Oilseed Production Research Articles

ФОТОСИНТЕТИЧНА ПРОДУКТИВНІСТЬ СОЇ СОРТУ АННУШКА ЗАЛЕЖНО ВІД ПЕРЕДПОСІВНОЇ ОБРОБКИ НАСІННЯ МЕТАБОЛІЧНО АКТИВНИМИ РЕЧОВИНАМИ

One of the priority areas for the development of Agriculture in Ukraine is the stable production of oilseeds. Soy is one of the most important and widespread legumes and oilseeds in the world. It is characterized by a high protein and oil content and high nutritional qualities. Soy seeds contain 30–45 % protein, 13–26% fat, 20–32% carbohydrates, as well as minerals, vitamins, enzymes, etc.
 Without the use of fertilizers, it is impossible to obtain a big soybean harvest. Among the main factors that determine the yield of this crop, fertilizers account for 30 %, varieties – 20 %, weather conditions and plant protection – 15 % each, effective fertility and tillage – 10 % each.
 Therefore, the study of the effect of a combination of metabolically active substances (complexes of vitamin E and ubiquinone-10; vitamin E, 4-hydroxibenzoic acid (PHBA) and methionine; vitamin E, 4-hydroxibenzoic acid (PHBA), methionine and magnesium sulfate growth regulator Vympel on assimilation processes in soybean leaves in the main phases of ontogenesis and its performance is worthy of scientific attention.
 It was observed that pre-sowing treatment of seeds with combinations of metabolically active compounds effectively affected the formation of the number of leaves during all phases of plant growth and development. Thus, when using vitamin E in combination with ubiquinone-10, the maximum number of leaves on soybean plants was formed, exceeding the control indicators at all the studied phases and indicators in the variant with a pennant in the flowering and bean formation phase.
 The use of combinations of metabolically active compounds for pre-sowing seed treatment causes certain changes in the pigment composition of soybean leaves at different phases of ontogenesis. It was found that pre-sowing treatment of soybean seeds with a combination of vitamin E + ubiquinone-10 substances allowed to achieve the maximum result, namely, to increase the content of the sum of chlorophylls A and b in soybean leaves to 25.54 mg/g of raw mass, which is 35.42 % more than the control and 16.55 % more than in the variant with Vympel. Pre-sowing treatment of soybean seeds with combinations of substances vitamin E + ubiquinone-10, vitamin E + PHBA + methionine allowed to increase the content of the sum of chlorophylls a and b in soybean leaves by 9.97 mg/g and 8.35 mg/g of raw mass and in the flowering phase. The maximum content of chlorophylls a and b was achieved during the bean formation phase.
 Pre-sowing treatment of soybean seeds with combinations of metabolically active substances vitamin E + ubiquinone-10, vitamin E + methionine + PHBA contribute to the maximum realization of photosynthetic productivity, so further study of the effect of the above substances on leguminous crops is promising.
 Pre-sowing treatment of soybean seeds with metabolically active compounds can be used as elements of technology in the cultivation of legumes.

Nutraceutical and Pharmaceutical Behavior of Bioactive Compounds of Miracle Oilseeds: An Overview.

India plays an important role in the production of oilseeds, which are mainly cultivated for future extraction of their oil. In addition to the energic and nutritional contribution of these seeds, oilseeds are rich sources of bioactive compounds (e.g., phenolic compounds, proteins, minerals). A regular and moderate dietary supplementation of oilseeds promotes health, prevents the appearance of certain diseases (e.g., cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), cancers) and delays the aging process. Due to their relevant content in nutraceutical molecules, oilseeds and some of their associated processing wastes have raised interest in food and pharmaceutical industries searching for innovative products whose application provides health benefits to consumers. Furthermore, a circular economy approach could be considered regarding the re-use of oilseeds’ processing waste. The present article highlights the different oilseed types, the oilseeds-derived bioactive compounds as well as the health benefits associated with their consumption. In addition, the different types of extractive techniques that can be used to obtain vegetable oils rich from oilseeds, such as microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) and supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), are reported. We conclude that the development and improvement of oilseed markets and their byproducts could offer even more health benefits in the future, when added to other foods.

Terminal heat stress in Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L.): Variation in dry matter accumulation, stem reserve mobilization, carbohydrates translocation and their correlation with seed yield

The rapeseed mustard is one of the most important sources of edible oil in India and contributes 28.6% in total oilseed production. The mustard growing areas in India are experiencing the vast diversity in the agro climatic conditions. Here, we studied forty-nine advanced breeding lines of Brassica juncea L. for two consecutive years (2016-18) to examine the variations in the remobilization of assimilates from flowering to maturity stage and their contribution to seed filling under stressed environment. Further, we investigated the impact of high temperature on dry matter accumulation and partitioning from source to sink in Brassica germplasm. The synchronization between the seed filling stage and the onset of heat spell is critical event that determines the overall yield. Imbalances caused due to miss-matching of above events created hindrance in source-sink translocation, thus resulted in yield losses. Amount of remobilized dry matter, remobilization efficiency and remobilization percentage increased significantly, while the dry matter accumulation, total carbohydrates content and seed yield per plant declined in the late sown genotypes during both crop seasons. Reduced accumulation of photo assimilates under stress and higher sink demand resulted in more number of shriveled seeds leading to yield depression. The higher remobilization efficiency in late sown genotypes was strongly associated with dry matter at flowering that consequently tended to affect the final seed weight. This study will provide insights for better understanding of source-sink relationships in Indian mustard under heat stress and the differential remobilization efficiencies in the advanced breeding lines.

Influence of sesame and groundnut intercropping system on productivity and competitive ability of crops

The demand supply gap between production of edible oilseeds and domestic need for edible oils warrants increase in production of edible oilseeds in India. Hence, there is a scope for adoption of appropriate cropping systems with improved agronomic practices. Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) and groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) are two important oilseeds that can be cultivated during different cropping systems under limited resource conditions. Based on the above, a field experiment on intercropping sesame + groundnut was conducted at the Experimental Farm of Centurion University of Technology and Management, Odisha. Reduction of proportion of an individual crop species reduced the productivity over their respective pure stands. Among intercropping combinations, the treatment T5: sesame + groundnut (1:3) produced more oil yield (594 kg/ha). The study clearly indicated that 50 percent or above population of groundnut recorded considerably higher oil yield under the intercropping sesame + groundnut. The land equivalent ratio, relative crowding coefficient and monetary advantage was advantageous with the treatments T3: sesame + groundnut (1:1), T4: sesame + groundnut (1:2), T5: sesame + groundnut (1:3), T7: sesame + groundnut (2:2), T8: sesame + groundnut (2:3) and T: sesame + groundnut (3:3). The study concluded that sesame can be intercropped in groundnut with a proportion of 50% or more of legumes (groundnut) to achieve the benefits of intercropping during summer season in south Odisha conditions.

Growth and productivity of sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) as influenced by spacing and nitrogen levels

India is a leading producer of oilseeds and importer of vegetable oil in the world. To ensure self-sufficiency in oilseeds production, the country needs to enhance production and productivity through adoption of improved technologies. Among different edible oilseeds, sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) grows well during different seasons under various cropping systems and the productivity can be increased by efficient nutrient management and plant stand. Based on the above facts, a field trial was conducted during summer season of 2021 at Experimental Farm of Centurion University of Technology and Management, Odisha by adopting split plot design comprising of three main factors as spacing (30 cmx 15 cm, 40 cmx 15 cm and 50 cmx 15 cm) and four sub factors as nitrogen levels (0, 30, 60 and 90 kg N/ha). The branches/plant (4.2), capsules/plant (31.8), number of seeds/capsule (38.1), and 1000-seed weight (2.60g) were more with wider spacing of 50 x 15 cm and it was closely followed by 40 cm x 15 cm and, both the treatments were significantly superior to a closer spacing of 30 cm x 15 cm. However, the maximum seed, stover and biological yields of sesame were realized with a spacing of 40 cm x 15 cm (481, 2261 and 2742 kg/ha) and it was because of optimum spacing with the treatment. Among different nitrogen levels, 90 kg N/ha resulted in superior performance in expression of various growth and yield attributes and seed (525 kg/ha), stover (2372 kg/ha) and biological yields (2898 kg/ha) than other levels. The interaction effect indicated that a spacing of 40 cm x 15 cm along with 90 kg N/ha resulted in seed (619 kg/ha), stover (2756 kg/ha) and biological yields (3375 kg/ha) of sesame. The experiment concluded that to obtain higher growth and productivity of sesame, the spacing of 40 cm x 15 cm can be adopted along with 90 kg N/ha.

Impact of phosphorus and sulphur levels on growth and productivity of summer sesame

India imports edible vegetable oil to fulfil the domestic requirement and there is a need for enhancement of productivity of oilseeds in the country. Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.), a short duration oilseed, grows well during different seasons under various cropping systems. The average productivity of sesame in India is low and that can be increased by efficient nutrient management. Based on the above facts, a field trial was conducted during summer season of 2021 at Experimental Farm of Centurion University of Technology and Management, Odisha. The experiment was laid out in a split-plot design comprising of four levels of phosphorus (0, 30, 60, 90 kg P2O5/ha) and three levels of sulphur (0, 20, 40 kg S/ha), with three replications. The sesame variety YLM17 was sown on 25th February 2021. The results revealed that the application of 60 kg P2O5/ha registered significantly more growth attributes, namely, plant height (113.8 cm), dry matter accumulation (2899 g/m2) and leaf area index (1.46) than other treatments. Similarly, the treatment being statistically at par with 90 kg P2O5/ha recorded superior yield attributes over other treatments. The seed yield (770 kg/ha), stover yield (2126 kg/ha), oil content (43.7%) and oil yield (336 kg/ha) of summer sesame was more with 60 kg P2O5/ha, but it was statistically at par with 90 kg P2O5/ha. However, 40 kg S/ha registered significantly higher values of growth and yield attributes, seed yield (673 kg/ha), stover yield (1779 kg/ha), oil content (41.5%) and oil yield (282 kg/ha) of sesame. The experiment concludes that the summer sesame can be grown in south Odisha conditions with the application of 60 kg phosphate and 40 kg sulphur per hectare to obtain higher growth and productivity.

Automatic detection of insect predation through the segmentation of damaged leaves

Leveraged by the production of grains, oilseeds, and fresh deciduous fruits, food production has reached new heights, exceeding the amount produced in previous years and with an estimate of new records for the coming years. In this sense, technological advances are essential to reduce costs and increase quality and productivity. In this paper, we present a novel method to detect insect predation on plant leaves that uses geometric leaf properties and digital image processing techniques to construct image models. Unlike other approaches, our method detects and highlights the regions of leaves attacked by insects and segments the contours of insect bites. We evaluated our proposal considering 12 crucial crops for the world market, and it demonstrated to be effective, even in the presence of noise, image scale, and rotation. Besides, it identifies insect predation areas regardless of the plant species with precision above 90% in blueberry, corn, potato, and soybean leaves. Thus, this proposal introduces a new approach to automatic leaf analysis and contributes to reducing human effort in identifying the occurrence of pests. The code prepared by the authors is publicly available.

Dynamics of Oilseeds Production and Decomposition of output Components of Oilseeds in Bihar

India is the fourth largest producer of oilseeds and accounts for about 15-20 percent of global oilseeds area, 6-7 percent vegetable oil production and 9-10 percent of total edible oils consumption. Among different oilseeds, groundnut, rapeseed-mustard and soyabean accounts for about 80 percent of area and 87 percent of production of oilseed in the country during 2018-19. Currently, share of oilseeds are 14% of the total area under major crops. Day by day, the demand for consumption of vegetable oil is increasing in Bihar but the area under cultivation of oilseeds is decreasing. In Bihar, the area under cultivation of oilseeds was 228.3 thousand hectares in 1986-87 and it has decreased to 113.14 thousand hectares in 2019-20. This paper investigates the trends in area, production and yield of oilseeds in the State of Bihar. The study period was from 1990-91 to 2019-20 and it had divided into 3 periods: 1990-91 to 1999-2000, 2000-01 to 2009-10 and 2010-11 to 2019-20 to have an understanding of decadal performance. The results clearly showed that the growth rate performance of area, production and yield of oilseed in the region declined sharply from period 1 to 3. The study witnessed that more than half of the area under the crop in the State suffered from low growth rate in area. The comparison of production growth rates of all the major oilseeds revealed that Sunflower showed better performance followed by rapeseed and mustard, During the study period from 1990-91 to 2019-20, only yield (2.02%) showed positive growth rate whereas area (-2.6%) and production (-0.62%) showed negative growth rate. The decomposition analysis of growth suggests that sources of output growth in Bihar was the same in all the three periods as the major contribution was yield effect followed by area effect. Reduction in yield gap and adoption of new technology can improve Bihar as well as India’s oilseeds production and make India self-sufficient in oilseeds production and consumption.

Factors Affecting Production of Oilseeds and Cash Crop in Rajasthan: The Cobb-Douglas Analysis

Indian Economy is an emerging economy, but it is still an agricultural economy because most people earn their livelihood from agriculture. The results from the study showed that seed, fertilizer, and manure were positively significantly affecting rapeseed & mustard and soybean production. The variables such as fertilizer and human labour were found positive and significant, while bullock labour measures had a significant negative effect on sesamum production. The variables, namely fertilizer, human labour and irrigation water, were found positively significant in estimating the production function of cotton, whereas plant protection measures were found to be negatively significant contributing factors. Proper management of costly inputs needs strengthening the extension services. Judicious use of inputs like pesticides and fertilizers not only help in keeping low production costs but will also maintain soil health and sustain productivity.

DIFFERENTIATION OF SUNFLOWER MINERAL nutrition CONTROL BASED ON THE APPLICATION OF BIOPREPARATIONS OF ASSOCIATIVE NITROFIXATION IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE ROSTOV REGION

The article presents the results of three-year studies of the effect of biological products produced by the All-Russian Research Institute of Agricultural Microbiology (St. Petersburg) and mineral fertilizers, when applied jointly and separately, on the yield of sunflower on ordinary chernozem in the north-western zone of the Rostov region. The research carried out made it possible to give recommendations on the differentiation of sunflower nutrition control when producing products with different characteristics. For the production of oilseeds of ordinary quality, the greatest effect was after N60P40-fertilization during cultivation in spring. The increase in yield to the control was 0.31 t / ha, or 22.6%. To reduce the intensity of spring field work, autumn N60P40K40- or N60P80-fertilization during plowing will be equivalent. If it is necessary to reduce the anthropogenic load on the agrocenosis and produce agricultural products of improved quality, N30P40-fertilization in spring in combination with the application of the biological product Mizorin 7 into the rhizosphere of plants should be preferred. The increase in yield to control was not inferior to the traditional fertilization system. In order to obtain organic products without mineral fertilization, it is advisable to adjust the nutrition of sunflower only by application of biological preparations with strains of associative nitrogen fixers into the rhizosphere - Mizorin 7, Mizorin 204 and 2P-7. This agricultural practice increased the yield of sunflower sowing by 11.7-14.6%.

Integrated pest management strategies for cabbage stem flea beetle (Psylliodes chrysocephala) in oilseed rape.

Oilseed rape (OSR) is the second largest source of vegetable oil globally and the most important biofuel feedstock in the European Union (EU) but the production of this important crop is threatened by a small insect, Psylliodes chrysocephala – the cabbage stem flea beetle (CSFB). The EU ban on use of neonicotinoid seed treatments and resistance of CSFB to pyrethroid insecticides have left farmers with limited control options resulting in drastic reductions in production. Integrated pest management (IPM) may offer a solution. We review the lifecycle of CSFB and the current options available, or in the research pipeline, for the eight IPM principles of the EU Sustainable Use of Pesticides Directive (Directive‐2009/128/EC). A full IPM strategy for CSFB barely exists. Although there are a range of preventative measures, these require scientific validation; critically, resistant/tolerant OSR cultivars are not yet available. Existing monitoring methods are time‐consuming and there are no commercial models to enable decision support based on predictions of migration timing or population size. Available thresholds are not based on physiological tolerances of the plant making it hard to adapt them to changing market prices for the crop and costs of control. Non‐synthetic alternatives tested and registered for use against CSFB are lacking, making resistance management impossible. CSFB control is therefore dependent upon conservation biocontrol. Natural enemies of CSFB are present, but quantification of their effects is needed and habitat management strategies to exploit their potential. Although some EU countries have local initiatives to reduce insecticide use and encourage use of ‘greener’ alternatives, there is no formal process for ranking these and little information available to help farmers make choices. We summarize the main knowledge gaps and future research needed to improve measures for CSFB control and to facilitate development of a full IPM strategy for this pest and sustainable oilseeds production.

Роль пропашных предшественников в контроле засоренности и увеличении урожайности семян рапса и сурепицы

Practice shows that the demand for oilseeds is currently very high. Having the potential of large processing capacities in the southern part of the Non-Black Earth Zone of Russia, oilseeds are in high demand, characterizing rapeseed and rape as high-margin crops in agricultural production. The study of the influence of row crop predecessors on the productivity of cruciferous oilseeds in the conditions of this region is interesting and relevant, which served to determine the direction of research. The article presents data on determining the effectiveness of predecessors on weediness, growth and development, productivity of agrocenoses of rapeseed and rape of spring forms. On the dark gray forest soils of the Ryazan region, the maximum yield of oilseeds of rape and rape was obtained on the variants where the predecessor potato was chosen (2.80 t / ha for rape, 2.68 t / ha for rape), the minimum yield of rape and rape was obtained from the predecessor of corn for grain (2.55; 2.44 t / ha, respectively). A direct dependence of the weediness of crops to the yield of oilseeds of the studied crops was revealed. Keywords: RAPESEED, MUGGY, PREDECESSORS, CLOGGING, YIELD, QUALITY

ПРОДОВОЛЬЧА БЕЗПЕКА УКРАЇНИ В ПОВОЄННИЙ ПЕРІОД: ОСНОВНІ ПРОБЛЕМИ СІЛЬСЬКОГО ГОСПОДАРСТВА ТА СПОСОБИ ЇХ УСУНЕННЯ

Abstract. The place of ensuring food security in agrarian policy is substantiated as an irreplaceable factor of social stability, economic sovereignty of the state and ensuring its most valuable social resource - the health of the nation. In a theoretical and practical sense, food security is the cornerstone that should determine the essence of the state's agrarian policy at a specific historical stage of its development. The imperfection of the current food system in the country, which is overly focused on the export of grain and oilseeds products, with a simultaneously growing import of certain types of food products important for the population, which is a sign of the country's gradual loss of food sovereignty, is revealed. The negative impact on food security of highly specialized agricultural production with signs of a monoculture, which is characterized by increased erosion processes, soil fatigue, and a decrease in soil fertility, is researched, and the role of crop rotation agriculture in eliminating these negative processes is substantiated. A program for the conservation of heavily eroded and war-disturbed lands using the experience of the EU countries and the USA is proposed. The main directions of the agrarian policy of Western European countries are revealed in terms of developing and implementing mechanisms for influencing the prevention of monocultural production, stimulation of crop rotation agriculture and the development of animal husbandry associated with it, with a focus on providing domestic food markets with food products of domestic production necessary for the full nutrition of the population. Highlighted, given the world and domestic practice, the significant role of small farms in ensuring the food security of society. This needs targeted state support, the positive experience of which has been accumulated in the EU countries and which Ukraine has yet to master.

The effect of urea and solopotass on morpho-physiological and biochemical characteristics of Super Sweet Corn (Zea mays var Basin) in response to different irrigation regimes

Introduction Maize (Zea mays L.) is widely spread all over the world due to its many characteristics, especially its ability to adapt to different climatic conditions and occupies the third position after wheat and rice in terms of crop area. Currently, maize is cultivated in more than 240 hectares of Iranian land (Gheţe et al., 2018). Super Sweet Corn is a monocotyledonous, annual, single plant of the family poaceae, which is widely used in agriculture and industry (Gheţe et al., 2018). Abiotic stresses affect different aspects of plant growth, such as reduction and delay in germination, decrease in development rate, decrease in plant organs growth, and decrease in plant life duration and finally decrease in dry matter production. Among abiotic stresses, drought stress is considered to be the most influential type of stress in the production of oil seeds in the world and can greatly reduce production on many arable lands. One of the primary effects of drought is the reduction of water content of plant tissues (Ghanbari et al., 2016). Nitrogen is one of the major nutrients in biomass determination and crop yield through impact on leaf area index (radiation intake) and photosynthetic capacity per leaf area unit (Compelo et al., 2019). Potassium in physiological applications including: carbohydrate metabolism or starch formation; protein metabolism; control and regulation of various essential minerals activities; Stomach and water play a key role (Tisdale et al. 2003). This study was carried out to investigate the effect of urea fertilizers combination with solopotass fertilizers on yield and yield components of Super Sweet Corn in different irrigation regimes. Materials and methods This research was carried out as a factorial experiment in a randomized complete block design with three replications in Varamin Agricultural & Livestock Complex in 2016. Factorial combinations of three treatments of water deficit stress (15% (un-stressed control), 30% (moderate stress) and 45% (severe stress) of FC depletion), four nitrogen fertilizer rate (zero (un-fertilized control), 150, 200 and 250 kg.ha-1) from urea and four potassium fertilizer rate (zero (un-fertilized control), 100, 150 and 200 kg.ha-1) from potassium sulfate were considered. Drip irrigation (T-tape) was applied the row length in each experimental plot was 6 m, 50 cm apart. The distance between the plots and between the repetitions was 1 and 3.5 m, respectively. Plant to plant distance within each row was 8 cm. The irrigation schedules were based on soil moisture discharge of field capacity at the root zone of Super Sweet Corn with a depth of about 30 cm. Results The results of this study showed that three-way interaction of irrigation time and chemical fertilizers was significant in leaf length and diameter, grain number, 1000 grain weight, photosynthesis rate and catalase enzyme. In moderate stress conditions, the highest grain yield was obtained from 150 kg urea and 200 kg solopotass, respectively. The highest photosynthesis rate and catalase activity were observed in the control treatment under severe stress conditions. Conclusion In general, it can be concluded that application of 150 kg urea and 200 kg solopotass increased 37.89 % grain yield compared to control under moderate stress conditions, respectively, that indicates the ability of chemical fertilizers to increase yield and yield components as well as increase photosynthesis rate under stress conditions and is highly effective in the emergence of resistance to super sweet maize plant and severe yield loss. Finally, application of 150 kg urea and 200 kg solopotass on the moderate stress conditions is recommended for optimum yield.

ДИВЕРСИФІКАЦІЯ ЯК СТРАТЕГІЧНИЙ НАПРЯМ СТАЛОГО РОЗВИТКУ ПІДПРИЄМСТВ АГРАРНОГО СЕКТОРУ ЕКОНОМІКИ

The diversification of the activities of agricultural enterprises is considered as a process of mastering the production of new or expanding the range of traditional types of products, which makes it possible to more fully realize the existing natural, biological, resource, production potential and helps to strengthen financial, economic and environmental safety, increases the competitiveness and efficiency of economic entities. Today, the need to diversify the activities of domestic agricultural enterprises is determined by a set of prerequisites, both general economic and specific. In modern realities, the overwhelming majority of farmers are focused on the production of the most liquid and least capital- and labor-intensive types of products with a short payback period. The economic results of agricultural enterprises in most cases directly depend on the efficiency of production of grain and oilseeds. Narrow specialization, and sometimes practically monoculture, increases the threats of agrobiological, ecological, and economic nature Diversification of their activities allows minimizing the risks of agricultural enterprises from unfavorable phenomena of agrotechnical and weather-climatic nature and unforeseen changes in market conditions. Optimization of the sectoral structure on the basis of a rational combination of the main, additional, and subsidiary industries ensures more efficient use of land and means of production, leads to the leveling of seasonality, and creates conditions for an enterprise to receive a guaranteed stable income. The priority for the diversification of large-scale agricultural production is its investment and innovative development with a rational combination of crop and livestock industries, the revival of the traditional for Ukraine industries of beet growing, vegetable growing, horticulture, cattle breeding, pig breeding, sheep breeding. Diversification of the activities of small and medium-sized producers provides for an orientation towards the production of products with a high level of labor intensity, environmentally friendly organic products, niche agriculture, the production of non-traditional agricultural products, green, agritourism, etc. The need to change the raw material nature of the agricultural sector of the Ukrainian economy determines the need to increase the industrial processing of agricultural raw materials. This will not only make it possible to obtain greater added value, but will also ensure the creation of additional jobs, will contribute to the growth of incomes of the population, and an increase in the revenues of budgets of all levels. The development of diversification processes guarantees a stable income and an increase in the profitability of agricultural producers and will also contribute to the implementation of national priorities for ensuring the country's food security, increasing employment, and solving social and material problems of peasants.

Quantitative Trait Locus Mapping Combined with RNA Sequencing Reveals the Molecular Basis of Seed Germination in Oilseed Rape.

Rapid and uniform seed germination improves mechanized oilseed rape production in modern agricultural cultivation practices. However, the molecular basis of seed germination is still unclear in Brassica napus. A population of recombined inbred lines of B. napus from a cross between the lower germination rate variety ‘APL01’ and the higher germination rate variety ‘Holly’ was used to study the genetics of seed germination using quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping. A total of five QTLs for germination energy (GE) and six QTLs for germination percentage (GP) were detected across three seed lots, respectively. In addition, six epistatic interactions between the QTLs for GE and nine epistatic interactions between the QTLs for GP were detected. qGE.C3 for GE and qGP.C3 for GP were co-mapped to the 28.5–30.5 cM interval on C3, which was considered to be a novel major QTL regulating seed germination. Transcriptome analysis revealed that the differences in sugar, protein, lipid, amino acid, and DNA metabolism and the TCA cycle, electron transfer, and signal transduction potentially determined the higher germination rate of ‘Holly’ seeds. These results contribute to our knowledge about the molecular basis of seed germination in rapeseed.

Cultivation of Perilla frutescens (Lamiaceae) in prehistoric Korea

The Mumun period (ca. 1500–1 BC) on the Korean Peninsula represents an incipient agricultural society with a reliance on cereals and legumes. Relatively little is known about the utilization of other types of plants that are considered to be delicacies and condiments. We present archaeobotanical evidence of the storage of perilla seeds dated to ca. 1000 BC. Charring experiments of modern perilla seeds were conducted to examine seed-size changes under different heating temperatures and durations. The experimental results confirmed that the recovered specimens belonged to the cultivated type of Perilla frutescens var. frutescens. The occasional discovery of perilla seeds from earlier settlements suggests that perilla utilization has a deeper history that dates back to ca. 3500 BC. These findings demonstrate that the small-scale production of fragrant vegetables and oilseeds was important alongside the cultivation of carbohydrate-rich crops in prehistoric Korea.

Socio-economic significance of oil crops products

The article reflects the socio-economic importance of oilseeds in the domestic market of consumption, focuses on the indispensability of processing sunflower, soybeans, canola, mustard, flax oil for food and the economic effect of using oilseeds for producers of these products in the agricultural market. . It is established that the production of oilseeds is an integral part of the diet of the population of Ukraine, an important segment of the livestock industry, an important sector of the agricultural economy. It is noted that domestic products of oilseeds processing dominate export markets. It is determined that the innovative direction today is the use of waste from oilseeds processing in the bioenergy industry. The purpose of the article is to to reveal the socio-economic significance of oilseeds in Ukraine and to determine further prospects for development at the present stage of functioning of the domestic agricultural market. Research methods – system generalization, abstract-logical, analysis and synthesis, observation, comparison. Research results. Today, Ukraine in the world market of oilseeds occupies a leading position in terms of their production and exports of processed products. For the last 20 years, the oil and fat industry has dominated the agricultural market of Ukraine in terms of price, profitability, value added, production rates, etc. Production chains have been formed from small farmers to processors of raw materials and exporters of oil and seeds. It is profitable and profitable to produce oilseeds, the resulting products are liquid and in demand in the market. The structure of consumption of sunflower processing products: meal – 25%, oil – 10%; rapeseed: meal – 20%, oil – 0.7%; soy: meal – 35%, oil – 0.3%. So, the vast majority of products are exported. Sunflower is a strategic oil crop in Ukraine, which has "established" itself on production areas as the main oil crop, and the products of its processing are a significant export product. Demand for sunflower oil is growing every year due to increasing demand from importing countries. Rapeseed is gaining momentum in the domestic market of oilseeds due to the growth of its processing. Rapeseed is a crop with a wide range of uses. Sleeveless low-glucosinolate varieties of rapeseed provide high-quality meal, feed improvers. In the agronomic aspect, rapeseed has undeniable advantages in that it provides up to 1.5-2.0 tons of oil from 1 hectare of field. Soybeans are a valuable protein-oil crop that has a wide range of uses: feed production, food, technical purposes, medicine. Soybeans have a fairly high productivity, a wide range of distribution. When growing soybeans, both protein and vegetable oil are obtained. Ukraine consumes about 50 thousand per month. tons of soybean meal and cake. In the general structure of forages soybean meal occupies 23%. Despite the multi-vector application of finished products of oilseed flax, mustard and products of their processing, the dynamics of production of these crops in Ukraine has a downward trend. Mustard seed production in Ukraine is a chaotic phenomenon. Oilseed flax seeds and oil are used in the food and pharmaceutical industries. Mustard is of great importance as an oil crop, and mustard oil is not inferior in quality to sunflower. Conclusions. The food industry is shaping the demand for sunflower oil with a high content of oleic acid. The market for high-oleic sunflower is constantly growing and isolating. A promising direction for sunflower is the production of organic sunflower and the emphasis on the quality of the final product. The prospect of expanding the rapeseed market is due to a number of factors: rapeseed is a universal agro-ecological crop that has a beneficial effect on the soil and is an excellent precursor to winter cereals; rapeseed oil is one of the cheapest vegetable oils used in many industries; rapeseed oil is used as the main raw material for biofuel production. Soybean as a unique protein-oil crop with a wide range of uses has the potential to increase production in the domestic agricultural market due to high yields and a wide range. At the same time it is necessary to take into account the leading positions of this culture in terms of production in the world. Regarding oil flax and mustard, we believe that these crops have the potential to increase production. This is due to the fact that oil flax is suitable for growing in all regions of Ukraine, and is also characterized by waste-free production. A similar position on mustard – Ukraine belongs to the traditional world areas of mustard cultivation, and the use of modern technologies of mustard cultivation can give a harvest that is not inferior to the yield of rapeseed.

Formation of oil flax yields when using biological drugs in the Southern Steppe zone of Ukraine

It is noted that flax oil is a promising object in the system of biology of agricultural production, since it has a positive effect on the state of agrophytocoenosis and has a wide nutritional medical and cosmetic application. Production of oilseeds for food and medical purposes should be based on the use of biological preparations of abbrevy, protective and growth of regulatory action. The use of biological preparations on flax crops can improve plant nutrition, provide high-quality protection and contributes to the stability of agrocenoses affected by intensive chemicalization. Modern biological poly functional preparations provide phytohormonal regulation of basic physiological processes in plant organisms and contribute to adaptation to adverse environmental factors such as drought and thermal stress. The purpose of the work is to study the influence of biological preparations on the formation of indicators of oil flax productivity for seed treatment and soliloin feeding of crops during the growing season. The research was carried out on dark chestnut heavy loamy soils in the indigestable crop rotation of the southern Steppe of Ukraine. The object of research is microbiological preparations Ecophosforin, Binok TK, Asphosforin and organic fertilizer Bio-gel, which were used in accordance with the regulations. The experiment used the vera variety, which was grown in compliance with zonal technology. In accordance with the recommendations, biological preparations were used by pre-sowing treatment of seeds on the eve of sowing and spraying plants in the "Christmas tree" phase with a hand sprayer. It has been proved that the use of drugs, improving the nutritional and vital activity of plants, increased the number of boxes and seeds formed by one plant. The use of drugs Ecophosforin and Bio-gel has shown the greatest positive effect on the formation of elements of oil flax productivity compared to control and other options. The average seed weight from one plant was the highest with the double use of organic fertilizer Bio-gel (0.37 g), as well as in the treatment of seeds ecophosforin (0.35 g) and Bio-gel (0.36 g). Treatment of seeds with microbiological preparation Ecophosforin and organic fertilizer Bio-gel increases yield by 0.22 and 0.35 t /ha. Microbiological drug Azotophosforin should be used for processing seeds and crops in the "Christmas tree" phase, which ensures an increase in the yield of oil flax by 0.21 t / ha. The highest yield of seeds was provided by the treatment of seeds with organic fertilizer Bio-gel 0.99 t / ha among microbiological preparations Ecophosforin 0.86 t / ha.

Analyzing the Growth and Performance of Agriculture Sector in Nepal


 Agriculture is the backbone of Nepalese economy but higher poverty, constant trade deficit and erratic inflation rate has led to the shrinkage of agriculture share in the national GDP from 27.59% in last fiscal year to 26.98% in this fiscal year. Agriculture production rate is increasing at an average rate of 2.7% but is expected to grow at 5.1% this year due to the better monsoon. Nepal shares 0.66%, 0.27%,0.22% and 0.4% in global production of rice, wheat, maize and pulses respectively in the year 2018-19. The production of oilseeds has increased to 9.89% in 2018-19 from 4.68% in 2014-15. The minimal increment to 0.36% in 2018-19 from 0.3% in 2008-09 is noticed in case of production of vegetables. The share of Nepal in global production of fruit is only 0.16% in 2018-19 after increment from 0.1% in 2008-09. The share of Nepal in global milk production is very low i.e.0.247% though dairy sector is in prosperous state in Nepal. After adopting different suggestive measures better growth can be attained in the agriculture sector. The agriculture sector is in booming stage with the help of different government policies. An integrated sustainable approach is necessary to increase the income of people involved in agriculture sector.