Chickpea Production Research Articles

Role of cluster frontline demonstrations in enhancing production and productivity of chickpea

Cluster front line demonstrations (CFLDs) on chickpea variety ‘Phule Vikram’ were conducted by Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Khamgaon during Rabi 2020 to 2023 in Beed district of Maharashtra. The results revealed that average seed yield of 1803 kg/ha under demonstrated plots as compared to farmer’s practice (1360 kg/ ha). The average yield of chickpea is increased by 33.12% with high yielding varietal intervention. Adoption of scientific package of practices like seed treatment, integrated nutrient management, irrigation at critical growth stage, seed treatment with bio-fertilizers and need based suitable plant protection practices resulted in higher yields. The improved technologies gave higher net returns of ` 44,150, ` 60,765 and ` 65,898 per hectare as against to farmer’s practices i.e., ` 25,200, ` 38,605 and ` 47,625 per hectare during the study period 2020-21, 2021-22 and 2022-23, respectively. This shows the efficiency and effectiveness of the improved technologies as a result of successful technical interventions to enhance the production and productivity of chickpea.

Response of bio-fertilizers, levels of nitrogen and different row spacings on productivity of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)

Response of bio-fertilizers, levels of nitrogen and different row spacings on productivity of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)

Integration of Insecticides and Varieties on management of Pod Borer (Helicoverpaarmigera) and productivity of Chickpea (Cicerarietinum L.) in Adola, Southern Oromia

Integration of Insecticides and Varieties on management of Pod Borer (Helicoverpaarmigera) and productivity of Chickpea (Cicerarietinum L.) in Adola, Southern Oromia

Influence of extra-root nutrition and seed inoculation on symbiotic and grain productivity of chickpea

Influence of extra-root nutrition and seed inoculation on symbiotic and grain productivity of chickpea

INTERACTIVE EFFECTS OF HEAT STRESS AND WATER DEFICIT ON THE PERFORMANCE OF CHICKPEA (Cicer arietinum L.) GENOTYPES IN SUDAN

Climate variations pose significant challenges for chickpea production. Increases tolerance to heat stress and water deficit is an important option to increase chickpea productivity in Sudan. This study aimed to evaluate the performance, stability and correlation between different traits of nine chickpea genotypes under different conditions. The genotypes were tested at two locations; Hudeiba for three seasons (2007/08, 2009/10 and 2010/11) and Shambat during season 2008/09. To induce stresses, four treatments were used: non-stress, terminal heat stresses, water stress and combination of heat and water stresses. A split-plot design with three replications was used where the stress treatments were assigned to main plots and genotypes to subplots. The results showed that heat, water and combined stresses significantly affected all studied traits. Heat stress induced more reduction than water stress for most of the traits, however combined stress imposed the highest effect. Significant differences between genotypes for all studied traits were also found. The interactions between the genotypes and treatments were significant for most of studied traits. Some genotypes were found tolerant and stable under water deficit (Wad Hamid and Shendi), heat stress (Hwata), or combined stress (Wad Hamid) conditions. Seed yield positively and significantly correlated with number of pods/plant, number of seeds/plant, 100- seed weight and plant height and these traits could be used as selection criteria for breeding high yielding genotypes. It could be concluded that cultivars differentially responded to heat, water and combined stresses, indicating that further improvement in the tolerance of chickpea to these stresses could be achieved.

Effect of planting dates and irrigation regimes on productivity and profitability of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) under late sown condition

Effect of planting dates and irrigation regimes on productivity and profitability of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) under late sown condition

Effect of foliar application of potassium nitrate on yield attributes, productivity and economics of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) cultivation in south-western Punjab

Effect of foliar application of potassium nitrate on yield attributes, productivity and economics of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) cultivation in south-western Punjab

Estimation of resource use efficiency of chickpea production in Banda district of Bundelkhand region, Uttar Pradesh

Estimation of resource use efficiency of chickpea production in Banda district of Bundelkhand region, Uttar Pradesh

Yield gap analysis of chickpea production through cluster frontline demonstrations in Samba district, Jammu and Kashmir

Yield gap analysis of chickpea production through cluster frontline demonstrations in Samba district, Jammu and Kashmir

Effects of Different Soil Tillage Methods, Phosphorus Fertilizer Doses and Bacteria Inoculation on Yield and Yield Components in Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)

This study was conducted to determine the effect of different soil tillage methods, phosphorus levels and bacteries on the yield and yield components in chickpea under Muğla/Turkey conditions in 2017 and 2018. Chickpea variety Inci was used as materials in this study. The study was conducted at split-split plot design with the three replication. Soil tillage methods was in main plots, phosphorus doses in subplots and bacteria application in sub-sub plots. According to finding of this study, reduced tillage system for chickpea production was the most efficient tool for obtaining the high yield performance. It is seen that phosphorus fertilizer applications cause an increase in yield in chickpea. In general, the application of rhizobia and phosphate solubilizing bacteria separately supported the yield increase in the plant. As a result, only rhizobia application, 60 kg ha-1 P2O5 and reduced tillage gave the highest yield.

Energy Consumption and Cost Analysis of Different Chickpea Nipping Operations

India contributes 65% in chickpea production over top 10 chickpea growing countries. Chickpea is a rabi crop generally grown after rice. An interculture operation is formed four to six weeks after sowing of chickpea in which chickpea leaves were nipped to boost its growth that is known as nipping. Two to three time nipping needed in chickpea crop. That is important operation that helps for more production. In this study different four nipping methods are discussed viz. manual nipping/plucking (T1), manual harvesting with sickle (T2), battery operated leafy harvester (T3) and engine operated Manual push type engine operated leafy crop harvester (T4). It was observed that minimum energy consumed with battery operated leafy crop harvester and maximum was observed with petrol operated leafy crop harvester. Energy consumption of different nipping methods viz. manual nipping/plucking (T1), manual harvesting with sickle (T2), battery operated leafy harvester (T3) and engine operated Manual push type engine operated leafy crop harvester (T4) were found to be 392.00, 352.79, 191.15 and 839.33 MJ/ha respectively, where the cost of operation was calculated of about 20.09, 18.60, 20.82 and 3.88 ₹/ha, respectively. Petrol operated machinery was consuming more energy it revealed that non-renewable energy source consumed more energy as well as it affects our environment.

Interactive effect of tillage and crop residue management on weed dynamics, root characteristics, crop productivity, profitability and nutrient uptake in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) under Vertisol of Central India.

Tillage and crop residue management play an imperative role in soil physico-chemical properties that eventually affects crop productivity. The objective of the study to find out a compatible combination of tillage and crop residue management for achieving sustainable food production by improving soil properties, providing favorable environment to crop plants. Secondly, managing crop residues effectively to reduce environmental pollution arising due to crop residue burning. With this aim, a field experiment was conducted on six years continued running experiment under conservation agricultural practices during rabi season of 2019-20 on chickpea. The experiment was comprised of five tillage operations with or without crop residue in main plot and three levels of nutrients in sub plots laid out in split plot design with three replications. Reduced Tillage with 60cm residue height (RT60) was recorded higher growth and yield attributes over conventional tillage practice that attributed to economic yield enhancement. The percent yield increment under NT and RT with 30 and 60cm height residue retention varied from 6.91% to 9.67% over conventional tillage. Maximum grain (2380 kg ha-1) and biological output (5762 kg ha-1) was recorded under RT60 (T4), which ascribed to higher net return (Rs 60551 ha-1) and benefit-cost ratio (2.97). The augmentation in net monetary benefit among tillage systems was lies between 24.32% to 37.78% over conventional tillage. The seed protein content ranged between 20.38 to 21.69% among the treatments. Moreover, total N uptake was maximum under RT60, while total P and K uptake was higher in No Tillage with 30cm residue height (T1). No-Tillage with 60cm residue height (NT60) recorded relatively higher soil moisture content (SMC) (22.71 and 15.40%). Treatment NT30 accrued relatively higher value of soil bulk density (1.42 Mg m-3) followed by NT60 and RT60 in comparison to conventional tillage (1.34 Mg m-3). In conclusion, NT and RT with 60cm residue height along with STCR (N3) nutrient dose was found effective for sustainable food production.

Determination of Disease Severity and Anastomosis Groups of Rhizoctonia solani Isolates from Chickpea Plant in Konya Province

This study was carried out to determine the anastomosis groups and disease severity of Rhizoctonia solani, which causes root and root collar rot in chickpea production areas in Konya. A total of eleven isolates of Rhizoctonia spp. were obtained in the isolations made from the root and root collar of the plants in the surveys. Rhizoctonia isolates examined microscopically were grouped as multinucleate, binucleate according to the number of nuclei. Ten isolates were multinucleate and identified R. solani, while one isolate was binucleate Rhizoctonia sp. In pathogenicity tests, five multinucleate isolates were found to be pathogenic. Disease severity was determined as 100% for 1.2 A and 1.2 B coded isolates, 86% for 1.1 A coded isolate, 75% for 1.1 B coded isolate, and 44% for 1.2 C coded isolate. It was observed that the other multinucleate five isolates caused only a shortening in plant heights. No disease symptoms were observed in the plants inoculated by the binucleate isolate. All isolates were characterized using the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of ribosomal DNA, and two different anastomosis groups were defined accordingly. It was determined that 5 virulence multinucleate R. solani isolates belonged to AG-4 HGII and 5 other multinucleate isolates to AG BI anastomosis group.

Role of Oxalic Acid in Expression of Resistance against the Pod Borer Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Chickpea Varieties

Background: Pod borer is most serious problem to cultivation of chickpea across the world. In India, Madhya Pradesh rank first in both area and production of chickpea. This region is considered most affected yield of chickpea due to H. armigera. Host plant resistance is an important component for managing this pest. To develop cultivars with resistance to insects, it is important to understand the role of oxalic acid associated with resistance to this pest. The current study aimed to study the role of oxalic acid in expression of resistance against the pod borer Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in chickpea varieties under climate change. Methods: This investigation was carried out at Research Farm of Soybean Seed Production-Unit, College of Agriculture, JNKVV (MP) during Rabi season 2019-20 and 2020-21. The field experiment was laid out in split split plot design with 24 treatments and three replications. The treatments included three date of sowing i.e. 15th November, 30th November and 15th December as a main plots, two irrigation levels i.e. I0-no irrigation and I1- irrigation at 35 DAS as a sub plots and four chickpea varieties i.e. JG 12, JG 36, JG 14 and JG 24 as sub sub plots. The observation on number of eggs and larval population of H. armigera were recorded from one-meter row length (mrl). At five randomly selected places were averaged separately for each plot and made in to number of eggs and larval population per meter row length (mrl). The amount of oxalic acid in chickpea leaves was determined by UFLC method. The correlation was worked out with population of pod borer and amount of oxalic acid in chickpea varieties. Result: In this investigation, the ultra-fast liquid chromatography (UFLC) profiles of the leaf exudates of chickpea varieties exhibited amounts of oxalic acid significantly negative correlation with egg count and larvae incidence of H. armigera.

Nodulation and Growth Promotion of Chickpea by Mesorhizobium Isolates from Diverse Sources.

The cultivation of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) in South Africa is dependent on the application of suitable Mesorhizobium inoculants. Therefore, we evaluated the symbiotic effectiveness of several Mesorhizobium strains with different chickpea genotypes under controlled conditions. The tested parameters included shoot dry weight (SDW), nodule fresh weight (NFW), plant height, relative symbiotic effectiveness (RSE) on the plant as well as indole acetic acid (IAA) production and phosphate solubilization on the rhizobia. Twenty-one Mesorhizobium strains and six desi chickpea genotypes were laid out in a completely randomized design (CRD) with three replicates in a glasshouse pot experiment. The factors, chickpea genotype and Mesorhizobium strain, had significant effects on the measured parameters (p < 0.001) but lacked significant interactions based on the analysis of variance (ANOVA). The light variety desi genotype outperformed the other chickpea genotypes on all tested parameters. In general, inoculation with strains LMG15046, CC1192, XAP4, XAP10, and LMG14989 performed best for all the tested parameters. All the strains were able to produce IAA and solubilize phosphate except the South African field isolates, which could not solubilize phosphate. Taken together, inoculation with compatible Mesorhizobium promoted chickpea growth. This is the first study to report on chickpea-compatible Mesorhizobium strains isolated from uninoculated South African soils with no history of chickpea production; although, their plant growth promotion ability was poorer compared to some of the globally sourced strains. Since this study was conducted under controlled conditions, we recommend field studies to assess the performance of the five highlighted strains under environmental conditions in South Africa.

Genetic Analysis for Quantitative Characters of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)

The aim of present study was to estimate the genetic variability, genetic advance and correlation between yield and yield contributing traits along with direct and indirect effect of yield component on yield through path analysis from data collected on 20 chickpea genotypes. Seed index, seed yield per plant, harvest index, number of seeds per plant showed high genotypic and phenotypic coefficients of variation. Seed index, days to 50% pod setting, plant height, days to 50% flowering, seed yield per plant, days to maturity expressed high heritability. Whereas Harvest index showed high genetic advance. Seed index, seed yield per plant, harvest index, number of seeds per pod and plant height expressed high genetic advance as percent of mean. Seed yield per plant significantly positive correlated with harvest index and number of secondary branches per plant at genotypic and phenotypic levels. Harvest index, biological yield, days to 50% pod initiation showed high positive direct effect with seed yield per plant at genotypic and phenotypic levels. Thus, these traits are identified as the efficient and potential for the improvement of chickpea productivity in the present experimental materials.

Freezing stress induces changes in the morphophysiological of chickpea and wild mustard seedlings

AbstractWild mustard is one of the common and troublesome winter weeds of chickpea fields and a great competitor to reduce the chickpea productivity. Plant species (chickpeas cv. Saral and wild mustard) were compared at freezing temperatures (+4 as a control, 0, −4, −8, −12, −16, and −20°C) based on the morphophysiological traits and their recovery ability. Chickpea chlorophyll fluorescence was more sensitive to low temperatures than wild mustard. Chickpea and wild mustard Fv′/Fm′ (light‐adapted maximum efficiency of photosystem II [PSII] photochemistry) decrease 33% and 11% exposed to −16°C, respectively, compared with +4°C. Particularly at lower temperatures, wild mustard electrolyte leakage was smaller than that of chickpea; the temperature drop had a greater impact on the stems than the leaves. Per temperature degree drop from −12 to −20°C, the survival probability decreased by 12.5%. Wild mustard had a greater root dry matter (RDM) compared with chickpea plants. 50% dry matter depression temperature (RDMT50) could better distinguish among the species freezing response; wild mustard RDMT50 was ~1°C higher than chickpea. Plant survival and Fv′/Fm′ correlation suggested the reliability of chlorophyll fluorescence measurements to assay plants freezing tolerance. The important contribution of a more powerful root system to wild mustard survival under adverse circumstances may be suggested by the positive association between plant survival and RDM. Higher tolerance of wild mustard to freezing stress ultimately leads to greater survival, regeneration, continued growth, and geographical distribution. Therefore, the wild mustard invasion will be possible in chickpea fields after freezing stress, especially in the cold climates and high‐altitude regions.

Epidemiology and pathogenicity of vascular wilt of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceris, and the host defense responses

• Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceris (Foc) is an ascomycete fungal pathogen that significantly limits chickpea productivity. • Foc take up substantial amounts of water, minerals, and photosynthetic products directly from the host plant. • Cell wall degrading enzymes (CWDEs) and toxins are mechanisms of the pathogen pathogenicity. • The host, chickpea defend against Foc infections using morphological and chemical approaches. • Effective quarantine and certified pathogen-free seed is essential to improve chickpea productivity and management of Foc. Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceris (Foc) is an ascomycete fungal pathogen that significantly limits chickpea productivity; causing annual yield losses of a 10 to 15%, and escalates to 100% when temperature and humidity are favourable. This review aims to assess the global scientific evidence on the distribution and pathogenicity, host responses, and management options of Foc using international databases and search engines. Globally, eight physiological races of the pathogen (0, 1A, 1B/ C, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6) are reported. According to molecular evidences, high levels of DNA polymorphisms in Foc have been observed in the areas where the pathogen exists. After infection by Foc, gene encoding cell wall degrading enzymes (CWDEs) and toxins are detected in various susceptible chickpea genotypes. The chickpea plant, in turn, activates a variety of defense signaling and responses, among which papilla formations, suberization, reaction oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, catalase (CAT), peroxidases (POXs), phenolics, β-,3 glucanase activity, chitinase, and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase defensive enzymes have been detected. This review also assesses the management options for controlling this wilt disease. In this regard, it has been established that utilizing predominantly resistant cultivars in combination with an integrated management approach is more recommended. These approaches involve solarisation (2 weeks) of farmlands, organic manure application, burning or igniting host material, and adjustment of sowing dates have been found critical in limiting and lowering pathogen progression. In conclusion, identification and use of effective quarantine and certified pathogen-free seeds are essential for the management of Fusarium wilt and improving the productivity of chickpea.

Technology Intervention in CFLD on Chickpea (Cicer Arietinum Linn) in Alwar district of Rajasthan, India

The present investigation was carried out to evaluate the performance of improved variety with the scientifi c package of practices (POP) on production, productivity and profi tability adoption and horizontal spread of chickpea. Three hundred CFLDs were conducted in 120 ha area with active participation of farmers and scientifi c staff of KVK. According to data analysis, the highest grain yield was obtained in demonstrated practices (DP) with an average of 2093 kg/ha as compared to farmer practice (FP) with an average of 1769 kg/ha, The average net return (Rs 662631 /ha) was obtained in the DP and Rs 528941 that was in FP. The most important factor B:C ratio indicates that whether CFLD technology is profi table or not. The average benefi t cost ratio was recorded higher in CFLDs (3.36) as compared to FP (3.08) during the period of investigation. An average seedling, maturity and total wilt complex disease occurrence only 14.66, 11.79 and 26.45, respectively showed wilting symptoms in DP as compared to 18.48. 14.69 and 33.18, respectively in FP. Thus, the result undoubtedly indicates that the use of improved variety and POP with scientifi c interventions under CFLDs program contribute to increase the production, productivity and profi tability of chickpea.

Metabolic Profiling of Plant Growth Promoting Microorganisms (PGPMs) from Chickpea Rhizosphere and Their Antagonistic Activity against Dry Root Rot Pathogen Rhizoctonia bataticola

Background: Dry root rot (DRR) caused by Rhizoctonia bataticola is the major threat to chickpea production globally. Recently, upsurge in disease incidence is observed due to unexpected increase in temperature and soil moisture stress resultant of changing climatic scenarios. To combat this necrotrophic phytopathogenic fungus, the present study was conducted with the aim of managing the disease by using potential rhizospheric PGPMs. Methods: Twenty-six isolates of soil-borne fungal PGPMs were isolated from rhizosphere of chickpea in North Eastern Karnataka zone and screened for bio-active compounds production against Rhizoctonia bataticola by inverted plate technique. Using ITS genes BLAST analysis, the putative rhizospheric fungal PGPM was identified at the molecular level. Finally, chemical characterization of the bio-active compounds and metabolic profiling was carried out using Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) technique. Result: All the isolates showed significant differences in radial growth of mycelium at five days after incubation. SFPGPM-13 isolate produced maximum concentration of bio-active compounds with per cent mycelial inhibition of 62.83 (52.43). Molecular identification and BLAST analysis showed the isolate SFPGPM-13 was identified as Trichoderma harzianum. GC-MS analysis resulted that 62 compounds were present in the extract of SFPGPM-13 at different retention time and mass to charge (m/z) ratio.