Product Safety Research Articles

Development of Poly(lactic acid)-Based Biocomposites with Silver Nanoparticles and Investigation of Their Characteristics

Nowadays, the demand for food packaging that maintains the safety and quality of products has become one of the leading challenges. It can be solved by developing functional materials based on biodegradable polymers, such as poly(lactic acid) (PLA). In order to develop PLA-based functional materials with antibacterial activity, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were introduced. In the present study, AgNPs stabilized by a copolymer of ethylene and maleic acid were used. Under the joint action of shear deformations and high temperature, the biocomposites of PLA with poly(ethylene glycol) and AgNPs were produced. Their mechanical and thermal characteristics, water absorption, and structure were investigated using modern methods (DSC, FTIR, Raman spectroscopy, SEM). The effect of AgNP concentration on the characteristics of PLA-based biocomposites was detected. Based on the results of antibacterial activity tests (against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, along with yeast) it is assumed that these systems have potential as materials for extending the storage of food products. At the same time, PLA–PEG biocomposites with AgNPs possess biodegradability.

Oxidative stress-induced degradation of Brinzolamide: Isolation and in-depth characterization of unique hydroxylamine and oxime degradation products

Since the safety and efficacy of therapeutic products are strongly related to their stability and purity, impurities including the unavoidable degradation products may affect the pharmacological effect. The International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH) guidelines Q3A requires the identification of process impurities and as well as degradation products in any drug substance to assess the inherent stability of the drug. The present work involves an ICH-guided degradation study for the Brinzolamide (BRZ), a topical ophthalmic drug which is generally used to lower the intraocular pressure (IOP) during glaucoma. Under oxidative stress at room temperature for 20 h, four degradation products (namely BRZ-Pk1, BRZ-PK2, BRZ-Pk3, and BRZ-Pk4) are isolated using advanced chromatographic techniques. Upon confirming the masses of the compounds using High-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS), functional groups are identified with the help of Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). Extensive 1-dimensional (1D) and 2-dimensional (2D) Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopic (NMR) experiments especially 1D nOe, 1H-13C-HSQC and 1H-13C-HMBC unequivocally confirm the structures. Among the four compounds analyzed, three (BRZ-Pk1, BRZ-Pk2, and BRZ-Pk4) are novel, while BRZ-Pk3 was previously reported solely with mass spectrometric data. Nitrogen-based 2D NMR experiments are crucial for determining the oxidation state of hydroxylamine and oxime products within the molecules, and 1D nOe measurements help confirming E/Z isomerism (geometrical isomerism) for BRZ-Pk2 and BRZ-Pk4. All the proposed structures are justified with appropriate analytical data. The proposed mechanisms are expected to help in identifying the possible degradation pathways for similar pharmaceutical candidates.

The effect of safe blood and blood products transfusion training on knowledge of intensive care nurses

Aim: Nurses play an essential role in blood transfusion, and more than half of the steps in the transfusion chain are dependent on the nurses’ knowledge, awareness and skills. This study was conducted to determine the effect of safe blood and blood products transfusion training on knowledge of nurses in intensive care unit (ICU). Methods: This quasi-experimental pretest-posttest designed research was completed on (n=166) volunteering nurses working in ICUs. At first, a pretest evaluating the knowledge of nurses on blood and blood products transfusion was performed. Then, a training was provided to nurses and pop-up informative screen messages were sent via hospital information system each time when they sign in the system. Posttest was performed on nurses one month after the completion of the blood and blood products transfusion training. p

SCIENTIFICLY BASED CALCULATION METHODS AND EXPERIMENTAL DATA BASES FOR THE PREVENTION OF PREMIUM FIRE EXPLOSIONS AND UNSAFE EXPLOSIONS OF PYROTECHNIC MULTICOMPONENT NITRATE-METALLIZED MIXTURES UNDER EXTERNAL THERMAL

Problem statement. Methods of preventing the occurrence of forced fire-hazardous destruction of products in the event of exposure to external thermal actions are of great practical importance. At the same time, they should be based on scientifically based methods for determining the critical values of parameters of thermal effects on products and technological parameters of mixture charges, the excess of which leads to premature fire-hazardous destruction of products. To develop such methods, it is necessary to have the results of theoretical and experimental studies of the processes of heating the shells of mixture charges for various external heat flows and their thermoreaction times, as well as the processes of ignition and development of their combustion under different external conditions. Purpose of the article. To form the results of theoretical studies in the form of scientifically based methods that allow preventing and controlling the premature ignition of mixture charges, the explosive development of their combustion process and the fire-hazardous destruction of products under conditions of external thermal effects, as well as the compilation of the results of experimental studies into a single database with determination of the influence of the technological parameters of the mixtures on the characteristics of their ignition processes and the development of combustion, the use of which allows reducing the number of fire-explosive destruction of products in conditions of elevated heating temperatures and external pressures. Conclusion. Scientifically based methods of determining the critical values of the parameters of external thermal actions for the quantitative assessment of the level of fire safety of pyrotechnic products based on multi-component nitrate-metallized mixtures have been developed. A scientific and technical base of experimental data was created to determine the regularities of the influence of a wide class of technological parameters of mixtures on the main characteristics of the processes of ignition and development of combustion of mixtures (ignition temperature, induction time, speed of combustion development) under conditions of external thermal actions (elevated heating temperatures, external pressures, etc.), which makes it possible to determine the probability of fires occurring at facilities where products are stored.

Kualitas Organoleptik, Oksidasi Lemak dan Total Bakteri Sui Wu’u Yang Diolah Dari Otot Paha Belakang dan Diberi Level Tepung Jagung Yang Berbeda

Pork has an important role in the lives of the people of East Nusa Tenggara (NTT), both as a source of animal protein and in cultural and social contexts. Traditional processed products such as Sui Wu'u from Bajawa are examples of pork preservation that has been passed down from generation to generation through the practice of local wisdom. The preservation process using natural ingredients such as cornstarch and salt not only extends the shelf life, but also improves the sensory quality as well as maintains the microbiological and physicochemical qualities of the meat. The addition of cornmeal which is rich in antioxidants and fiber and salt as natural preservatives, helps inhibit the growth of pathogenic microbes and maintains the taste of the product. Nonetheless, the curing process needs to pay attention to various factors such as raw materials, curing methods, and storage temperatures to ensure the quality and safety of the final product. The purpose of this study was to determine the organoleptic quality, fat oxidation and total bacteria in sui wu'u. The design used was a completely randomized design (CRD) consisting of 3 treatments 4 replicates of the addition of corn flour consisting of P1 = 500 g, P2 = 1000 g, P3 = 1,500 g. The parameter measured were: organoleptic quality (color, aroma, taste, and tenderness), fat oxidation and total bacteria. The data of organoleptics were analysed witk Kuakall-Wallis test whereas fat oxidation and total bacteria were analyzed with ANOVA. The results showed that organoleptic quality (color, aroma, taste, and tenderness) and total bacteri were same (P>0.05) whereas fat oxidation decreased as the level of corn starch increased. It can be concluded that given corn starch coulg retard the fat oxidation.

Cyclodextrin-assisted high selectivity of imprinted adsorbents loaded on polyoxometalate@UiO-66 for H2S removal at ambient temperature

The efficient removal of H2S is necessary for clean production and energy safety. However, industrial gases are usually accompanied by CO2 significantly affecting desulfurization effects. Hence, novel imprinted adsorbents (PMo12@UiO-66@H2S-MIP-CDs) were synthesized through surface imprinting technology using cyclodextrins (CDs) as molecular scaffolds and UiO-66 modified by phosphomolybdic acid (PMo12@UiO-66) as a support. Wherein, PMo12@UiO-66@H2S-MIP-β-CD was determined as the optimal adsorbent since β-CD with low solubility is prone to keep its inherent cavity to promote dispersion of imprinted polymers and enrich internal pore channels. H2S capacity of PMo12@UiO-66@H2S-MIP-β-CD (31.67 mg/g) was about 2.4 and 1.7 times that of PMo12@UiO-66 and PMo12@UiO-66@H2S-MIPs, respectively, revealing the remarkable contribution of β-CD as a molecular scaffold to improve desulfurization. The results showed that PMo12@UiO-66@H2S-MIP-β-CD can maintain stable desulfurization efficiency regardless of the presence of CO2 or moisture, and O2 can strengthen the redox reaction between H2S and PMo12 accompanied by the increased reduction degree of Mo6+ in PMo12. After five adsorption-regeneration cycles, PMo12@UiO-66@H2S-MIP-β-CD still exhibited ideal removal efficiency. The excellent desulfurization performance is mainly ascribed to the selective adsorption role of H2S-MIP-β-CD and oxidative removal ability of PMo12. This work provides a valuable reference for the directional design of high-capacity functional adsorbents for room-temperature desulfurization.

Microbiological Safety and Functional Properties of a Fermented Nut-Based Product

Fermented nut-based products, obtained after soaking and fermentation, are gaining increasing interest as animal food substitutes because of ethical, environmental and health reasons. In these products, Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) perform the fermentation, leading to matrix acidification and contributing to controlling spoilage and pathogenic microbiota. In this work, LAB strains isolated from an artisanal product and combined with a commercial strain were added as starter cultures during nut soaking to produce a cheese-like fermented plant-based product. Three different LAB consortia were used in challenge tests at laboratory scale against Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli or Salmonella Enteritidis, inoculated in nuts at 5 log CFU/g, and monitored for pathogen survival and matrix acidification. The combination of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum 82 and Leuc. carnosum 4010 resulted in faster acidification (pH value < 4.4 after 18 h instead of 48 h) and the reduction of target pathogens; L. monocytogenes was already absent after seven days from production, and the counts of E. coli or S. Enteritidis were lower with respect to other samples. Thus, this microbial consortium was used for a pilot-scale production in which, beyond safety, the fermented plant-based product was also characterized for aroma profile and phenolic compounds, parameters that are known to be affected by LAB fermentation. The results showed an enhancement of the aroma profile, with an accumulation of molecules able to confer cheese-like notes (i.e., acetoin and diacetyl) and higher phenolic content, as well as the presence of compounds (i.e., phenyllactic acid and hydroxyphenyllactic acid) that could exert antimicrobial activity. This study allowed us to set up a guided fermentation for a cheese-like vegan product, guaranteeing safety and improving aromatic and functional features.

Risk investigation and diversity of microbial contamination during slaughter processing of yellow-feathered broiler

The cleanliness of slaughter process is very pivotal to ensure the safety of broiler products, and slaughter process is prone to cause microbial contamination since it involves a highly collaborative system including different operations. The procedures in slaughter processing are primary sources of bacterial contamination, and it is crucial for poultry industry to maximize product safety and quality by understanding the connection between bacterial diversity on chicken carcasses. The commercial yellow-feathered broiler plant was investigated to analysis the risk of microbial contamination. In this study, 16S rRNA sequencing was used to evaluate microbial diversity and microbial contamination was investigated by collecting 910 samples from different processing steps. Generally, total count of bacteria colonies ranged from 3.14 log CFU/cm2 to 5.68 log CFU/cm2, and the microbial load at yellow-feathered broiler carcass samples was significantly higher than that at environmental samples; moreover, the cutting areas were the high-risk areas of cross-contamination. In addition, the relative abundance of Actinobacteria (9.61%) at water samples was significantly higher than that at contact surfaces samples. This paper provides a valuable theoretical insight into the diversity and changes in the bacterial community during slaughter beneficial for enterprise managers further enhancing yellow-feathered chicken quality.

Oenothera biennis improves pregnancy outcomes by suppressing inflammation and fibrosis in an intra-uterine adhesion rat model

Intrauterine adhesion (IUA), also referred to as Asherman’s syndrome, is characterized by fibrosis, inflammation, and can cause amenorrhea and infertility due to abnormal endometrial healing. Histological and Molecular methods were used to evaluate the efficacy of EPO, which is traditionally known for its anti-inflammatory and fibrinolytic properties, in preventing the formation of IUA. Oral administration of EPO reduced the formation of adhesion bands and promoted endometrial regeneration. EPO administration decreased extracellular matrix accumulation, evidenced by the down-regulation of tissue COL1A1 and COL3A1 expression. The anti-inflammatory effect of EPO was confirmed by a reduction in oxidants and down-regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines including TNF-α, IL-6, IFN-γ, and IL-1β. Furthermore, EPO improved embryonic development parameters, including size and weight of embryo, as well as increased embryo count and live embryo percentage in the rat IUA model. EPO also positively enhanced implantation markers, particularly enlargement and mass gain in the placenta of the treated group, consequently improving pregnancy outcomes such as the number of babies, percent of live babies, baby weight and gestation time. Histopathological investigation provides evidence that oral administration of EPO showed no toxicity on the main three organs including liver, kidney and heart. These results showed that EPO can be considered as a safe and natural product with potent anti-inflammatory and fibrinolytic properties without any observed side effects for the treatment of IUA.

Bearing RUL prediction and fault diagnosis system based on parallel multi-scale MIMT lightweight model

Abstract In actual industrial production, the importance of safety production is increasingly prominent, and the degradation and failure of machinery and equipment are potential sources of safety hazards. Therefore, there is a growing trend towards real-time monitoring, prediction, and diagnosis of industrial equipment to prevent unpredictable impacts on life and property safety caused by sudden failures. To address this issue, this paper proposes a real-time degradation anomaly detection based on parallel multiscale autoencoders and a lightweight model of parallel multiscale multi-input multi-task for bearing Remaining Useful Life (RUL) prediction and fault diagnosis systems. Firstly, the multiscale autoencoder method is used to simulate actual working conditions and reconstruct the original vibration signals to build abnormal degradation detection intervals. The [0, $\mu$ +3$\sigma$] interval is utilized to judge abnormal degradation based on reconstruction errors, and the First Predict Timepoint (FPT) is determined adaptively. Secondly, a method for constructing dimensionless auxiliary datasets is proposed, which adopts a multi-input form based on deep separable convolution for feature extraction of original vibration signals, kurtosis, and peak values to improve the prediction and diagnosis performance of the lightweight model. Finally, a multi-task output method combining clustering and regression is employed to achieve RUL prediction and fault diagnosis of bearings. The proposed method overcomes the problems existing in traditional bearing RUL prediction and diagnosis methods and possesses theoretical innovation and engineering practicality. Validation on two bearing datasets confirms the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Analysis of Nutritional Profiles, Mineral Content, and Contaminants in Palm Oil from Yenagoa Metropolis, Nigeria: Assessing Quality and Safety Standards

Aim: This study aims to evaluate the nutritional profiles, chemical compositions, and potential contamination of palm oil samples from different locations in Yenagoa Metropolis, Nigeria, to assess their quality and safety. Study Design: An analytical investigation was conducted, using proximate analysis, mineral content determination, and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) to characterize the palm oil samples' composition and contamination levels. Place and Duration of Study: The research was carried out in Yenagoa Metropolis, Nigeria, from January to October 2023. Methods: Palm oil samples were collected from three distinct locations within Yenagoa Metropolis. Proximate analysis quantified moisture, ash, protein, fat, and carbohydrate contents. Mineral content was assessed for potassium, iron, magnesium, and phosphorus. GC-MS was employed to identify and quantify bioactive compounds and potential contaminants in the samples. Results: Moisture content ranged from 0.00% in sample C to 3.00% in sample A. Ash content was highest in samples B and C, at 20.06%, while sample C had the highest fat content at 47.0%. Potassium (10.9%) and phosphorus (0.53%) were also highest in sample C. GC-MS analysis revealed key bioactive compounds, such as n-hexadecanoic acid and squalene, but also detected harmful contaminants especially in samples A and B. Presence of Isobutylene glycol and various oxiranes can cause skin, eye, and respiratory irritation, with prolonged exposure leading to severe health issues. Benzene, toluene, Trimethylamine compound with Borane, Pentane 3-ethyl-2-methyl and Heptane 2-methyl are associated with respiratory problems, neurological damage, and potential long-term organ effects. Contaminants in the oil samples were attributed to inadequate refining, contaminated raw materials, improper handling, and environmental pollution. This study emphasizes the nutritional value of palm oil while highlighting the need for improved quality control measures to ensure the safety and efficacy of palm oil products.

Pesticides in widely consumed vegetables in Bangladesh and its health risk

ABSTRACT This study analysed pesticide residues in cauliflower (Brassica oleracea botrytis) and bitter gourd (Momordica charantia), two widely consumed vegetables in Bangladesh, and assessed the associated human health risks. Vegetables were analysed using a modified QuEChERS extraction, followed by gas chromatography with flame thermionic and electron capture detectors. Results showed that in 36.7% of the samples pesticide residues were detected, 90.9% of which exceeding the MRLs of the European Commission, so highlighting serious food safety concerns. Multiple residues were detected in some samples, with chlorpyrifos being the most common present, followed by diazinon, dimethoate and quinalphos. Human health risks, calculated by estimated daily intake and hazard index, indicated potential non-carcinogenic risks from the present pesticides. This study may assist policymakers and authorities in developing strategies for safe vegetable production and quality monitoring to ensure food safety.

Silicon alleviates the toxicity of microplastics on kale by regulating hormones, phytochemicals, ascorbate-glutathione cycling, and photosynthesis

Kale is rich in various essential trace elements and phytochemicals, including glucosinolate and its hydrolyzed product isothiocyanate, which have significant anticancer properties. Nowadays, new types of pollutant microplastics (MP) pose a threat to global ecosystems due to their high bioaccumulation and persistent degradation. Silicon (Si) is commonly used to alleviate abiotic stresses, offering a promising approach to ensure safe food production. However, the mechanisms through which Si mitigates MP toxicity are unknown. In this study, a pot culture experiments was conducted to evaluate the morphogenetic, physiological, and biochemical responses of kale to Si supply under MP stress. The results showed that MP caused the production of reactive oxygen species, inhibited the growth and development of kale, and reduced the content of phytochemicals by interfering with the photosynthetic system, antioxidant defense system, and endogenous hormone regulation network. Si mitigated the adverse effects of MP by enhancing the photosynthetic capacity of kale, regulating the distribution of substances between primary and secondary metabolism, and strengthening the ascorbate-glutathione (AsA-GSH) cycling system. SummaryEffects of microplastic and silicon on key indicators of kale. Note: The red arrows and blue arrows indicate the MP treatment effect compared to the control and Si treatment effect compared to the MP treatment, respectively.

Study on preparation and performance of bagasse/sodium carboxymethyl cellulose gel for inhibiting coal spontaneous combustion

In order to effectively prevent and control coal spontaneous combustion and improve the safety of coal mining, bagasse carboxymethy cellulose (BCC) prepared from bagasse (BS) and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) were used as the substrates. A gel (BCC-CMC) for inhibiting coal spontaneous combustion was prepared using a chemical crosslinking method involving zirconium citrate crosslinking and glucono-delta-lactone (GDL) modification. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy were utilized to characterize both the crystal and molecular structure of bagasse and its derived bagasse carboxymethyl cellulose. The results indicated that new carboxymethyl groups were introduced into bagasse during the treatment, facilitating the successful extraction and preparation of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose. The results of viscosity and bonding tests demonstrated that the concentration and dosage of CMC had the most significant influence on the gel viscosity, which remained higher and more stable at room temperature. The coal bonded by the gel coal mixture can effectively seal surface cracks, with a bonding degree of up to 70.72 %. TG-DTG, temperature-programmed oxidation experiment and FTIR analyses revealed that, compared to raw coal, coal samples treated with gel exhibited improved stability, fewer active groups, and fewer oxygen-containing functional groups, effectively inhibiting coal’s low temperature oxidation and reducing the risk of spontaneous combustion. The gel is environmentally friendly, cost-effective, and exhibits good flame retardant properties. This study is of great significance for preventing and controlling coal spontaneous combustion, effectively ensuring the safe production of coal resources and the safety of mine workers, achieving the green sustainable development of the mine.

A New Purpose to Old Arsenal: Exploring the Safety and Efficacy of a New Regimen Comprising a Combination of Chlorhexidine Gluconate and Cetrimide for Seborrheic Dermatitis Treatment in a Randomized Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial.

Seborrheic dermatitis is a common scalp condition affecting the quality of life of individuals across all age groups. The uninhibited proliferation of Malassezia spp. and enhanced sebaceous gland activity often leads to scalp flaking, mild erythema, and itching, thereby worsening the situation. Here, we aimed to study the efficacy of an antiseptic liquid as a pre-shampoo rinse followed by a non-anti-dandruff shampoo as a dandruff care strategy. Methods: The anti-dandruff efficacy of a chlorhexidine-cetrimide-based antiseptic liquid (ASL) as a pre-shampoo scalp rinse, followed by a regular non-anti-dandruff shampoo, was compared with a commercialZinc pyrithione (ZnPTO) based anti-dandruff shampoo following a half-head paired treatment design in a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial. The study was conducted on 50 healthy human adults of both genderswith moderate to severe dandruff. During the 12 weeks of this study, the product's safety and efficacy were evaluated based on the dermatologist's visual assessment, the subjects' self-assessment, the loose flake density score, and hair fall. ASL as a pre-shampoo scalp rinse demonstrated significant reduction (p<0.001 for n=47) in dandruff and itching after the treatment and the regression phase, performing at par with a marketed anti-dandruff shampoo. Moreover, ASL was established to be safe, non-irritant, and well-tolerated. No product-related adverse event, discomfort, or irritation symptoms were recorded, having any impact on hair sensory properties. This study demonstrates that a regimen of a chlorhexidine+cetrimide antiseptic liquid for scalp treatment followed by rinse with a regular shampoo can prove as effective as a ZnPTO-based anti-dandruff shampoo in reducing dandruff symptoms for individuals with moderate dandruff.

High-Pressure Processing of Milk and Dairy Products: Latest Update

The growing global demand for minimally processed fresh foods has driven the development of innovative food processing methods. High-pressure processing (HPP), a leading non-thermal technique, has proven to be environmentally friendly, cost-effective, and versatile across various food types. Its ability to extend shelf life and ensure microbial safety is well established, particularly in dairy products. However, further research is needed to fully understand HPP’s impact on improving the digestion of milk compounds and assessing potential safety risks. Recent studies, for example, demonstrate HPP’s efficacy in enhancing the microbial safety and nutritional value of products like cheese, yogurt, and whey protein isolate. This review explores these advancements and highlights HPP’s role in improving the physicochemical, organoleptic, and functional properties of milk and dairy products.

Basic Requirements and Framework Conditions of Real-World Data (RWD) on Herbal Medicinal Products.

Real-world data (RWD) is becoming increasingly relevant for evaluating safety and effectiveness of medicinal products, including non-prescription medicines and herbal medicinal products in particular. In order to use real-world data for regulatory decision-making in the field of herbal medicinal products, it is crucial to have an accurate description the herbal substances and preparations, as herbal medicinal products, in contrast to chemically defined medicinal products, contain a complex mixture of natural compounds. However, it remains challenging to get standardised information on herbal products from current literature. This publication gives a brief overview of necessary information of herbal medicinal products in scientific literature and data sources to ensure high-quality real-world data.

Study on the hydrogen-air premixed flame propagation characteristics in semi-open space with obstacle

In semi-open space, obstacles have the potential to accelerate flame propagation and increase hydrogen-air deflagration pressure. Therefore, this paper is dedicated to exploring the influence of obstacles on the premixed hydrogen deflagration, which is crucial for enhancing the safety of industrial production and energy utilization. By using Large Eddy Simulation (LES) model in OpenFOAM, this study investigates the deflagration characteristics of premixed hydrogen in the presence of three different shaped obstacles. The analysis results reveal that under obstacle conditions, the flame shape can be categorized into four phases: the hemispherical phase, finger-shaped phase, jet phase, and vortex phase. The velocity of the flame front is nearly same for elliptical and rectangular obstacle condition, but it is 36% higher compared to triangular obstacle condition. The impact of triangular and rectangular obstacles on explosion overpressure is less than that of triangular obstacles on explosion overpressure, but it is 16% higher than that of elliptical obstacle. Analyzing the vorticity generated by different obstacle reveals that the vorticity produced by rectangular obstacle is twice as much as that produced by elliptical obstacle, whereas the vorticity produced by triangular obstacle is 2.4 times greater than that produced by elliptical obstacle. The acceleration of hydrogen-air explosion process occurs due to the narrow space created by obstacle and pipeline walls, and the shape of obstacle significantly influences this acceleration.

HPTLC Densitometric Analysis for Quantification of Sennocide-B and Rhein in Leaf Extracts of Senna alexandrina Mill. and Their Commercial Formulations.

The leaf extract of Senna alexandrina Mill., a plant from the Fabaceae family, contains bioactive anthraquinones sennoside-B and rhein, traditionally used in Indian medicine for various health issues. However, standardizing the quality of S. alexandrina and its commercial products is challenging. To address this, we established two high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) methods for accurate analysis of these biomarkers in S. alexandrina leaf extract and its commercial formulations. For sennoside-B, a mobile phase combination of solvent for example, butanol, water, and glacial acetic acid (6:3.5:0.5, v/v/v) was used, with detection at 254 nm, producing spots at an Rf value of 0.37 ± 0.006. The method showed linearity between 100 to 2000 ng/spot (R² = 0.9983 ± 0.0017), with a limit of detection (LoD) of 22.84 ± 0.554 ng/band and a limit of quantitation (LoQ) of 69.22 ± 0.859 ng/band. For rhein, a mobile phase combination of solvent toluene, ethyl acetate, and glacial acetic acid in the ratio (7:2.5:0.5, v/v/v) was utilized and was also detected at 254 nm. The obtained spots had Rf value of 0.67 ± 0.004. The linearity was confirmed within the same range (R² = 0.9985 ± 0.0005), with an LoD of 15.49 ± 0.645 ng/spot and an LoQ of 46.94 ± 1.172 ng/spot. Herein, the methods have followed the guidelines of ICH (Q2) R1. These developed HPTLC methods are selective, simple, sensitive, accurate, and economical, making them suitable for everyday assessment of these bioactive markers in S. alexandrina and its commercial products. This study supports the quality control of S. alexandrina, ensuring product consistency, efficacy, and safety.

Investigation on the Effect of Projection Types on Stud Weld Strength by Taguchi Method

In this study, the effect of different weld projections on the mechanical properties of stud welds was analyzed using the Taguchi experiment planning method, using a projection welding machine with a capacity of 100 kVA with MFDC transformer. The samples were subjected to the tensile rupture force test with a destructive test device. The aim of this study was to ensure product safety by capturing the spot-welding quality, which is determined by the specifications of the automotive main industry, using a bolt with a lower weight. In this study, 1.5 mm WSS-M1A365-A11 uncoated steel sheet and 8.8 quality M6x1.00x25 triple projection uncoated welding bolts and 8.8 quality M6x1.00x18.5 ring shaped weld bolts were used as stud welding bolts. Different welding times, different welding currents and different welding clamping forces were used on the WSS-M1A365-A11 steel sheet samples in the stud welding operation with bolts. Taguchi analysis showed that ring shaped stud weld bolts required welding parameters of 32 ms welding time, 27 kA welding current and 500 daN welding force, while triple projection stud welding was found to perform the best optimum weld with 23 ms welding time, 18 kA welding current and 350 daN force.