Changes In Production Technology Research Articles

The impact of green innovation on energy intensity: An empirical analysis for 14 industrial sectors in OECD countries

This paper analyses the impact of green innovation on energy intensity in a set of 14 industrial sectors in 17 OECD countries over the 1975–2005 period. We create a stock of green patents for each industrial sector and estimate a translog cost function to measure the impact of green innovation on energy intensity, next to other factors such as input substitution and autonomous technical change. We find that green innovation has contributed to the decline in energy intensity in the majority of sectors: the median elasticity of energy intensity with respect to green patenting is estimated at −0.03 in our sample. Hence, a 1% increase in green patenting activities in a given sector is associated with a 0.03% decline in energy intensity. The magnitude of the effect is robust across various specifications and is larger in more recent years. A decomposition exercise shows that, overall, half of the decrease in energy intensity over the sample period is related to changes in input prices and half to changes in production technologies.

Bariery rozwoju rodzinnych gospodarstw rolnych w opinii ich właścicieli z województwa opolskiego = Barriers to the development of family farms in the opinion of their owners from the Opolskie Voivodeship

The aim of the study is to identify changes in the organizational and production-related behaviours of commercial agricultural holdings’ owners. Overcoming main developmental barriers is vital to building potentials of the agriculture and rural areas in the Opolskie Voivodeship. For the purpose of the study exogenous and endogenous factors have been considered, in particular: agricultural policy, multifaceted institutional environment, farmers’ readiness to invest, changes in technology of production, search for specialization niches. The source of information was a questionnaire-based research conducted among the owners of agricultural holdings that cover the area of more than 10 hectares of arable land, whose produce is designed for the market. Having extended the research timespan (1992, 2000, 2004, 2008, 2014 and 2018), it can be concluded that the development of the commercial agricultural holdings in the region has clearly displayed attributes of stability. In 1992, 19% of the respondents perceived their holdings as developing, while in 2014 the number rose to 84% and 77% in 2018. Securing stability of agricultural holdings’ growth is significant for integrated rural development. The holdings’ owners consider the following to be the main external barriers: instability of prices and the state’s faulty policy. On the other hand, respondents point to the following as the chief internal barriers: low profitability of production, shortage of means available for investment and lack of successors. The major conclusion that can be drawn from conducted research proves the need of advancing broader strategic thinking on the development of agriculture and rural areas, both at national and regional scale.

Complementarity between energy and physical capital in a simple model of economic growth

Energy is one of the most important factors of growth, needed to power physical capital. This implies complementarity between these two factors, but in most theoretical papers, substitutability is assumed. In this paper, the main question is if complementarity between energy and physical capital hampers balanced growth or not. In order to answer this question, we consider the simple economic growth model with two sectors – output production and energy production – where energy is complementary to physical capital. Two forms of capital – physical and human – are distributed in this model between two sectors to maximise output. We consider the equilibrium state of this model, analyse comparative statics and derive necessary conditions for balanced growth. We also analyse some of the effects of technological progress. The analysis brings us to the conclusion that, in general, it leads to an increase in output, but that changes in technology of production have an ambiguous influence on output. We also derive explicit paths of growth for all macroeconomic variables. We find that, in general, if the obtained conditions are fulfilled then complementarity is not an obstacle to economic growth, subject to our assumptions which are quite standard in this kind of research.

ESSENCE AND NECESSITY OF ECOLOGICAL MODERNIZATION OF PRODUCTION IN UKRAINE

Introduction. The article reveals the essence of the concept of "environmental modernization of production" and describes its internal structure. The current state of the cement industry of Ukraine is considered. The economic and environmental problems of the branch are highlighted. The analysis of the level of environmental modernization of production by the subjects of entrepreneurship of the industry from the standpoint of technical and technological components of environmental modernization of production has been carried out. The economic and ecological effect of changes in production technology has been investigated, as well as the potential savings of financial and raw material resources for producers who have just begun the environmental modernization of production. In particular, the study of the change in the level of energy consumption for cement producers which results in the environmental modernization of production is presented, as well as the potential for reducing carbon dioxide emissions and the associated economic effect. The dynamics of the overall result indicator from the environmental modernization of production – material composition is described. As a result of the analysis, the direction of further environmental modernization of production for the enterprises of the cement industry was developed. Purpose. The article aims to substantiate the necessity of environmental modernization of cement industry enterprises based on analysis of its current state, as well as to carry out the assessment of actual and potential economic and environmental effects from modernization. Method (methodology). In this research, we have used the standard statistical research methods. They are the method of systematization, method of processing, data aggregation method, method of the definition of general summary synthetic indices, method of presentation of the results in the form of statistical tables, method of graphs and drawings. The author has also presented his own methodology for assessing the efficiency of environmental modernization of production by its components: technical, technological, innovative, managerial, economic and environmental. The analysis of the results of ecological modernization of production from the standpoint of technical and technological components is conducted. Results. In the course of the study, the feasibility of conducting environmental modernization of production for the enterprises of the cement industry has been proved. Cement manufacturers with a full cycle of production can use the results and recommendations, which are described in this article.

The Price of Capital, Factor Substitutability, and Corporate Profits

The capital-to-labor ratio has steadily risen in the U.S. and elsewhere during the post-WWII period. Since the 1970s this rise has been accompanied by a rise in the level and variability of corporate profits whereas the labor share of income has declined. In this paper we ask whether these trends are related in that they can be explained by a common determinant such as the observed decline in the relative price of new capital goods, or the change in production technology towards increased substitutability between capital and labor. We use a dynamic stochastic equilibrium model of competitive search in the labor market augmented by a CES production function that allows firms to substitute between capital and labor at varying degrees. By assumption, firms can adjust capital more easily than labor. Profits arise from rents paid to quasi-fixed factors of production. We find that the declining relative price of capital and the increase in factor substitutability each causes the capital-to-labor ratio and corporate profits to rise, but only increased factor substitutability generates the observed decrease in the labor share of income and increases the relative variability of profits.

IMPACT OF THE NORM ON THE EXPLOITATION CHARACTERISTICS OF AGRICULTURAL MECHANIZATION IN THE REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA

The paper describes the results obtained from the questionnaires of four groups of tractor drivers by age structure related to the relationship during the exploitation of tractors and agricultural machinery. However, remarks and their opinions were taken with recommendations which should and how to change in the modern way in the exploitation of agricultural mechanization. With a special aspect of handling, maintenance, seen from the expertise and age structure of the tractor drivers themselves. An important segment occupies the set norm and the personal income of the tractor drivers themselves. It is a trend in introducing a new technique in agriculture, with modern, more productive. Which requires changing the norms, but it also requires changing the monthly income of the tractor drivers themselves. This is a very interesting factor that directly affects the storage and maintenance of agricultural machinery. It also depends on the appearance of defects as well as the total costs of servicing and repairs. That is why we took up the analysis of this issue, because one thing is related to each other and at the end of the year an analysis is made of the total costs that always appear in the exploitation as planned and unplanned and always arise as a result of less or greater concern of the immediate handlers. The problem is very interesting and from the aspect of education, which category of tractor drivers with different education is easier to handle, what kind of receipts are received and the attitude of the man to the machine. It is also interesting and contemporary issues, because in practice we are introducing more modern machines with abundant electronics and computerization that have already received very good trainings. Basically, if production technology changes due to modern agricultural machinery, then there is a necessity in changing the set norms and personal income.

Paper in architecture: Research by design, engineering and prototyping

Paper is a fascinating material that we encounter every day in different variants: tissues, paper towels, packaging material, wall paper or even fillers of doors. Despite radical changes in production technology, the material, which has been known to mankind for almost two thousand years, still has a natural composition, being made up of fibres of plant origin (particularly wood fibres). Thanks to its unique properties, relatively high compression strength and bending stiffness, low production costs and ease of recycling, paper is becoming more and more popular in many types of industry. Mass-produced paper products such as special paper, paperboard, corrugated cardboard, honeycomb panels, tubes and L- and U-shapes are suitable for use as a building material in the broad sense of these words – i.e., in design and architecture. Objects for everyday use, furniture, interior design elements and partitions are just a few examples of things in which paper can be employed. Temporary events such as festivals, exhibitions or sporting events like the Olympics require structures that only need to last for a limited period of time. When they are demolished after a few days or months, their leftovers can have a significant impact on the local environment. In the context of growing awareness of environmental threats and the efforts undertaken by local and international organisations and governments to counter these threats, the use of natural materials that can be recycled after their lifespan is becoming increasingly widespread. Paper and its derivatives fascinate designers and architects, who are always looking for new challenges and trying to meet the market’s demands for innovative and proecological solutions. Being a low-cost and readily available material, paper is suited to the production of emergency shelters for victims of natural and man-made disasters, as well as homeless persons. In order to gain a better understanding of paper’s potential in terms of architecture, its material properties were researched on a micro, meso and macro level. This research of the possible applications of paper in architecture was informed by two main research questions: What is paper and to what extent can it be used in architecture? What is the most suitable way to use paper in emergency architecture? To answer the first research question, fundamental and material research on paper and paper products had to be conducted. The composition of the material, production methods and properties of paper were researched. Then paper products with the potential to be used in architecture were examined. The history of the development of paper and its influence on civilisation helped the author gain a better understanding of the nature of this material, which we encounter in our lives every day. Research on objects for everyday use, furniture, pavilions and architecture realised in the last 150 years allowed the author to distinguish various types of paper design and paper architecture. Analysis of realised buildings in which paper products were used as structural elements and parts of the building envelope resulted in a wide array of possible solutions. Structural systems, types of connections between the various elements, impregnation methods and the functionalities and lifespan of different types of buildings were systematised. The knowledge thus collected allowed the author to conduct a further exploration of paper architecture in the form of designs and prototypes. To answer the second research question, the analysed case studies were translated into designs and prototypes of emergency shelters. During the research-by-design, engineering and prototyping phases, more than a dozen prototypes were built. The prototypes differed in terms of structural systems, used materials, connections between structural elements, impregnation methods, functionality and types of building. The three versions of the Transportable Emergency Cardboard House project presented in the final chapter form the author’s final answer to the second research question. Paper will never replace traditional building materials such as timber, concrete, steel, glass or plastic. It can, however, complement them to a significant degree.

Communications between managers of manufacturing units of multinational corporations

PurposeThe paper identifies the factors that shape the intensity and perceived effectiveness of communications between heads of manufacturing units of multinational corporations (MNCs).Design/methodology/approachThe paper is based on a survey of heads of MNCs’ manufacturing subsidiaries in Russia.FindingsThe authors found that the intensity of most inter-unit communication channels depends on the speed and magnitude of the changes experienced by manufacturing subsidiaries in products and production technologies. The assessment of the efficiency of a communication channel with high media richness strongly correlates to the intensity of its use.Practical implicationsSubsidiary managers are quickly mastering most easy-to-use channels (i.e. e-mail exchange, talking on the phone, reading corporate magazines) by themselves, but are minimizing their participation in time-consuming activities (i.e. corporate-wide and special conferences, arranging informal meetings with foreign peers) unless they have to manage rapid changes in products and production technologies. Thus, to intensify the voluntary use of inter-unit channels with high media richness, headquarters should instill in subsidiary managers the value of cooperation between manufacturing units. Moreover, the effectiveness of inter-unit channels with high media richness should be properly demonstrated to subsidiary managers to assuage their initial reluctance.Originality/valueThis paper presents communications between manufacturing units of multinational corporations not as the transfer of abstract knowledge but as routine processes of exchange of detailed information on valuable improvements of the existing practices and solutions to technical and organizational problems common in facility development and mastering new products.

Fused Deposition Modeling for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs): A Review

Additive Manufacturing (AM) is a game changing production technology for aerospace applications. Fused deposition modeling is one of the most widely used AM technologies and recently has gained much attention in the advancement of many products. This paper introduces an extensive review of fused deposition modeling and its application in the development of high performance unmanned aerial vehicles. The process methodology, materials, post processing, and properties of its products are discussed in details. Successful examples of using this technology for making functional, lightweight, and high endurance unmanned aerial vehicles are also highlighted. In addition, major opportunities, limitations, and outlook of fused deposition modeling are also explored. The paper shows that the emerge of fused deposition modeling as a robust technique for unmanned aerial vehicles represents a good opportunity to produce compact, strong, lightweight structures, and functional parts with embedded electronic.

Routine-biased technical change: Panel evidence of task orientation and wage effects

This analysis explores changes in the premium for abstract relative to routine tasks both across and within occupations over time. Previous theoretical and empirical work has linked growth in the relative task premium to changes in production technology that complement abstract but substitute for routine tasks, i.e. the Routine-Biased Technical Change hypothesis. The supporting empirical literature has relied almost exclusively on repeated cross-sections of workers and single cross-sections of task content. Thus, these studies have been unable to examine the evolution of wages in response to changes in task content within occupations over time and unable to control for unobserved individual and occupational heterogeneity. In this paper, I construct a new panel of occupational task content using incumbent-updated survey data from archived releases of the O*NET database. Estimating wage effects in a model with individual and occupation fixed-effects, I find that an increase of ten percentiles in the routine task distribution corresponds with a wage penalty of −0.09 to −0.35 percent in 2004 and declining to between −0.42 and −2.43 percent by 2013. In contrast, an increase of ten percentiles in the abstract task distribution corresponds with a wage penalty of 0.42–2.27 percent in 2004 and declining to between 0.42 and 2.43 percent by 2013. In contrasting estimates with and without individual fixed-effects, I also find evidence patterns of self-selection over time that are also consistent with the Routine-Biased Technical Change hypothesis.

From Design to Production: An Integrated Methodology to Speed Up the Industrialization of Wooden Hulls

A new design and construction procedure for manufacturing wooden boats is presented, based on modular, parameterized components produced by computer numerical control (CNC) machining. This semiautomated procedure greatly reduces time requirements for vessel assembly compared with traditional methods and yields similar economic viability to other less sustainable materials such as fibreglass. Starting from computer-aided design drawings, the three-dimensional geometry is optimized considering target functions (resistance, dynamics…). Segmentation of wooden strips and transformation into two-dimensional segments permits to simplify CNC machining, with component borders shaped and tapered for better interconnection. Tool path generation is part of the cutting procedure to achieve the required components with the minimum use of raw materials and operational time. All strips, together with the frame, are manufactured using a 5-axis CNC machining center and finally assembled to produce the first industrialized prototype of wooden boat. Manufacturing in this way represents a significant step toward viable mass production of wooden boats. 1. Introduction The application of modem manufacturing techniques to the production of wooden boats has the potential to revitalize the use a cheap and environmentally sustainable material in the boating industry. Such a consideration is particularly relevant in the current global context of economic downturn and climate change. Historically, the use of wood (as in [Lanapoppi 2000, Howorth 1980]) was phased out in favor of materials that were cheaper and simpler to deal with, such as fiber-reinforced composites and aluminium (Espeut 1983). The use of wood was inherently manual (Fig. 1) and time consuming, leading to lower economic viability. The widespread adoption of fiberglass eventually came due to its superior malleability and strength-to-weight ratio, as well as its potential to reduce manual labor requirements during construction (Fox 2001). Several decades later, the needs of both manufacturers and customers alike have changed. Natural materials, zero-impact boating and embodied energy are now regular subjects of discussion in the literature (Guamán et al. 2015). The use of wood and electric-solar drivetrains are common approaches when striving for a negative carbon footprint (Pommier et al. 2015). Increasing attention on environmental sustainability, together with several recent changes in wood production technology, suggest the necessity for reevaluation of resource use in boatbuilding, with emphasis placed on environmental sustainability.

A New Approach to Quantifying the Impact of Hurricane-Disrupted Oil Refinery Operations Utilizing Secondary Data

This study suggests a new framework that empirically quantifies the temporally disaggregate economic impacts. Utilizing only secondary data, including post-event information on concurrent demand and value-added changes in the wake of Hurricanes Katrina and Rita, the framework is used to identify the technological changes in production that actually occurred after a major disruption. Two methodologies are developed for the framework and data analysis: a quasi-experimental model and an economic model. The Holt–Winters time-series approach is used to estimate normal economic trends under the assumption that the two hurricanes had not occurred, and the results are compared to actual trends. The gaps between the estimated and actual trends represent the direct impacts. We utilized the flexible national interstate economic model to construct a month-to-month supply-side version of the national interstate economic model and measure the total economic impacts of Hurricanes Katrina and Rita by month, state and industry, including adaptations. The new framework, which provides estimates of economic impact adaptation process and resilient results, refines the often substantially overstated impacts provided by the application of conventional economic models. The suggested approach can be used to address questions about the effects of time, distance, and industry linkages, and hence the dynamics of conflict activities.

The Control of Air Pollution on Indian Reservations

Changes in oil and gas production technology in recent years led to a boom in domestic oil and gas production. Between 2010 and 2014 petroleum production increased fifty-nine percent and natural gas production increased by twenty-two percent. While this production has reduced the nation’s dependence on imported fuel it has resulted in serious air pollution problems developing in rural areas of the western United States including Indian lands. The lack of effective air pollution controls on existing oil and gas well operations has made it difficult to control emissions from this industry. This article looks at the efforts being made to deal with air quality issues arising in Indian country that involve a legal regimen that differs from the program applicable to the rest of the nation. It examines the application of air pollution controls in Utah where approximately forty percent of the active oil and gas wells are located in Indian reservations.

Spatial spillover effects in determining China's regional CO2 emissions growth: 2007–2010

This study proposes an alternative input–output based spatial structural decomposition analysis to elucidate the importance of domestic regional heterogeneity and inter-regional spillover effects in determining China's regional CO2 emissions growth. Our empirical results, based on the 2007 and 2010 Chinese inter-regional input–output tables, show that changes in most regions' final demand scale, final expenditure structure, and export scale have positive spatial spillover effects on other regions' CO2 emissions growth; changes in most regions' consumption and export preference help reduce other regions' CO2 emissions; changes in production technology and investment preferences may exert positive or negative effects on other region's CO2 emissions growth through domestic supply chains. For some regions, the aggregate spillover effect from other regions may be larger than the intra-regional effect in determining regional emissions growth. All these facts can significantly help provide a better, deeper understanding of the driving forces behind the growth of regional CO2 emissions and can thus enrich the policy implications concerning a narrow definition of “carbon leakage” through domestic inter-regional “trade” as well as a relevant political consensus about responsibility sharing between developed and developing regions inside China.

Evaluating opportunities to improve material and energy impacts in commodity supply chains

When evaluated at the scale of individual processes, next-generation technologies may be more energy and emissions intensive than current technology. However, many advanced technologies have the potential to reduce material and energy consumption in upstream or downstream processing stages. In order to fully understand the benefits and consequences of technology deployment, next-generation technologies should be evaluated in context, as part of a supply chain. This work presents the Materials Flow through Industry (MFI) supply chain modeling tool. The MFI tool is a cradle-to-gate linear network model of the US industrial sector that can model a wide range of manufacturing scenarios, including changes in production technology and increases in industrial energy efficiency. The MFI tool was developed to perform supply chain scale analyses in order to quantify the impacts and benefits of next-generation technologies and materials at that scale. For the analysis presented in this paper, the MFI tool is utilized to explore a case study comparing three lightweight vehicle supply chains to the supply chain of a conventional, standard weight vehicle. Several of the lightweight vehicle supply chains are evaluated under manufacturing scenarios that include next-generation production technologies and next-generation materials. Results indicate that producing lightweight vehicles is more energy and emission intensive than producing the non-lightweight vehicle, but the fuel saved during vehicle use offsets this increase. In this case study, greater reductions in supply chain energy and emissions were achieved through the application of the next-generation technologies than from application of energy efficiency increases.

Paper in architecture: Research by design, engineering and prototyping

Paper is a fascinating material that we encounter every day in different variants: tissues, paper towels, packaging material, wall paper or even fillers of doors. Despite radical changes in production technology, the material, which has been known to mankind for almost two thousand years, still has a natural composition, being made up of fibres of plant origin (particularly wood fibres). Thanks to its unique properties, relatively high compression strength and bending stiffness, low production costs and ease of recycling, paper is becoming more and more popular in many types of industry. Mass-produced paper products such as special paper, paperboard, corrugated cardboard, honeycomb panels, tubes and L- and U-shapes are suitable for use as a building material in the broad sense of these words – i.e., in design and architecture. Objects for everyday use, furniture, interior design elements and partitions are just a few examples of things in which paper can be employed. Temporary events such as festivals, exhibitions or sporting events like the Olympics require structures that only need to last for a limited period of time. When they are demolished after a few days or months, their leftovers can have a significant impact on the local environment. In the context of growing awareness of environmental threats and the efforts undertaken by local and international organisations and governments to counter these threats, the use of natural materials that can be recycled after their lifespan is becoming increasingly widespread. Paper and its derivatives fascinate designers and architects, who are always looking for new challenges and trying to meet the market’s demands for innovative and proecological solutions. Being a low-cost and readily available material, paper is suited to the production of emergency shelters for victims of natural and man-made disasters, as well as homeless persons. In order to gain a better understanding of paper’s potential in terms of architecture, its material properties were researched on a micro, meso and macro level. This research of the possible applications of paper in architecture was informed by two main research questions: What is paper and to what extent can it be used in architecture? What is the most suitable way to use paper in emergency architecture? To answer the first research question, fundamental and material research on paper and paper products had to be conducted. The composition of the material, production methods and properties of paper were researched. Then paper products with the potential to be used in architecture were examined. The history of the development of paper and its influence on civilisation helped the author gain a better understanding of the nature of this material, which we encounter in our lives every day. Research on objects for everyday use, furniture, pavilions and architecture realised in the last 150 years allowed the author to distinguish various types of paper design and paper architecture. Analysis of realised buildings in which paper products were used as structural elements and parts of the building envelope resulted in a wide array of possible solutions. Structural systems, types of connections between the various elements, impregnation methods and the functionalities and lifespan of different types of buildings were systematised. The knowledge thus collected allowed the author to conduct a further exploration of paper architecture in the form of designs and prototypes. To answer the second research question, the analysed case studies were translated into designs and prototypes of emergency shelters. During the research-by-design, engineering and prototyping phases, more than a dozen prototypes were built. The prototypes differed in terms of structural systems, used materials, connections between structural elements, impregnation methods, functionality and types of building. The three versions of the Transportable Emergency Cardboard House project presented in the final chapter form the author’s final answer to the second research question. Paper will never replace traditional building materials such as timber, concrete, steel, glass or plastic. It can, however, complement them to a significant degree.

Modification in Structural Design of L-13 “Blanik” Aircraft's Wing to Obtain Airworthiness

The article deals with structural analysis and the design of the current technical condition of the aircraft L-13 “Blanik”. Based on fatal incident and it's further investigation revealed, that one of the reason may have been caused by material fatigue. Therefore majority of this type of aircraft have lost airworthiness. Currently most aero-clubs and aviation schools, mainly in the European Union, North America and Australia, stopped using this type of aircraft. Modification of wing spar gives the opportunity to regain airworthiness. High financial costs of rebuilding the structure, which currently could perform only authorized organizations, are for many aero-clubs and aviation schools unreachable. The aim of this work is to consider safety risks and required flight characteristics in the construction design using a (3D) models and changes in building wings, changes in materials or changes in production technology followed by simulation and mathematical analysis in the time of operation. If acceptable results, we would like to implement them in practice and help to maintain airworthiness for the glider L-13 “Blanik” and integrate it back to common air traffic.

The Economic Role of Water in FYR Macedonia: An Input–Output Analysis and Implications for the Western Balkan Countries

Sustainable management of water resources is imperative in the Western Balkan (WB) region, due to the seasonal, spatial and quality distribution of these resources. This paper analyzed water consumption and associated relationships between the economic sectors in Macedonia in 2005, based on input–output (IO) analysis. Using an environmentally extended IO framework, water consumption was investigated by developing several indicators. Disaggregation of the agriculture sector into 11 sub-sectors, combined with backward and forward linkage analysis, allowed us to identify rice, fruits, grapes and wine, other crop and cattle production as key water-consuming sub-sectors. The developed indicators revealed a high proportion of direct water consumption in agriculture and some other non-agricultural sectors such as mining and quarrying, other mining and quarrying products, food products and beverages as well as electrical machinery, which imposed significant pressure on natural water resources in Macedonia. Therefore, changes in production technology and specializations in Macedonia toward less water-intensive options are needed to ease the pressure on natural water resources. Extending the existing water pricing policy to capture economic, social and environmental aspects should also be considered. Moreover, the development and construction of water accounts and the disaggregation procedure have valuable implications for the WB countries. Applications elsewhere following this Macedonian example can provide a meaningful understanding of the role of water and interdependencies at regional level and increase awareness of the water resource availability at trans-boundary scale.

Teknologi produksi non-pertanian sebagai motor penggerak pembangunan perdesaan: Sebuah studi pustaka

Economic development centered in the urban areas has increased migration from rural areas to urban areas dramatically. As a consequence, labor force and farmland became scarce. Although this circumstance has risen productivity of the farmer, the fact is that the prosperity of the farmer is still not fulfilled sustainable yet. It is evoked by the price inelasticity of the crops. Therefore, wehave to develop non-agricultural and non-rural technologies. Some research in several countries based on both the evolutionary development theory and Haymer and Resnick's development models (1969) that has been developed, at least showed that indeed the change of non-agricultural production technology could increased prosperity rather than agricultural production technology. It means that the change ofnon agricultural technology can be used as an activator motor in agricultural development. The realization of it will at once return rural areas as an economic areas again.

CCE APPROACH THROUGH ABCD ANALYSIS OF ‘THEORY A’ ON ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE

Theory A on organizational performance challenges the existing propositions on human behaviour and motivation. It is founded in the context of changed employee mindset of the modern day employee which has undergone enormous change due to changes in technology and means of production, production relations, customer and societal perception and one’s own expectations. The quest for creativity propels the employee to contribute to the organization drawing positive energy from his innate potential and tuned to best performance models around him through self-exploration. This is a management strategy which believes in delivering targets as responsibility, feeling of creativity, and contribution for motivation, identifying with the organization as commitment and accountability as a hallmark of efficiency. ABCD analysing technique refers to examining a system, model, or concept through focusing on its advantages, benefits, constraints, disadvantages by narrowing to determinant factors, key factors, and critical constituent elements. Determinant factors form the overall frame of reference while key factors represent the dimensions on which its advantages, benefits, constraints and disadvantages are reflected. Critical Constituent Elements (CCE) are elements which are critical to the success of the advantages, benefits, constraints, and disadvantages. This paper attempts a factor and elemental analysis of Theory A using CCE approach through ABCD analysing framework.