Productivity Growth Rates Research Articles

Transition in production and export potential of garlic in India

The present study analyzed the performance of production and export of Indian garlic based on secondary data collected from different governments departmental repositories and websites. Statistical techniques like mean, standard deviation, regression and CAGR was applied for analysis. Garlic held quantity share (29.68 %) of aggregate production of Indian spices. But in export front the share of quantity and value share of garlic estimated only 2.30 % and 1.21 % respectively of total spices export from the country. India ranked 2nd after China possessing 5.85% share of global production and growing with 9.93 % CAGR over last 15 years (2006-2020) which was 3.5 times higher than China. The major destinations for garlic export from India are Malaysia, Thailand, USA, Vietnam (South) and Nepal altogether constituted around 41 % value of average annual export. But out of these countries, negative trend in export was found in three countries makes India searching for new clients. The lower growth rate (CAGR) of productivity (1.91 %) of garlic compared to acreage (5.46 %) over three decades (1990-91 to 2020-21) harnesses for technological breakthrough. Two producing states of India viz., Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan account around 78.34 % of national production. But in terms of productivity, Punjab (11.39 t/ha), Haryana (10.67 t/ha) and Madhya Pradesh (10.31 t/ha) led the country. Enhancement of productivity through technological development and adequate market infrastructures along with improvement in post harvest management of the crop particularly processing might be given importance to increase production and export potential of garlic.

Globalization and financial development contributions toward economic growth in Sudan

The main objective of this study is to evaluate how globalization and financial development contributed to Sudan’s economic growth using data from 1978 to 2021 by applying the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model. Furthermore, a model to calculate total factor productivity and the contributions of the underlying variables is being developed. The findings from ARDL indicate that globalization and capital display positive and beneficial impacts on Sudan’s economic growth in the long run, implying that an increase of one percentage point in Sudan’s globalization index will, over time, boost economic growth by 1.50408 % and 0.156301 %. Government spending as a control variable was found to influence economic growth positively. Financial development shows a detrimental effect on growth in Sudan. The average productivity growth rate is negative, regardless of the positive contributions of globalization and financial development. This outcome suggests that globalization and capital have been gainful to Sudan’s economy. Therefore, this study advocates that capital accumulation triggers investment, encouraging more global market openness making it easier to access international markets, setting up a strong and sophisticated financial system to assist Sudan’s economic development, and enhancing Sudan’s spending policy to support the productive sectors and encourage domestic production will significantly stimulate economic growth post-war, taking into account additional measures, such as regulations, investment laws, institutional quality, the integration of the banking system, and identifying expenditure prioritizations.

Fire prevention and mitigation technologies in high-rise buildings: A bibliometric analysis from 2010 to 2023

PurposeThis study provides a comprehensive bibliometric analysis for research in the area of fire prevention and mitigation in high-rise buildings, an emerging crucial subject. The analysis covers the period between 2010 and 2023, with the main goal of classifying and evaluating the efficacy of fire prevention and mitigation technologies. MethodsThe current study contributes a methodological approach for analyzing fire safety measures and highlighting the critical necessity for multidisciplinary approaches in enhancing fire safety protocols, with a special focus on the integration of advanced fire detection, suppression, and evacuation technologies. The investigation indicates a steady 10 % growth rate in scholarly production on this topic. ResultsResearch on active fire prevention technologies has focused on the technologies including; 1) water mist suppression, 2) unmanned aerial vehicles, 3) Artificial Intelligence (AI) algorithms, and 4) Internet of Things (IoT) frameworks, while research on passive technologies has trended toward fire compartmentation and fire-resistant materials. The study identifies 6 passive technologies and 14 active technologies, with active technologies focusing on water mist suppression, AI algorithms, and IoT frameworks. On the other hand, passive technologies focus on risk assessment, fire protection, and management. ConclusionsThe current study analyzes the role of risk assessment, fire protection, and management in the development of the field of fire mitigation and prevention. The study highlights research collaboration toward reducing risk and fatalities by fire prevention and mitigation solutions. The US and China have the highest collaboration in these technologies, while the UK and the US have the highest publications. Research implicationsThe provided analysis ultimately serves as guidance for stakeholders involved in the design, policy-making, and implementation of fire safety measures in urban high-rise environments, and can give insight on future research direction toward effective strategies and technologies for fire mitigation and prevention in high-rise buildings.

THE INFLUENCE OF 1000 HPK VIDEO MEDIA ON INCREASING THE KNOWLEDGE AND ATTITUDE OF MOTHERS OF REPRODUCTIVE AGE COUPLES AS AN EFFORT TO PREVENT STUNTING IN GUGUK PANJANG HEALTH CENTER

Background: There are many growth and development problems that occur in children, including stunting. Stunting is a condition of growth failure in children under five due to chronic malnutrition so that children are too short for their age. Malnutrition occurs from the time the baby is in the womb and in the early period after the baby is born, however, stunting conditions are only visible after the baby is 2 years old. Thus the period of 1000 HPK should receive special attention because it determines the growth rate of physique, intelligence, and productivity in the future. In 2020, the national stunting prevalence rate was 27.6%. In Bukittinggi city, the stunting rate in 2021 is 19%. This figure is still far from the national target for 2024 to 14%. Given the importance of stunting prevention, researchers are interested in conducting research on the Influence of 1000 HPK Video Media on Increasing Knowledge and Attitudes of Uisa Subur Couples as Stunting Prevention Efforts at the Guguk Panjang Health Center.Purpose: To determine the influence of health promotion media videos about 1000 HPK on increasing knowledge and changing attitudes of mothers of couples of childbearing age as an effort to reduce the incidence of stuntingMethods: This study is a quasi-experimental study, which uses a one-group pre-test post test design, with a sample of 18 people in the Guguk Panjang Health Center work area.Results: The results showed that before being given education through video media about 1000 HPK, the average maternal knowledge was 7.44 and after it was carried out it became 9.61. The average attitude of mothers before being given education was 34.88 and after it was carried out it was 37.88.Conclusion: There is an influence of 1000 HPK video media education as an effort to prevent stunting on increasing the knowledge and attitudes of mothers of couples of childbearing age at the Guguk Panjang health center..

After the 20th Century: Growth, Convergence and Divergence in Indian Mountainous States

This paper deals with the growth, convergence, divergence and inequalities in the mountainous states of India. The data used in this paper was collected from the RBI site, which covers two decades – the first from 2000-01 to 2010-11 and the second from 2011-12 to 2021-22. By analyzing the data, this study attempted to address the compound annual growth rates with regression equation and concluded that, Meghalaya has the lowest and Sikkim has the highest net state domestic product growth rate for the entire time period (2000-01 to 2021-22). In mountainous states, the average growth rate of per capita net state domestic product declined from 6.13 percent in 2000-01/2010-11 to 4.40 percent in 2011-12/2021-22. Higher per capita net state domestic product growth rates were estimated for Himachal Pradesh, Mizoram, Sikkim, Tripura and Uttarakhand; when compared to the average growth rate for the mountainous states and India as a whole. Over the period 2000-01/2010-11 to 2011-12/2021-22, the states with the highest compound annual growth rates on per capita net state domestic product were Assam and Mizoram. In a detailed analysis of income inequality, the gini coefficient increased from 0.122 to 0.263 during 2000-01 to 2021-22 and the coefficient of variation also showed an increase. The findings revealed that there was a significant presence of σ - divergence, β - divergence and α - divergence in the mountainous states in the first, second decades and throughout the 21st century.

Multilevel growth assessment of mungbean production in Madhya Pradesh

The present study aimed to examine the growth performance of mungbean in Madhya Pradesh, which is the second-highest pulse-producing state in India. With the development of short-duration mungbean varieties, the crop can be cultivated in spring/summer along with Kharif and Rabi seasons. The districtwise time series data on the area, production, and productivity of mungbean in Madhya Pradesh was collected. The growth performance and instability were analyzed using the Compound Annual Growth Rate and Cuddy Della Valle Index. Further, the decomposition analysis was performed to examine the sources of growth in mungbean production. The growth performance was also examined for major mungbean-producing districts of Madhya Pradesh viz; Narmadapuram (Hoshangabad), Sehore, Harda, Narshingpur, and Raisen districts. The growth performance of mungbean in Madhya Pradesh was examined for sub-period I (2000-01 to 2009-10) and sub-period II (2010-11 to 2019-20). The study revealed that the Narmadapuram division of Madhya Pradesh recorded the highest growth rate in area and production for the period 2010-11 to 2019-20. Higher growth rate and instability in the area, production, and productivity was observed in sub-period II which may be attributed to the incentives under NFSM-pulses and area coverage under summer mungbean cultivation during the last decade.

Development of farming systems in the Prienisey Siberia

The paper presents the results of research conducted to assess the development of farming systems in the Prienisei Siberia over a long period of time as a basis for identifying factors determining crop productivity, and as an information basis for forecasting crop yields by 2030. The work provides information covering more than two hundred years of land practice in the Prienisei Siberia. It was found that in all the periods of agricultural production, each of which corresponds to a certain farming system, the trend of yield change was positive. Each successive period was shorter than the previous one, with yields increasing significantly. The period of extensive technologies application in farming lasted more than 140 years. At this time, yields increased by 0.0018 t/ha per year. The period of use of the ordinal (low-intensity) farming system lasted approximately 50 years. The yields then increased by 0.0204 t/ha per year. During the period of intensification of the farming system, which took about 30 years, the yields increased by 0.0212 t/ha per year and reached about 2.1 t/ha by the end of the period. The period of formation of high-intensity farming system is the shortest, characterized by the highest productivity growth rates – 0.0639 t/ha per year. If this trend is maintained, the long-term average yield of 3.0–3.5 t/ha will be reached approximately by 2030. For each soil-climatic zone it is advisable to have its own, original farming system, developed taking into account soil-agrochemical properties, landscape and climatic peculiarities, characterized by more in-depth differentiation of individual working area. It should present digital technologies using modern electronic means of informatization, geoinformation systems, remote methods and means of technological processes control, aerial and space methods of agro-ecosystems diagnostics.

Casting Production in Poland Versus European Trends in 21st Century

This article presents changes of the total casting production volumes and of the production of castings made from basic casting alloys in Poland, in Europe and worldwide in years 2001–2021. Analogous casting production parameters were compared for Poland, Europe and countries being the leading European and global manufacturers in years 2001, 2011 and 2021. The leading casting manufacturers in Europe (with the manufacturing volume exceeding 1 million tons in the mentioned years) include Germany, Italy, the Ukraine, France and Spain. For years, the largest casting manufacturer worldwide has been China. In 2001–2021, global casting production increased from ca. 68 million tons to ca. 97 million tons (i.e. by ca. 42%), whereas the European one decreased from ca. 17 million tons to ca. 12 million tons (i.e. by close to 30%). In the analyzed period, the Polish production volume grew from ca. 0.75 million tons to ca. 0.88 million tons (i.e. by ca. 17%). The presented data reveal the decreasing importance of gray cast iron and cast steel and the increasing one of ductile cast iron and aluminum alloys. However, the Polish average annual growth rate for aluminum alloy casting production was 10.3%, whereas the global one was 3% and the European one 0.7%.

On Farm Performance of Finger Millet Varieties in Dera District of South Gondar Zone

Finger millet is an important food security crop and beneficial for human health. This study aimed to evaluate the on farm performance of the finger millet varieties in Dera district. The study took place in Korata Kebele and assessed grain yield and farmer feedback. The performance differences between the Necho variety (the demonstrated variety) and the farmers' variety were evaluated. Recent 10 years' grain yield data from the Dera district agriculture office was used to analyze the growth rates of area coverage, production, and productivity in the district using the compounded annual growth rate (CAGR). Furthermore, the performance of the Necho variety was compared to its potential and farmer variety using the technology gap, extension gap, and technology index. From 2014 to 2018, the annual growth rate of area coverage and productivity in Dera district declined by 1.6% and 1.7% per year, respectively. Moreover, from 2019 to 2023, the average annual growth rate of area coverage, production, and productivity decreased by 0.75%, 2.6%, and 3.4% per year, respectively. The technology index for the Necho variety in the production seasons of 2021, 2022, and 2023 was -4%, 16%, and 36%, respectively. The higher value in the 2023 season indicated a decline in the performance of the Necho variety compared to the farmer variety. This decline was attributed to the occurrence of blast disease. To address this issue, it is recommended to practice early planting and use recommended fungicides (Natura 250EW and Tilt 250EC). The district agriculture office must ensure easy accessibility of these fungicides in the market for farmers to utilize.

Analysing Growth Trend, Profitability and Resource Use Efficiency of Summer Mungbean in Eastern Haryana

Background: Mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek] is the most extensively sown crop among commonly produced Asiatic Vignas, viz., urdbean, mungbean, mothbean, ricebean and azukibean. In Haryana, the crop covered 28.5 thousand ha area with annual production of 19.6 thousand tonnes having productivity of 688 kg ha-1 in 2020-21. To prevent the perils of mono-cropping (paddy-wheat system) in the state, there is a need for deep transformation through inclusion of pulses like summer mungbean, in the existing cropping system. Hence, the present investigation critically examines the growth trends, economics and efficiency of resource use in summer mungbean cultivation in eastern zone of the state. Methods: This study uses both primary and secondary source of data. The primary data was collated from 80 summer mungbean growers using multi-stage random sampling technique. The secondary data was retrieved from various published and unpublished sources for a period of 30 years from 1991-92 to 2020-21. For measuring the growth trends and instability in the area, production and productivity of mungbean, compound annual growth rate (CAGR) and Cuddy-Della Valle index (CDVI) were computed. Simple budgeting technique was employed for calculating the economics of summer mungbean. For resource use efficiency, Cobb-Douglas production function was used. Result: The results show a positively significant growth rate in mungbean area, production and productivity but with irregular trends. The instability in mungbean production is more pronounced in Haryana than India and is mainly attributed to area instability, while it is because of productivity instability at the country level. The mungbean is a profitable enterprise in summer season as the net returns realized to the tune of ₹ 26024 ha-1 with benefit-cost ratio of 1.43 in the study area. Further, the efficiency of resourceuse in summer mungbean exhibits increasing returns to scale. Hence, the inclusion of mungbean cultivation in summer season is profitable.

THE IMPACT OF THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC AND ECONOMIC CRISIS ON THE PERFORMANCE OF LICENSED COMMERCIAL BANKS IN SRI LANKA

Sri Lanka faced an array of incidents starting from the Easter Sunday attack in 2019 to COVID-19 pandemic and the Economic Crisis which caused disastrous effects on the economy. Despite the policy measure taken, the banking sector was severely affected by soaring Non-Performing Loans (NPLs) levels and dwindling profits. Therefore, the main objective of this study is to evaluate the impact created by the series of adverse economic and social issues from 2019 on the performance of the banking sector in terms of profitability and NPLs using a sample of 12 licensed commercial banks. The data were collected from secondary sources such as annual reports issued by the banks and the Central Bank for the period 2013-2022. The impact of the Easter attack, Pandemic, and Economic Crisis are referred to using a dummy variable, inflation, Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth rate, and interest rate are used to measure the impact of the macroeconomic environment on the banking sector performance and capital adequacy ratio was used as a control variable. Return on Equity, Return on Assets, and NPLs were used to measure the bank's performance. The results of the random effects panel regression models suggest that there is a significant impact of the Pandemic, Economic Crisis, and GDP growth rate on the performance of the banking sector. This research indicates that a country like Sri Lanka needs to take aggressive policy measures to face these adverse situations. It is required to take credit risk mitigation measures and provide quality loans to curtail the adverse impact caused by the NPLs.

State Management of Energy Efficiency Improvement in Agricultural Regions of the Russian Federation

The sustainable development of the Russian Federation and its subjects, associated with limiting the negative impact of economic entities on the environment and ensuring the rational use of natural resources of the territory, is not just following the modern trends of the international community to reduce the energy intensity of the national economy, but also economic expediency caused by increasing the competitiveness and energy efficiency of economic entities and regions of the country by reducing energy costs in production products. Agriculture as one of the energy-intensive sectors of the economy (the second after industry, which accounts for over 12% of electricity consumption in the country) is characterized by a significant diversity in the levels and rates of energy consumption in different regions of the country, which of course requires consideration in public administration and implementation of regional energy conservation policies. In this regard, the article proposes a typological grouping of agricultural regions of Russia, which is based on the growth rates of energy production, energy consumption, agricultural production and the share of agriculture in regional energy consumption. The originality of the study lies in the fact that on the basis of a geographically sectoral approach, the grouping of agricultural regions of the country is carried out not according to the actual volumes of agricultural products produced (as it is typical in such cases), but according to the amount of energy resources (electricity) consumed by agriculture in a particular subject of the Russian Federation, which allows obtaining more relevant data. The research results obtained in this way allow us to develop incident measures and additive mechanisms for improving energy efficiency, taking into account the specifics of the energy development of the industry and the trends of sustainable development of the region. The article contains elements of novelty in the formulation of the problem and the research methodology presented by the typology of agricultural regions of Russia. The article contributes to the evaluation of management decisions at the regional level in the framework of the implementation of energy conservation policy and the application of regional energy efficiency programs.

GROWTH AND YIELD OF NEW AROMATIC RICE UNDER DIFFERENT LEVELS OF PLANT SPACING AND APPLIED FERTILIZER

A field experiment was conducted at Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur to assess growth and yield of newly released aromatic rice variety (cv. BUdhan 2) under different levels of plant spacing and applied fertilizer. The variety was grown incorporating three fertilizer levels viz. recommended (57- 10-8-7-0.9 kg N-P-K-S-Zn ha-1), 50% higher (114-20-16-14-1.8 kg N-P-K-S-Zn ha-1) and 50% lower (28.5-5-4- 3.5-0.45 kg N-P-K-S-Zn ha-1) than the recommended dose with three plant spacings (20 × 25 cm, 20 × 20 cm and 20 × 15 cm) representing wider, standard and closer plant densities. Results revealed that growth parameters like plant height, leaf area index, dry matter production and crop growth rate were better under the condition of higher fertilizer level with closer plant spacing. Consequently, the highest grain yield (5.18 t ha-1) of the variety was achieved under higher dose of fertilizer at closer plant spacing.

The economic impact of tobacco smoking and secondhand smoke exposure in Jordan: estimating the direct and indirect costs

Aim To quantify the economic burden associated with tobacco smoking among smokers aged 30-69 years, and second-hand smokers (SHS) aged 15-69 years in Jordan. Materials and methods A prevalence-based analysis was conducted in alignment with the Economics of Tobacco Toolkit developed by the WHO. The time-horizon of the analysis was one year (2019). Direct and indirect costs were estimated using data from the 2019 Global Burden of Diseases study. The analysis targeted the Jordanian population of smokers aged 30–69 years, and SHS aged 15-69 years. Adjustments were applied for age, gender, and smoking-related diseases. Direct costs were estimated using the smoking-attributable fraction (SAF) and national health expenditures. Indirect costs were divided into morbidity and mortality components. A discount rate of 3.0% and an annual productivity growth rate of 1.0% were assumed in modelling future economic losses. A sensitivity analysis was conducted on the lower and upper estimates of data used in this study. Results The cost of tobacco smoking and SHS exposure was estimated at US$2,108 million (95% confidence interval [CI] = US$2,003 million-US$2,245 million). This represents 4.7% (95%CI = 4.5%–5.0%) of national gross domestic product (GDP). Direct costs accounted for 3.1% of national GDP. Tobacco smoking accounted for 85.0% of total cost and SHS exposure accounted for 15.0% of total cost. Direct costs accounted for 67.0% of total cost, while indirect morbidity and mortality costs accounted for 9.0% and 24.0% of total cost, respectively. Non-communicable diseases accounted for 96.0% of total direct costs compared to communicable diseases (4.0% of total direct costs). Conclusions Smoking cessation interventions such as raising taxes on cigarettes, protecting people from tobacco smoke, warning labels, plain packaging, and bans on advertising, are crucial for controlling national expenditures for treating smoking-related diseases and for averting future economic losses.

Assessment of Trend for Area, Production, Productivity and Post-harvest losses of Onion and Potato in Uttar Pradesh, India

"Uttar Pradesh is the major producer of horticultural crops, especially vegetables. The study was carried out to evaluate the trends in area, production, and productivity of onion and potato farming. This analysis was based on secondary data collected from 2001-2002 through 2021-2022. The study period was split into two sub-periods: period-I (2001-2010), period-II (2011-2022), and the overall period (2001-2022). The compound growth rate of area, production, and productivity was analysed at the national level as well as for Uttar Pradesh. It was found that in India, the growth rates in area, production, and productivity for onion was 6.84, 9.57, and 2.55 percent respectively and for Potato it was 3.23, 4.85 and 1.57 percent respectively. The CAGR of area, production & productivity of Onion in Uttar Pradesh for onion was 0.83, 2.91, and 2.04 percent respectively and for potato it was 2.29, 2.90 and 0.60 percent respectively. At farm level, total post-harvest loss for potato and onion was 7.84 and 6.98 kg/qt respectively."

Analysing the impact of digital technology diffusion on the efficiency and convergence process of the commercial banking industry of Pakistan

In a dynamic financial ecosystem, digitalisation is supporting banks in revamping their business processes to be more efficient, reducing costs, coping with customers’ evolving demands, and keeping them abreast of market competition. This two-stage research aims to investigate three issues in Pakistan’s banking industry from 2006 to 2020: (i) banking efficiency; (ii) the impact of digitalisation on banking efficiency; and (iii) banking efficiency’s absolute and conditional convergence. In our first-stage analysis, bootstrap data envelopment analysis has been applied, which exhibits bias-corrected overall, pure, and scale efficiencies of 74, 77, and 96%, respectively. In the second-stage analysis, we executed Tobit and two-step dynamic panel data system generalised method of moments (DPDSYS-GMM) models, and the results uncover that digitalisation has a positive influence on banking efficiency. Findings confirm that return on assets, bank size, interest rate, and gross domestic product growth rate have a positive association with banking efficiency. Our research reveals that state-controlled banks outperform their private sector and special-purpose counterparts. Our DPDSYS-GMM findings validate β and σ-convergence, implying that initially, low-efficient banks caught up (converged) to the more efficient opponents, reducing cross-sectional efficiency dispersion and attaining common equilibrium. The findings of banking efficiency conditional β-convergence assert that the adoption of digital technology has played a critical role in the convergence process and that digitalisation has acted as a catalyst for less efficient banks to catch up significantly faster to their more efficient rivals. This study displays digitalisation’s disruptive influence on the overall transformation of Pakistan’s banking system in the modern era, resulting in significant efficiency gains.

The M-Estimator and S-Estimator in Robust Improved Geographically and Temporally Weighted Regression for Modelling GRDP in West Java, Indonesia

The success of development in a region in Indonesia can be measured by economic growth, especially in the financial sector using the Gross Regional Domestic Product (GRDP) growth rate. The GRDP figure at the Regency and City level in West Java is one of Indonesia's highest and most diverse. This is due to various factors, including the geographical location of West Java, which is directly adjacent to DKI Jakarta, which is the center of the national economy. Although classified as high, the diversity of GRDP values between regions in West Java needs attention to equalize economic growth. The diversity of GRDP values can be modeled by the Improved Geographically and Temporally Weighted Regression (I-GTWR) method by taking samples in 2018-2022. The I-GTWR modeling method considers the influence of spatial heterogeneity and spatial-temporal interaction, which has been proven to produce better results than the GTWR method in modeling GRDP in Central Java in 2011-2015. This study also adds M-estimators and S-estimators to improve the model's performance and make it robust to outliers. The explanatory variables we use are Regional Original Revenue, General Allocation Fund, Foreign Investment, Regional Minimum Wage, Domestic Investment, Poverty, Per-Capita Expenditure, and Number of Job Vacancies. The analysis shows that the Robust I-GTWR model, especially the M-estimator, produces better model performance than the I-GTWR model in modeling West Java GRDP. The coefficient of determination made by the Robust I-GTWR method using the M-estimator is 94.62% with a mean absolute deviation value of 0.1491 and an Akaike Information Criterion value of 110.4899.

Statewise performance of maize in India

The present study “Statewise performance of Maize in India” was undertaken to examine the growth pattern and instability of area, production, productivity and cost of cultivation. The data were collected on area, production, productivity and cost of cultivation of maize grown in India pertaining to the period from 2001-02 to 2020-21 (20 years) was spilt into sub-periods i.e. period I 2001-02 to 2010-11, period II: 2011-12 to 2020-21 and overall period 2001-02 to 2020-21. The results showed that, the compound growth rates for area were positive for all the maize growing states except Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh during period I, for the period II, five states showed negative growth rate except Tamil Nadu. All states are positive during overall period except Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh. At overall level the compound growth rate of area of maize was highest in Maharashtra. The compound growth rate of production and productivity was highest in Tamil Nadu. The compound growth rate of cost of cultivation was positive for all the maize growing states. The highest coefficient of variation for area, production and productivity was observed in Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu respectively. Whereas, cost of cultivation of maize includes Cost A1, Cost B2 and Cost C2 was highest in Uttar Pradesh. The co-efficient of variation of cost of production was highest in Tamil Nadu. The highest Cuddy Della Valle instability index for area, production and productivity was observed in Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh and Tamil Nadu. Whereas, cost of cultivation of maize includes Cost A1, Cost B2, and Cost C2 was highest in Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and Rajasthan, respectively.

Carbon productivity growth in China's thermal power industry: Empirical evidence using a bootstrapped Malmquist-Luenberger productivity index approach with fixed-sum undesirable outputs

The total amount of carbon emissions is limited by a fixed-sum constraint in the context of China's dual carbon target, a factor ignored in previous studies on carbon productivity. To address this gap, this study proposes a bootstrapped Malmquist-Luenberger productivity index approach with fixed-sum undesirable outputs. The proposed method not only considers the fixed-sum feature of undesirable outputs; it also reduces the calculation error caused by small samples and improves the accuracy of the measurement. We then apply the proposed approach to measure the carbon productivity growth of the thermal power industry in 30 provincial regions in China from 2011 to 2020 and analyze the driving forces of carbon productivity growth. The empirical results show that during the study period, China's overall carbon productivity increased with an annual average growth rate of 0.61 % due to CO2 emission efficiency improvement and technological progress. Additionally, 18 provincial thermal power industries had average carbon productivity growth rates between 0.06 % and 4.86 %, while the remaining 12 provinces showed carbon productivity declines at rates ranging from 0.03 % to 2.90 %. The driving forces of such growth differ among the 30 provinces. Policy suggestions are given for improving the carbon productivity of China's thermal power industry.

The link between human population dynamics and energy consumption during the Anthropocene

Our present world is the consequence of the size of the human population and its domination of the biosphere through the combustion of fossil fuels. Since ~1950, there has been a sudden increase in the rate of human global energy consumption, economic productivity, and population growth. This abrupt departure of the system dynamics has been defined as the “Great Acceleration.” The accelerated population and economic expansion during the past 70 years would have been impossible without using fossil fuels. However, no studies have made an explicit connection between human population dynamics on a global scale and historical changes in energy consumption growth rates, economic growth, and the energy return on investment of fossil fuels (EROI). In this study, I apply a simple population dynamic model of cooperation/competition to decipher the effects of changes in these factors on the dynamics of the human population during the period (1800–2020).