Feeding rye-based diets to the sows showed no differences in the body weight of the newborns (within 24 h) compared to the CON group in all body weight categories, except on Farm C in light and medium piglets, where high BW were observed in the CON group. The immunocrit ratio did not show any differences between both feeding groups. A relationship between newborn body weight and immunocrit ratios in the CON and the RYE groups was observed only on farm A. Overall, this study showed that including amounts of rye up to 30% in sows’ diets during the transition period had no negative effects on newborn piglet body weight or on antibody transfer and therefore can be considered an adequate replacement for wheat (up to 30%) in diets for transition sows. However, future research is needed to determine whether a higher proportion of rye may be used.

Rye Production under Acid Soils and Drought Conditions: An Alternative for the Sustainability of High Andean Livestock Farming in Peru

The rye (Secale cereale L.) crop shows a high potential to contribute to the sustainability of high Andean livestock because it supports the agroclimatic conditions and acid soils in the Peruvian Andes. The production of green forage, hay, and grain from the rye crop in acid soils was studied with the use of different levels of phosphorus and potassium fertilization in four local rye ecotypes (CBI-001, CSM-001, CJS-001, and CCE-001). The green forage yield (GFY) ranged from 32.35 to 53.62 t ha−1, dry matter from 6.05 to 8.56 t ha−1, and hay from 7.0 to 10.36 t ha−1; nutritional levels ranged from 9.02% to 13.56% protein and 6.50% to 7.75% ash levels, mainly with differences between ecotypes (p &lt; 0.05). No differences existed between fertilization levels for the number of stems per plant, spikes per plant, and grains per ear (p &gt; 0.05). Also, CBI-001 and CCE-001 were superior with 1868.4 and 1797.8 kg ha−1 of grain, respectively (p = 0.0072); the use of 60 kg ha of nitrogen, 120 kg ha−1 of P2O5, and 80 kg ha−1 of K2O gave higher grain and residue yields. The high nutritional value and yield of the rye ecotypes studied in acid soil conditions and without irrigation can be an alternative for livestock feeding and grain production in the rainy season in the Andes as a dual-purpose crop.

Analysis of winter rye production trends and yield dependence on forecrops and sowing rates

The purpose and objectives of the study. The study purpose was to investigate trends in the winter rye production volumes and factors on farms in the Kharkiv Region and to analyze effects of some technological factors (namely, forecrops and sowing rates) on winter rye yield. Materials and research methods. We used data of the statistical collection “Silske Hospodarstvo Kharkivskoi Oblasti (Agriculture of the Kharkivska Oblast)" and the statistical bulletin "Osnovni Ekonomichni Pokaznyky Vyrobnytstva Produktsii Silskoho Hospodarstva v Silskohospodarskykh Pidpryiemstvakh (Major Economic Indicators of Agricultural Production at Agricultural Enterprises)" as a starting basis. The main methods of analysis were summarizing statistical data, absolute and relative values, mean values, variations, dynamics series, tabular and graphic methods. The following methods were used to analyze the influence of forecrops and sowing rates on the yield: field surveys, determination the winter rye yield structure, measurements of plant growth and development, determination of yield, phenological observations; mathematical and statistical methods to test significance of results (variance analysis, correlation analysis). The discussion of the results. From 1990 to 2021, the largest areas on the farms in the Kharkiv Region were sown with winter rye in 1990 (17,218 hectares), and the smallest (1,900 hectares) – in 2018. The economic theory says that area is an extensive factor in grain production development. Its mean value over the studied period was 7,102 hectares. The fluctuation degree of the winter rye-sown area in absolute units was very high, as evidenced by the coefficient of variation of 65.6%. The winter rye yield experienced the smallest fluctuation (coefficient of variation 24.5%), ranging 15.4 cwt/ha in 2010 to 38.3 cwt/ha in 2020. We believe that this is not a very good sign, because within 32 years reserves for increasing yields of this crop (indicator of intensive development, i.e. production growth solely at the expense of increasing the productivity of a unit of land area) could have been invented. In 1990, 17,218 hectares were sown with winter rye in the Kharkiv Region, which was by 8.3 times larger that the winter rye-sown area in 2021. During the investigated 32-year period, the winter-rye sown area decreased annually by approximately 610 hectares or 9%. The linear regression model of the post-sunflower sown winter rye yield dependence demonstrates that with an increase in the sowing rate from 4 to 5 million seeds /ha, we get a gain in the yield of 2.7333 cwt/ha. It turned out that with an increase in the sowing rate to 6 million seeds/ha, the yield decreases by 4.1 cwt/ha. Conclusions. The winter rye grain production intensification should be associated with outpacing rates of yield growth compared to the growth of costs for ensuring this yield growth. Analytic quantization of the dynamic series of winter rye yields by 4th degree polynomial showed that with a probability of 0.95 we could note periods of decline in theoretically expected yields from 1990 to 2005 (from 32.2 cwt/ha to 18.3 cwt/ha) and from 2016 to 2019 (from 31 cwt/ha to 27.44 cwt/ha). We also have periods of rising yields in 2010-2015 (from 21.6 cwt/ha to 31 cwt/ha) and in the last two years (2020-2021) (from 30.4 cwt/ha to 38.5 cwt/ha). We do not recommend safflower as a forecrop in winter rye production, since it decreases yields because of lower moisture content in the soil is caused by a higher density of safflower plants and later harvest times compared to sunflower. Safflower is the most appropriate forecrop in spring cereal cultivation.

Relevance of increasing the share of winter rye in production crops of Western Siberia

Winter rye, which has many valuable properties, is a very important crop in the grain area. The analysis of long-term data on the size of sown areas of winter rye in Russia shows their rapid decline. In this regard, the example of the “Rye” program, implemented by the Finnish government to promote and increase the consumption of rye flour products, as well as the experience of establishing an information center engaged in educational activities among the population is presented. The state of the State Register of Breeding Achievements Approved for Use in winter rye was considered: it was revealed that domestic breeding varieties accounted for 87.1%, foreign - 12.9%. At the same time, 18 varieties exclusively of domestic breeding were recommended for cultivation in Western Siberia, including four varieties of tetraploid rye. Over the past decade, five varieties of winter rye have been registered in the region. The ratio of the size of sown areas under the crop in the Russian Federation as a whole, the Altai Territory and the Novosibirsk Region is presented. The data for the Novosibirsk region for 2019-2021 on the yield of major winter crops, the volume of sowing of winter rye varieties and the hybrids included in the State Register were analyzed. The situation in the production of winter rye and its products, as well as the prospects for the use of this crop in crop rotations in Western Siberia were studied. Indicators of maximum yield of winter rye varieties and hybrids are given, their advantages and disadvantages are listed. The importance of creating a collection of varieties and hybrids in the region and the need to increase the production of winter rye and its products are justified.

Производство ржи в странах Европы

Grain crops occupy a special place in agricultural production, which is due to their importance for humans. With population growth, the role of grain crops will only increase. In this regard, the problem of statistical assessment of production is still relevant. Knowing the production volumes and the factors influencing them, you can plan production and consumption. The object of the study was rye production in European countries. Rye is one of the most important agricultural crops. Cultivated much later than barley and wheat, it is of great importance for humans. It is used not only for grain production, but also as a fodder crop. The main research methods were static methods. Dynamics and structure indicators were calculated. A factor analysis of rye production in Eastern European countries was carried out. After analyzing statistical data for sixty years of observations and collecting data on the production of this crop in Eastern and Western Europe for the period from 1993 to 2021, we came to the following main conclusions. During the analyzed period, we note a decrease in the production of this crop. This reduction is caused precisely by a decrease in acreage, and not by a change in yield, the growth of which we are seeing. This suggests that production in European countries, where the main acreage of this crop is concentrated, is extensive. We associate the reduction in the acreage of this crop with the expansion of areas under wheat and triticale. Rye is being replaced in crop rotations. If the tendency to reduce the acreage of rye persists, then in the future this crop may completely disappear in Europe. The introduction of high-yielding sorts, the use of advanced techniques and production technologies can prevent this.

JUSTIFICATION OF THE POTENTIAL OF RYE IN THE CONTEXT OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF A NICHE PRODUCTION

The article reveals the relevance of the production of niche agricultural crops in today's conditions. It is emphasized that in Ukraine it has increased in the conditions of martial law, as the prices of traditional business crops have decreased significantly. Analysis of the production of niche grain crops in today's conditions is performed on the example of such a representative of this group as rye. The main advantages that form the potential of culture in the economic, agro-technical, social plane are revealed and the main reasons that inhibit the increase in crops and the volume of its production are outlined. In particular, it is stated that the main advantages of rye are versatility, the possibility of application in many areas and export orientation. Emphasis is also placed on the important agrotechnical importance of culture and the possibilities of meeting social needs, in accordance with modern trends of healthy and ecological life. The level and dynamics of rye production in Ukraine by main commodity producers are analyzed. In particular, an analysis of areas, volumes of production and yield of the specified crops was carried out. It was established that small and small farmers are more actively engaged in the production of niche grain crops, in particular rye, and the yield of these crops has increased significantly during the studied period. The geography of rye cultivation in Ukraine is highlighted. The dynamics of indicators of the economic efficiency of cultivation and sale of niche grain crops (on the example of rye) by agricultural enterprises of Ukraine were studied - the full cost of 1 cent, the price of sale of 1 cent, the level of profitability. It was established that the economic feasibility of the production of the specified culture is also due to potentially high profitability. We came to the conclusion that in the conditions of the threat to the food security of the state and in the difficult economic conditions of management for many farmers, the production and processing of niche grain crops, in particular rye with its high potential, is quite capable of becoming one of the tools for stabilizing the situation on the domestic grain market through the development of niche production and development of new foreign markets.

Development and characteristics of the winter rye variety ‘Talovskaya 45’

There has been shown a main direction of winter rye breeding in the institution. There have been described the main stages of this process. There has been reported that the reduction in the length of the stem at the first stage due to the use of sources of short stems made it possible to increase the productivity level of the developed varieties on 17.2 %, and lodging resistance on 32.0 %. In order to compensate for the significant reduction of the assimilation surface area due to a stem length decrease as a main assimilating organ in rye, and to increase the role of leaves in this process, there have been developed the varieties with high resistance to a group of diseases, including leaf ones. In order to increase productivity and its stability, there were subsequently developed and used the large-leafy forms with an erectoid orientation. As a result, a productivity potential of the varieties reached 9 or more tons per hectare. The late-term variety ‘Talovskaya 45’ developed as a result of long-term and purposeful breeding, has been characterized as highly productive, winter tolerant, resistant to lodging and drought. The variety has been recommended for cultivation in three regions, namely Central Blackearth, Central and Middle Volga. The productivity on variety testing plots in these regions during the years of trials averaged 5.25 t/ha, 4.50 t/ha and 4.52 t/ha, respectively, and the maximum yield was 8.92 t/ha. The excess of the new variety over the standard varieties reached 0.5 or more tons per hectare. There has been given a morpho-biological characteristics of the new variety. The purpose of the current study was to show the efficiency of further improvement of the plant architectonics in improving winter rye productivity, to tell the history of development and provide a description of the new variety.

Formation of winter rye productivity and grain quality under insufficient moisture

The purpose of the current work was to identify the features of the formation of productivity and grain quality indicators of modern winter rye varieties and hybrids, depending on the moisture content of the spring-summer vegetation period. The study was carried out at the TatRIA FRC KazSC RAS (Republic of Tatarstan) in contrasting weather years (2020–2021). The object of the study was the population of winter rye varieties ‘Estafeta Tatarstana’, ‘Radon’, ‘Ogonyok’, ‘Tantana’, ‘Podarok’, ‘Zilant’ and German heterotic hybrids ‘KVS Aviator’ and ‘KVS Prommo’. There has been established that for the studied rye varieties and hybrids, grain productivity decrease caused by drought was 44 %, number of heads per 1 m2 reduced on 19.4 %, and 1000-grain weight dropped on 27.7 %. The advantages of rye hybrids according to grain productivity with a good supply of spring-summer vegetation were 14 %, with a lack of moisture they were 10 %. Among the population varieties, the varieties ‘Zilant’, ‘Podarok’ and ‘Tantana’ had the least losses from drought. There has been identified that in terms of baking and technological qualities the situation was vice versa. In a dry year, there was an increase of such indicators as the amylogram height (in 2 times), protein (on 20.8 %), and falling number (on 14.2 %). There has been established that the biochemical parameters of grain (content of fiber, ash, oil) improved significantly. The obtained study results have indicated that in dry years it is necessary to prepare batches of rye with high technological qualities and biochemical properties for baking industry.

Breeding progress reduces carbon footprints of wheat and rye

Crop breeding has boosted global agricultural productivity over recent decades, but little is known about its contribution to climate change mitigation. Here we assess greenhouse gas emissions per unit land (GHGL) and greenhouse gas emissions per unit harvest product, i.e. carbon footprint (CFP) of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum) and winter rye (Secale cereale) from official German variety trials in the period 1983 to 2019. We assess the life cycle greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and analyze the data using mixed effects models. We find that breeding progress led to slightly increased GHGL, amounting to ∼4–10%, but to strongly decreasing CFP, amounting to ∼13–23% in wheat and rye since 1983. With a ∼20% lower GHGL and ∼8% lower CFP in rye compared to wheat, the extension of rye production offers viable climate change mitigation potential. Finally, we find that lower CFP are associated with hybrid breeding, chemical plant protection and larger farms. We conclude that with increasing global food demand and limited cropland, breeding progress contributes considerably to climate change mitigation through reduced CFP.

Metabolite Pattern Derived from Lactiplantibacillus plantarum-Fermented Rye Foods and In Vitro Gut Fermentation Synergistically Inhibits Bacterial Growth.

Fermentation improves many food characteristics using microbes, such as lactic acid bacteria (LAB). Recent studies suggest fermentation may also enhance the health properties, but mechanistic evidence is lacking. The study aims to identify a metabolite pattern reproducibly produced during sourdough and in vitro colonic fermentation of various whole-grain rye products and how it affects the growth of bacterial species of potential importance to health and disease. The study uses Lactiplantibacillus plantarum DSMZ 13890 strain, previously shown to favor rye as its substrate. Using LC-MS metabolomics, the study finds seven microbial metabolites commonly produced during the fermentations, including dihydroferulic acid, dihydrocaffeic acid, and five amino acid metabolites, and stronger inhibition is achieved when exposing the bacteria to a mixture of the metabolites in vitro compared to individual compound exposures. The study suggests that metabolites produced by LAB may synergistically modulate the local microbial ecology, such as in the gut. This could provide new hypotheses on how fermented foods influence human health via diet-microbiota interactions.

Spring-seeded winter rye living mulches enhance crop biodiversity and promote reduced tillage organic soybeans

As recognition increases of the benefits of reducing soil disturbance to preserve soil health, there is mounting interest in developing innovative methods of using cover crops as living mulches to control weeds in organic grain systems. Spring-planted winter cereal rye (Secale cereale L.) interseeded with soybeans (Glycine max. [L.] Merr.) is a promising, yet untested, living mulch system because rye exhibits vigorous growth in the early spring during the critical weed free period, but then dies back as the soybean canopy matures. The objectives of this study were to compare a rye living mulch system with a tilled “organic business-as-usual” control, and to understand the risks and benefits associated with delaying soybean planting date to manage the weed seed bank prior to establishment of rye and soybeans. Three treatments including (1) a June-planted rye and soybean living mulch system, (2) a June planted tilled control, and (3) a May planted tilled control, were compared in terms of weed prevalence and soybean grain yield in a randomized complete block experimental design with four replications implemented across 3 site years from 2019 to 2020. Interseeding rye as a living mulch resulted in consistently higher weed pressure as compared to tilled controls. Increased weed pressure in May- over June-planted controls in 2 of 3 site years indicate planting date influences weed dynamics. Rye biomass was positively correlated with soybean yield (R2 = 0.76, r = 0.87, p &amp;lt; 0.05) and negatively correlated with weed biomass (R2 = 0.63, r = −0.79, p &amp;lt; 0.05). Under optimal conditions where rye biomass was maximized, interseeding rye adequately suppressed weeds without reducing soybean yields as compared to tilled controls. However, under drier conditions with lower rye production, increased weed pressure and reduced yields emphasize the risks associated with living mulch systems.

Influence of the fungicide strobilurin on forage rye production under different harvesting systems

The goal of this study was to evaluate the effects of successive harvests, with or without application of foliar fungicide, on the morphometric characteristics, yield and nutritional value of rye forage harvested at the hard dough grain stage, aiming at silage production. The preventive control of foliar diseases was carried out with the fungicide OrkestraTM SC®, in a single application, at early flowering, for both harvesting systems. The first harvest was conducted at the full vegetative stage and the second, at the hard dough grain stage. The system with two harvests resulted in higher cumulative yield compared with the single-harvest system (40,680 and 9,029 kg ha-1 fresh and dry biomass with two harvests, against 8,816 and 5,375 kg ha-1 fresh and dry biomass). Fungicide application promoted a reduction in neutral detergent fiber content in both systems, with values of 753.9 against 790.6 g kg-1 for the single-harvest system and 734.4 against 773.3 g kg-1 for the two-harvest system, with and without fungicide, respectively. For lignin content, the application of the fungicide reduced values (97.2 against 110.3 g kg-1) only in the two-harvest system. Rye management with a harvest at the vegetative stage increases the cumulative dry biomass yield without negatively affecting the harvest yield at the hard dough grain stage, and without drastic changes in the nutritional value of the plant. Even under adverse conditions, fungicide application positively interferes with plant cell wall components

INFLATION AND PRODUCTION COSTS OF SELECTED AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS IN POLAND IN 2022

The aim of the paper is to present measures taken in recent years by state public authorities that affect inflation in Poland. An assessment was made of the growth in prices for purchased agricultural inputs, which was correlated with cost structures, and on this basis an increase in the production costs of basic agricultural products in 2022 was estimated. This projected increase in production costs was then related to estimated income. This made it possible to determine their growth, which would allow the current level of agricultural income to be maintained. The government rescue measures triggered by COVID-19 had three main sources of funding: expenditure of the state budget and the budget of European funds - PLN 23.2 billion, COVID-19 Counteracting Fund - PLN 92.7 billion, and financial shields of the Polish Development Fund - PLN 63.5 billion, While the government&amp;apos;s intervention activities, under the conditions of the crisis, should be assessed positively, their methods of implementation should be assessed critically. Financial support under the shields was given to companies that showed a decline in turnover caused by the coronavirus pandemic. As a result, those companies that may have deliberately created the conditions to receive support were supported. In all analyzed types of agricultural crop production activities in 2022, there will be an increase in the cost of their production by about 50-60%. The exception will be the production of rye, where the cost increase will be even higher.