Protein Productivity Research Articles

ОПТИМИЗАЦИЯ СОЗРЕВАНИЯ И УБОРКИ СОИ В УСЛОВИЯХ НЕЧЕРНОЗЕМНОЙ ЗОНЫ РОССИИ

The paper presents the results of long-term research on the infl uence of pinching of Northern ecotype soybeans (Okskaya variety) on yield, protein, and oil productivity in high latitudes (57°), a long day, a limited amount of active temperatures (1700…2000 °C) on sod – podzolic soils of the Non-Chernozem zone of the Russian Federation. The authors determine the prospects of using the method for varieties of an indeterminate type of growth. The pinching of crops was carried out three times: at the beginning of the fl owering phase, in the middle of the fl owering phase, and at the beginning of the bean formation phase. It was found that the pinching of crops carried out at the beginning of the bean formation phase, reduces the duration of the growing season by an average of 15 days. The technique ensures a more than double increase in the number of side shoots. The share of the coarse fraction of seeds was about 89%, the yield of seeds reached up to 2.00 t/ha, the protein content in seeds – up to 42.2%, fat – up to 19.1%, protein collection from the seed yield – up to 0.834 t/ha, essential amino acids in protein – up to 0.459 t/ha, fat – up to 0.380 t/ha, collection of unsaturated fatty acids – up to 0.228 t/ha. It is shown that the technique allows optimizing the ripening processes without reducing the productivity and quality of the crop, while the costs of pinching are paid off by reducing the costs of harvesting. The obtained data can be used to optimize soybean growing technologies at the northern border of the soy cultivation

PRODUCTIVITY OF MILKING COWS USING NEW FEEDING TECHNOLOGY

The article presents research materials to study the possibility of increasing the milk productivity of high-yielding cows through the use of new technology of their feeding - through the use of protected from cleavage in the rumen protein and starch in the feed additive TEP-mix. The scientific and economic experiment was carried out on dairy cows-analogues of the first half of lactation of the Ukrainian Black-Spotted dairy breed. During the study, the actual chemical composition of feed was determined, feeding rations and compound feed recipes were developed taking into account the content of fissile protein and milk productivity of experimental animals, the actual feed consumption by cows, milk productivity, milk quality, calculated cost-effectiveness of the studied energy supplement. The difference between the rations of the control and experimental groups was the structure and composition of the feed. In the experimental group, part of the concentrated feed was replaced by energy-protein supplement TEP-mix, with a high degree (65 %) of protection against splitting in the rumen, which increased this figure in the diet of cows in general. The use of new feeding methods increased the productivity of cows with natural milk by 2.0 kg compared to the control group, the amount of fat and protein in milk - by 0.20 % and 0.17 %, respectively. As a result, the average daily hopes for the period of the experiment in terms of basic fat in the experimental group was higher by 3.9 kg, which allowed to obtain 349.2 kg more milk per cow in 89 days. In determining the economic efficiency of the use of high-yielding cows in the feeding of additives TEP-mix allowed to obtain an additional average for the period of the experiment up to 32.59 UAH. per 1 cow per day or UAH 0.98. per 1 kg of milk. The use of feed additives with a high content of protein and starch TEP-mix will allow you to balance the feeding rations of cattle more accurately, adjust the diet of high-yielding dairy cattle in the early stages of lactation to obtain maximum productivity while maintaining health and productive longevity.

Impact of Mild Hypothermic Culture on the Productivity of Recombinant Protein

Impact of Mild Hypothermic Culture on the Productivity of Recombinant Protein

Red luminescent solar concentrators to enhance Scenedesmus sp. biomass productivity

Increasing biomass productivity of an outdoor mass microalgal culture is the main aim of any large-scale algal producer. Under nutrient enriched conditions, light is the primary limits to growth of any microalgae. This normally results in a high level of photolimitation when paddle wheel driven raceway ponds are used as no light can penetrate beyond the top few centimetres of the culture. To achieve high biomass productivity, there is a need to develop an efficient system to deliver light into the depth of microalgal cultures in raceway ponds. We investigated red luminescent solar concentrators (LSCs) in outdoor raceway ponds to downgrade the sunlight, re-emit and, deliver it into the depth of Scenedesmus sp. cultures operated at 21 cm depth. Biomass productivity of Scenedesmus sp. significantly increased by 18.5% when red LSCs were used (9.4 g m−2 d−1). Scenedesmus sp. protein (52.9% of biomass) and lipid (16.5% of biomass) contents with red LSCs were also 15% and 10% higher than those in control with no LSCs. Protein, lipid and carbohydrate productivity of Scenedesmus sp. were also improved by 35%, 20% and 16% when red LSCs used. Therefore, if the aim is biomass production for animal feed, there would be 18.5% less cultivation area for generating the same biomass productivity using red LSCs. This can lead to a significant reduction in the cost of biomass production.

Spruce sugars and poultry hydrolysate as growth medium in repeated fed-batch fermentation processes for production of yeast biomass

The production of microbial protein in the form of yeast grown on lignocellulosic sugars and nitrogen-rich industrial residues is an attractive approach for reducing dependency on animal and plant protein. Growth media composed of enzymatically saccharified sulfite-pulped spruce wood, enzymatic hydrolysates of poultry by-products and urea were used for the production of single-cell protein. Strains of three different yeast species, Cyberlindnera jadinii, Wickerhamomyces anomalus and Blastobotrys adeninivorans, were cultivated aerobically using repeated fed-batch fermentation up to 25 L scale. Wickerhamomyces anomalus was the most efficient yeast with yields of 0.6 g of cell dry weight and 0.3 g of protein per gram of glucose, with cell and protein productivities of 3.92 g/L/h and 1.87 g/L/h, respectively. Using the conditions developed here for producing W. anomalus, it would take 25 industrial (200 m3) continuously operated fermenters to replace 10% of the fish feed protein used in Norway.

Replacing summer fallow with annual forage improves crude protein productivity and water use efficiency of the summer fallow-winter wheat cropping system

Diversifying the summer fallow (F)-winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) (W) cropping system by replacing summer fallow with forage crops could increase forage yield and precipitation use efficiency in the Loess Plateau region of China. However, its influence on protein productivity is unclear and it is unknown whether improvement in protein productivity will increase soil water extraction and economic input. A three-year (2011–2013) field experiment was conducted to investigate the rotational effect on system productivity, economic benefit, and sustainability when summer fallow was replaced with forage rape (Brassica napus L.) (R) and common vetch (Vicia sativa L.) (V). Results showed that the rotation system with forage crops did not alter soil water storage of subsequent winter wheat. Compared with the FWFW rotation system, the rotation system with forage crops improved precipitation use efficiency of crude protein yield (PUECP) and system water use efficiency of crude protein yield (WUECP) by 20 and 28% respectively. The greatest crude protein productivity (CPyield) was achieved with the RWRW rotation system, followed by the FWRW and RWVW systems, and CPyield with these systems was 51, 21, and 36% greater than that with the FWFW system, respectively (P < 0.05). In contrast, net income in the FWFW rotation system had the greatest value (U.S. $2,005 ha−1), 27, 20, 34, and 29% greater than that in the FWVW, RWVW, FWRW, and RWRW systems, respectively (P < 0.05). Consequently, the alternate rotation system of FWFW and RWRW is recommended for local farmers when considering both profitability and sustainability.

Продуктивність зеленої водорості Dunaliella viridis Teodoresco за різної кількості NaCl у середовищі

The study is devoted to an investigation of the effect of NaCl concentration on the productivity of halophilic algae D. viridis. This is a single-celled photosynthetic green algae that lack a cell wall. D. viridis can grow at extremely high salinities and light intensities. Salt was added to the culture medium at a concentration of 0.1 M, 0,5 M, 1,5 M and 2 M. The growth pattern of D. viridis depends on the concentration of NaCl in the culture medium. It was shown that such culture is resistant to high concentrations of salt. In the classical culture medium Artari, D. viridis grows very rapidly and accumulates maximum biomass at the end of the exponential growth phase. Changes in salt concentration of classical culture medium Artari changes the biomass growth rate. The maximal accumulation of biomass is observed on 12-th day of D. viridis growing at 1.5 M NaCl. The use of 0.1 M or 0.5 M salt slows the growth of algae culture. In the cultivation of D. viridis under conditions of varying availability of NaCl marked slight fluctuations in the pH level. However, they were not critical for this alga. Changing the amount of NaCl help to predict an increase in productivity of algae lipids or proteins. The biomass of D. viridis is characterized of maximal protein content while cultivating at 0.5 M or 1.5 M NaCl. The highest amount of lipids and carotenoids was observed in algae cultivated at 2 M salt. But they were also characteristic of the control environment. By the amount of biomass accumulated, protein content, levels of lipids and pigments, the Artari medium with 1.5 M NaCl is optimal for the production of D. viridis biomass with a higher protein content. Such D. viridis biomass can be used as a feed in aquaculture.

Effect of Light Intensity and Quality on Growth Rate and Composition of Chlorella vulgaris.

In this research, the effect of solar irradiance on Chlorella vulgaris cultivated in open bioreactors under greenhouse conditions was investigated, as well as of ratio of light intensity in the 420–520 nm range to light in the 580–680 nm range (I420–520/I580–680) and of artificial irradiation provided by red and white LED lamps in a closed flat plate laboratory bioreactor on the growth rate and composition. The increase in solar irradiance led to faster growth rates (μexp) of C. vulgaris under both environmental conditions studied in the greenhouse (in June up to 0.33 d−1 and in September up to 0.29 d−1) and higher lipid content in microalgal biomass (in June up to 25.6% and in September up to 24.7%). In the experiments conducted in the closed bioreactor, as the ratio I420–520/I580–680 increased, the specific growth rate and the biomass, protein and lipid productivities increased as well. Additionally, the increase in light intensity with red and white LED lamps resulted in faster growth rates (the μexp increased up to 0.36 d−1) and higher lipid content (up to 22.2%), while the protein, fiber, ash and moisture content remained relatively constant. Overall, the trend in biomass, lipid, and protein productivities as a function of light intensity was similar in the two systems (greenhouse and bioreactor).

Optimization upstream CO2 deliverable with downstream algae deliverable in quantity and quality and its impact on energy consumption

Algae CO2 biofixation provides a promising opportunity due to earn carbon credits and valuable end uses. For balancing technology, energy and economy issues in practical utilization, this approach quantitively interprets the contradictions from upstream CO2 source with a wide range of initial concentration to downstream CO2 biofixation product including edible algae and algal biomass. The influence of upstream CO2 deliverable on algal quantity and quality have been assessed, and the influence of CO2 concentration on CO2 transport mode choice has been also assessed coupling the transportation distance. In downstream algal fixation, quantitively relationship of algal growth have been established. The assessment discovered that direct energy consumptions complied with logarithmic relationship with specific productivities while both direct energy and indirect energy consumption complied with linear relationship with protein content. According to sensitive uncertainty analysis, initial CO2 concentration is a critical parameter to influence significantly energy consumption in upstream CO2 deliverables and algal quality while the contents of protein and specific productivity are the critical sensitive parameters in downstream algae deliverables. Potential modification systems are achieved for significantly reducing energy consumption by improving specific productivity and carbon abundance with low protein content in algae.

Toward a genome scale sequence specific dynamic model of cell-free protein synthesis in Escherichia coli

In this study, we developed a dynamic mathematical model of E. coli cell-free protein synthesis (CFPS). Model parameters were estimated from a dataset consisting of glucose, organic acids, energy species, amino acids, and protein product, chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) measurements. The model was successfully trained to simulate these measurements, especially those of the central carbon metabolism. We then used the trained model to evaluate the performance, e.g., the yield and rates of protein production. CAT was produced with an energy efficiency of 12%, suggesting that the process could be further optimized. Reaction group knockouts showed that protein productivity was most sensitive to the oxidative phosphorylation and glycolysis/gluconeogenesis pathways. Amino acid biosynthesis was also important for productivity, while overflow metabolism and TCA cycle affected the overall system state. In addition, translation was more important to productivity than transcription. Finally, CAT production was robust to allosteric control, as were most of the predicted metabolite concentrations; the exceptions to this were the concentrations of succinate and malate, and to a lesser extent pyruvate and acetate, which varied from the measured values when allosteric control was removed. This study is the first to use kinetic modeling to predict dynamic protein production in a cell-free E. coli system, and could provide a foundation for genome scale, dynamic modeling of cell-free E. coli protein synthesis.

Upgrading of efficient and scalable CRISPR\u2013Cas-mediated technology for genetic engineering in thermophilic fungus Myceliophthora thermophila

BackgroundThermophilic filamentous fungus Myceliophthora thermophila has great capacity for biomass degradation and is an attractive system for direct production of enzymes and chemicals from plant biomass. Its industrial importance inspired us to develop genome editing tools to speed up the genetic engineering of this fungus. First-generation CRISPR–Cas9 technology was developed in 2017 and, since then, some progress has been made in thermophilic fungi genetic engineering, but a number of limitations remain. They include the need for complex independent expression cassettes for targeting multiplex genomic loci and the limited number of available selectable marker genes.ResultsIn this study, we developed an Acidaminococcus sp. Cas12a-based CRISPR system for efficient multiplex genome editing, using a single-array approach in M. thermophila. These CRISPR–Cas12a cassettes worked well for simultaneous multiple gene deletions/insertions. We also developed a new simple approach for marker recycling that relied on the novel cleavage activity of the CRISPR–Cas12a system to make DNA breaks in selected markers. We demonstrated its performance by targeting nine genes involved in the cellulase production pathway in M. thermophila via three transformation rounds, using two selectable markers neo and bar. We obtained the nonuple mutant M9 in which protein productivity and lignocellulase activity were 9.0- and 18.5-fold higher than in the wild type. We conducted a parallel investigation using our transient CRISPR–Cas9 system and found the two technologies were complementary. Together we called them CRISPR–Cas-assisted marker recycling technology (Camr technology).ConclusionsOur study described new approaches (Camr technology) that allow easy and efficient marker recycling and iterative stacking of traits in the same thermophilic fungus strain either, using the newly established CRISPR–Cas12a system or the established CRISPR–Cas9 system. This Camr technology will be a versatile and efficient tool for engineering, theoretically, an unlimited number of genes in fungi. We expect this advance to accelerate biotechnology-oriented engineering processes in fungi.

Microbial protein production from methane via electrochemical biogas upgrading

Abstract Microbial protein (MP) can alleviate the increasing pressure of food demand on agriculture and our environment. For its sustainable production, feedstocks such as biomethane or (bio)hydrogen are needed. Here, we coupled biogas produced from agricultural waste directly with electrochemical biogas upgrading to subsequently produce MP from methane, hydrogen or a mixture thereof. Biogas was produced from co-digestion of pumpkin and pig manure at production rates of 0.73 ± 0.24 Lbiogas L−1reactor day−1 (59% CH4) and 0.59 ± 0.29 Lbiogas L−1reactor day−1 (50% CH4). The biogas was directed to the cathode of an electrochemical cell. At current densities of 20 and 40 A m−2, CO2 removal efficiencies of 88 ± 14% and 99 ± 1% were achieved. Enrichments of MP (hydrogen- and methane oxidizing bacterial cultures) were cultivated on either raw biogas or gases obtained from the cathode (CH4, CO2, H2) and anode (CO2, O2) in batch mode with external supplementation of O2 and H2 when required. The best performance was obtained when the cathode off-gas was used in terms of biomass concentration (0.585 g CDW L−1), yield (0.150 g CDW g−1 COD), efficiency of COD conversion to protein (17%) volumetric biomass productivity (0.226 g CDW L−1 day−1) and volumetric protein productivity (0.181 g protein L−1 day−1). The protein content was similar when using anode and cathode off-gases (66.3 ± 7.3% of CDW) with raw biogas resulting in a 6% lower protein content. This proof of concept demonstrated that electrochemical biogas upgrading enables steering MP production.

Review on Seaweed as Supplement Fish Feed

The review briefly describing the importance of macroalgae “seaweed†as renewable source of fish feed. Fish aquaculture costs have including investment and operational costs including feed, energy, labor, fuel, oxygen, water, and medicament costs. The feed cost regarding about 40-60% from fish production. Hence, there is a need to reduce the cost of feed with increasing the growth performance and high survival rate of fish. Seaweed are a shelter for different generations of marine organisms to promote growth and feed efficiency. Moreover, they act as possible alternative protein sources for farmed fish because of their high protein content and productivity. They have been declared as a “super feed†, which has significant positive effects on fish performance due to their nutritive and biological values.

Effect of nitrogen concentration on the growth rate and biochemical composition of the microalga, Isochrysis galbana

Nitrogen represents a critical macronutrient that regulates the metabolism and consequently, the growth and biochemical composition of microalgae. In this study, the effect of different nitrogen concentrations (0, 36, 72, 144 and 288 mg/L) on the growth rate and biochemical composition of Isochrysis galbana was investigated. Cell growth, pigments and protein content of I. galbana biomass decreased with diminishing nitrogen concentration; while carbohydrates showed the highest value, 47%, in case of total nitrogen deprivation. Poly unsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) increased five-fold under sufficient nitrogen concentrations (72 mg/L), compared to nitrogen deprivation. In contrast, concentration of saturated fatty acids (SFAs), 75.79% under nitrogen deprivation, was higher than in case of nitrogen sufficiency, 36.63%. The highest carbohydrate, protein and lipid productivities observed were 156.7, 326.2 and 264.6 mg/L under nitrogen concentrations of 72, 0 and 72 mg/L, respectively. The results of this study indicate that nitrogen concentration significantly affects the growth and biochemical compositions of I. galbana.

Examination of indigenous microalgal species for maximal protein synthesis

The expanding aquaculture industry increases the prices of fishmeal, the main protein source in fish diet. A promising alternative is microalgal protein. Therefore, we investigated the protein production capacities of green microalgae Chlorella sorokiniana CY1 and Chlorella vulgaris ESP-31. After optimization, the maximum biomass and protein productivities of Chlorella sorokiniana CY1 reached high values of 4.35 ± 0.09 and 0.856 ± 0.025 g/L/d, while that of Chlorella vulgaris ESP-31 also reached high values of 4.636 ± 0.10 and 0.946 ± 0.065 g/L/d. The cultivation time for both species was only 2 days, wherein Chlorella sorokiniana CY1 and Chlorella vulgaris ESP-31 amassed moderate protein contents of 25.9 ± 1.3% and 26.8 ± 1.3%. The optimum conditions for both species were 50% initial nitrate concentration of Basal medium, 5% CO2 aeration, and 750 μmol/m2/s light intensity. The high biomass and protein productivities of both species indicated their capability as potential protein sources.

Effect of Glycerol Concentration and Light Intensity on Growth and Biochemical Composition of Arthrospira (Spirulina) Platensis: A Study in Semi-Continuous Mode with Non-Aseptic Conditions

In this study, Arthrospira platensis was grown in the presence of different glycerol concentrations (0.5–9 g/L) under three light intensities (5, 10 and 15 Klux) in semi-continuous mode and under non-axenic conditions. The aim of this study was to investigate the growth performance, the biomass biochemical composition and any interactions between A. platensis and bacteria that would potentially grow as well on glycerol. The results here show that glycerol did not have any positive effect on biomass production of A. platensis. In contrast, it was observed that by increasing glycerol concentration the growth performance of A. platensis was restricted, while a gradual increase of bacteria population was observed, which apparently outcompeted and repressed A. platensis growth. Chlorophyll fluorescence measurements (Quantum Yields) revealed that glycerol was not an inhibiting factor per se of photosynthesis. On the other hand, cyanobacterial biomass grown on glycerol displayed a higher content in proteins and lipids. Especially, protein productivity was enhanced around 15–35% with the addition of glycerol compared to the control. In distinction, carbohydrate and photosynthetic pigments (phycocyanin and chlorophyll-α) content decreased with the increase of glycerol concentration. The results here suggest that A. platensis did not utilize glycerol for biomass production but most probably as metabolic energy carrier towards synthesis of proteins and lipids, which are more energy consuming metabolites compared to carbohydrates. The study revealed that the addition of glycerol at amounts of 0.5–1.5 g/L could be a strategy to improve protein productivity by A. platensis.

Silk-CNT Mediated Fibroblast Stimulation toward Chronic Wound Repair.

BackgroundDiabetic patients suffer from chronic wounds partly due to altered function of fibroblasts. Fibroblasts of diabetic patients synthesize collagen I (COLI) at a much higher level than collagen III (COLIII), resulting in delayed tissue granulation and, consequently, a delay in the overall wound healing process.MethodsWe aimed to revive the matrix protein productivity of diabetic fibroblasts by employing aligned, electrically conductive and biocompatible spider silk-CNT fibers as a cell culture matrix to mediate the electrical stimulation of fibroblasts to induce cell polarization and activation.ResultsA 5.2 and 42.7 fold increase in COLI and COLIII production was induced in diabetic fibroblasts. The stimulated cells synthesized a substantially high level of COLIII to reduce the abnormally high COLI/COLIII ratio, and the matrix metalloproteinases expression was markedly suppressed. The protein expression profile was consistent with favorable wound healing. The modulation effect was also demonstrated in normal fibroblasts of healthy individuals, suggesting that the developed method can be utilized generally for connective tissue repair. Silkworm silk-CNT fibers corroborated similar effects on restoring the function of diabetic fibroblasts.ConclusionsThe approach of using an engineered biopolymer matrix to remedy dysfunctional fibroblasts of patients offers the opportunity of developing personalized cell therapy for noninvasive treatments and inspires the design of multi-functional biometrics for effective tissue regeneration.

Efficient expression vectors and host strain for the production of recombinant proteins by Yarrowia lipolytica in process conditions

BackgroundThe oleaginous yeast Yarrowia lipolytica is increasingly used as an alternative cell factory for the production of recombinant proteins. Recently, regulated promoters from genes EYK1 and EYD1, encoding an erythrulose kinase and an erythritol dehydrogenase, respectively, have been identified and characterized in this yeast. Hybrid promoters up-regulated by polyols such as erythritol and erythrulose have been developed based on tandem copies of upstream activating sequences from EYK1 (UAS1EYK1) and XPR2 (encoding extracellular protease, UAS1XPR2) promoters.ResultsThe strength of native (pEYD1) and engineered promoters (pEYK1-3AB and pHU8EYK) was compared using the extracellular lipase CalB from Candida antarctica as a model protein and a novel dedicated host strain. This latter is engineered in polyol metabolism and allows targeted chromosomal integration. In process conditions, engineered promoters pEYK1-3AB and pHU8EYK yielded 2.8 and 2.5-fold higher protein productivity, respectively, as compared to the reference pTEF promoter. We also demonstrated the possibility of multicopy integration in the newly developed host strain. In batch bioreactor, the CalB multi-copy strain RIY406 led to a 1.6 fold increased lipase productivity (45,125 U mL−1) within 24 h as compared to the mono-copy strain.ConclusionsThe expression system described herein appears promising for recombinant extracellular protein production in Y. lipolytica.

Increased mAb production in amplified CHO cell lines is associated with increased interaction of CREB1 with transgene promoter.

Most therapeutic monoclonal antibodies in biopharmaceutical processes are produced in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. Technological advances have rendered the selection procedure for higher producers a robust protocol. However, information on molecular mechanisms that impart the property of hyper-productivity in the final selected clones is currently lacking. In this study, an IgG-producing industrial cell line and its methotrexate (MTX)-amplified progeny cell line were analyzed using transcriptomic, proteomic, phosphoproteomic, and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) techniques. Computational prediction of transcription factor binding to the transgene cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter by the Transcription Element Search System and upstream regulator analysis of the differential transcriptomic data suggested increased in vivo CMV promoter-cAMP response element binding protein (CREB1) interaction in the higher producing cell line. Differential nuclear proteomic analysis detected 1.3-fold less CREB1 in the nucleus of the high productivity cell line compared with the parental cell line. However, the differential abundance of multiple CREB1 phosphopeptides suggested an increase in CREB1 activity in the higher producing cell line, which was confirmed by increased association of the CMV promotor with CREB1 in the high producer cell line. Thus, we show here that the nuclear proteome and phosphoproteome have an important role in regulating final productivity of recombinant proteins from CHO cells, and that CREB1 may play a role in transcriptional enhancement. Moreover, CREB1 phosphosites may be potential targets for cell engineering for increased productivity.

Evaluating the impact of suramin additive on CHO cells producing Fc-fusion protein.

To examine the effects of suramin in CHO cell cultures in terms of the cell culture performance and quality of the Fc-fusion protein. Suramin had positive effects on the CHO cell cultures. The addition of suramin caused an increase in the viable cell density, cell viability, and titer of the Fc-fusion protein. Moreover, suramin had no impact on protein aggregation and enhanced the sialic acid contents of Fc-fusion protein by 1.18-fold. The enhanced sialylation was not caused by the increased nucleotide sugar level but by the inhibition of sialidase activity. The results showed that suramin inhibited apoptosis and had positive impacts on the productivity and quality of Fc-fusion protein. The addition of suramin increased the production of Fc-fusion protein and enhanced sialylation when added as a supplement to the media component in CHO cell cultures. This study suggested that suramin could be a beneficial additive during the biological production in terms of the productivity and quality of Fc-fusion protein.