Production Of Metal Nanoparticles Research Articles

Biosorption of copper, nickel, and manganese as well as the production of metal nanoparticles by Bacillus species isolated from soils contaminated with electronic wastes.

Improper electronic waste management in the world especially in developing countries such as Iran has resulted in environmental pollution. Copper, nickel, and manganese are from the most concerned soil contaminating heavy metals which found in many electronic devices that are not properly processed. The aim of this study was to investigate the biological removal of copper, nickel, and manganese by Bacillus species isolated from a landfill of electronic waste (Zainal Pass hills located in Isfahan, Iran) which is the and to produce nanoparticles from the studied metals by the isolated bacteria. The amounts of copper, nickel, and manganese in the soil was measured as 1.9 × 104 mg/kg, 0.011 × 104 mg/kg and 0.013 × 104 mg/kg, respectively based on ICP-OES analysis, which was significantly higher than normal (0.02 mg/kg, 0.05 mg/kg, and 2 mg/kg, respectively. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of metals on the bacterial isolates was determined. The biosorption of metals by the bacteria was evaluated by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES). The metal nanoparticles were synthetized utilizing the isolates in culture media containing the heavy metals with the concentrations to which the isolates had shown resistance. X ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) were used for the evaluation of the fabrication of the produced metal nanoparticles. Based on the findings of this study, a total of 15 bacterial isolates were obtained from the soil samples. The obtained MICs of copper, nickel, and manganese on the isolates were 40-300 mM, 4-10 mM, and 60-120 mM, respectively. The most resistant isolates to copper were FM1 and FM2 which were able to bio-remove 79.81% and 68.69% of the metal, respectively. FM4 and FM5 were respectively the most resistant isolate to nickel and manganese and were able to bio-remove 86.74% and 91.96% of the metals, respectively. FM1, FM2, FM4, and FM5 was molecularly identified as Bacillus cereus, Bacillus thuringiensis, Bacillus paramycoides, and Bacillus wiedmannii, respectively. The results of XRD, SEM and EDS showed conversion of the copper and manganese into spherical and oval nanoparticles with the approximate sizes of 20-40 nm. Due to the fact that the novel strains in this study showed high resistance to copper, nickel, and manganese and high adsorption of the metals, they can be used in the future, as suitable strains for the bio-removal of these metals from electronic and other industrial wastes.

Use of Zero-Valent Iron Nanoparticles (nZVIs) from Environmentally Friendly Synthesis for the Removal of Dyes from Water—A Review

This review article addresses the increasing environmental concerns posed by synthetic dyes in water, exploring innovative approaches for their removal with a focus on zero-valent iron nanoparticles (nZVIs) synthesized through environmentally friendly methods. The article begins by highlighting the persistent nature of synthetic dyes and the limitations of conventional degradation processes. The role of nanoparticles in environmental applications is then discussed, covering diverse methods for metallic nanoparticle production aligned with green chemistry principles. Various methods, including the incorporation of secondary metals, surface coating, emulsification, fixed support, encapsulation, and electrostatic stabilization, are detailed in relation to the stabilization of nZVIs. A novel aspect is introduced in the use of plant extract or biomimetic approaches for chemical reduction during nZVI synthesis. The review investigates the specific challenges posed by dye pollution in wastewater from industrial sources, particularly in the context of garment coloring. Current approaches for dye removal in aqueous environments are discussed, with an emphasis on the effectiveness of green-synthesized nZVIs. The article concludes by offering insights into future perspectives and challenges in the field. The intricate landscape of environmentally friendly nZVI synthesis has been presented, showcasing its potential as a sustainable solution for addressing dye pollution in water.

Anthranilic Acid: A Versatile Monomer for the Design of Functional Conducting Polymer Composites

Polyaniline has been utilized in various applications, yet its widespread adoption has often been impeded by challenges. Composite systems have been proposed as a means of mitigating some of these limitations, and anthranilic acid (2-aminobenzoic acid) has emerged as a possible moderator for use in co-polymer systems. It offers improved solubility and retention of electroactivity in neutral and alkaline media, and, significantly, it can also bestow chemical functionality through its carboxylic acid substituent, which can greatly ease post-polymer modification. The benefits of using anthranilic acid (as a homopolymer or copolymer) have been demonstrated in applications including corrosion protection, memory devices, photovoltaics, and biosensors. Moreover, this polymer has been used as a versatile framework for the sequestration of metal ions for water treatment, and, critically, these same mechanisms serve as a facile route for the production of catalytic metallic nanoparticles. However, the widespread adoption of polyanthranilic acid has been limited, and the aim of the present narrative review is to revisit the early promise of anthranilic acid and assess its potential future use within modern smart materials. A critical evaluation of its properties is presented, and its versatility as both a monomer and a polymer across a spectrum of applications is highlighted.

Biogenic synthesis of CoO and ZnO nanoparticles using rosemary extract: Synergistic antimicrobial activity and insights from DFT simulations

Plant extracts with stabilizing and emulsifying qualities are commonly used in nanotechnology for the eco-friendly production of metallic nanoparticles. The study focused on synthesizing CoO and ZnO nanoparticles by the use of rosemary leaf extract. Quantum chemical calculations were performed using the DFT method to determine the active sites of the main chemical compounds in rosemary extract that catalyze the bi-reduction of Co+2 and Zn+2, resulting in the eco-friendly production of CoO and ZnO nanoparticles. Rosemary leaf extracts include a significant quantity of hydroxyl groups (–OH), oxygen atoms as heteroatoms, and many aromatic rings. The enhanced amount of π-electrons, resulting from aromatic rings and electron-releasing groups connected to these rings, facilitates the simultaneous reduction of Co and Zn metals. This happens because the π-electrons are more likely to interact with the vacant d-orbitals of Co and Zn. Antibacterial activity tests show that CoO and ZnO nanoparticles manufactured using green methods are effective against both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria, as well as the fungal isolate C. albicans with superior activity of CoO nanoparticles. The MIC assay results show that the synthesized nanoparticles are more effective against gram-negative E. coli bacteria than gram-positive S. aureus bacteria and C. albicans. CoO nanoparticles showed about 1.5x - 3x fold more antibacterial activity compared to ZnO nanoparticles. The results emphasize the possibility of using green synthesis of nanoparticles as an environmentally benign and cost-efficient technique for mass manufacturing, showing potential applications in the fields of medicine and industry.

Antibacterial and Wound Healing Efficacy of Silver Nanoparticles Synthesized from Root Bark of Berberis lycium Royle

AbstractInfectious diseases are becoming a worldwide threat due to antibiotic resistance. Therefore, it is necessary to prepare innovative antibiotics against bactericidal activities. The development of nanomedicine has been greatly aided by nanotechnology. A focal point of exploration involves the production of noble metal nanoparticles, owing to their diverse applications. The study's subjects are the synthesis, characterization, and assessment of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) derived from Berberis lyceum Royle root bark (BLR) extract. The study revealed the potent antibacterial properties of BLR‐AgNPs, with heightened efficacy against S. pyogenes (16.7±0.3 mm) and comparatively lower activity against E. coli (1.1±0.1 mm). Minimum inhibitory concentration assessment indicated maximum activity at 10 μg/mL, whereas 2.5 μg/mL demonstrated the least inhibitory effect. Furthermore, the wound healing potential of BLR‐AgNPs was explored, demonstrating superior activity (0.19±0.02 cm) equated to BLR‐extract (0.46±0.02 cm) and untreated wounds (0.77±0.02 cm). These findings underscore the considerable antibacterial and wound‐healing capabilities of BLR‐AgNPs.

Eco-Friendly Production of Metal Nanoparticles Through Plant Extract Besides Their Assessment of Antibacterial, and Antifungal activity

A green-synthesis method for silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) is a scientific breakthrough. Using sunflower plant extracts, this approach uses metallic and botanical synergy. Naturally occurring and renewable extracts reduce, chelate, stabilize, bind, and precipitate. The Ag nanoparticles' X-ray diffraction (XRD) crystal structure was cubic. Average nanoparticle crystallite size was 31.18 nm. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) detected silver. Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM) examination revealed that the particles were Ag (silver) and spherical, averaging 31.23nm. Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy also indicated a 2.7 eV optical gap. Using many characterization methods, nanostructured silver was synthesized during this procedure. Biological efficacy assays can evaluate hierarchically porous silver's antibacterial properties. In the previous five years, strategies against Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Streptococcus mutans, Ecoli, and Candida albicans, Penicillium spp., and Aspergillus spp. were essential. Data demonstrates that these structures are attractive antibacterial choices. A majority of Ag NPs are natural bacterium substitutes for Staphylococcus aureus, pseudomonas aeruginosa, Streptococcus mutans, and Ecoli. Also against various fungi: The immune systems of immunocompromised hosts are threatened by yeasts such Candida albicans, Penicillium, and Aspergillus.measured. It calls into doubt the study's efficacy in antibacterial and other applications.

Biosynthesis of copper nanoparticles using Alstonia scholaris leaves and its antimicrobial studies

The utilization of plants for the production of metallic nanoparticles is gaining significant attention in research. In this study, we conducted phytochemical screening of Alstonia scholaris (A. scholaris) leaves extracts using various solvents, including chloroform, ethyl acetate, n-hexane, methanol, and water. Our findings revealed higher proportions of flavonoids and alkaloids in both solvents compared to other phytochemical species. In the methanol, extract proteins, anthraquinone and reducing sugar were not detected. On the other hand, the aqueous extract demonstrated the presence of amino acids, reducing sugar, phenolic compounds, anthraquinone, and saponins. Notably, ethyl acetate and chloroform extracts displayed the highest levels of bioactive compounds among all solvents. Intrigued by these results, we proceeded to investigate the antibacterial properties of the leaf extracts against two major bacterial strains, Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). All extracts exhibited significant zones of inhibition against both bacterial isolates, with S. aureus showing higher susceptibility compared to E. coli. Notably, the methanol extract displayed the most potent I hibitory effect against all organisms. Inspired by the bioactivity of the methanol extract, we employed it as a plant-based material for the green synthesis of copper nanoparticles (Cu-NPs). The synthesized Cu-NPs were characterized using Fourier infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), UV–visible spectroscopic analysis, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The observed color changes confirmed the successful formation of Cu-NPs, while the FTIR analysis matched previously reported peaks, further verifying the synthesis. The SEM micrographs indicated the irregular shapes of the surface particles. From the result obtained by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopic analysis, Cu has the highest relative abundance of 67.41 wt%. Confirming the purity of the Cu-NPs colloid. These findings contribute to the growing field of eco-friendly nanotechnology and emphasize the significance of plant-mediated approaches in nanomaterial synthesis and biomedical applications.

Preparation of CS-LS/AgNPs Composites and Photocatalytic Degradation of Dyes.

Synthetic dyes are prone to water pollution during use, jeopardizing biodiversity and human health. This study aimed to investigate the adsorption and photocatalytic assist potential of sodium lignosulfonate (LS) in in situ reduced silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and chitosan (CS)-loaded silver nanoparticles (CS-LS/AgNPs) as adsorbents for Rhodamine B (RhB). The AgNPs were synthesized by doping LS on the surface of chitosan for modification. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrometry, energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were used to confirm the synthesis of nanomaterials. The adsorption and photocatalytic removal experiments of RhB were carried out under optimal conditions (initial dye concentration of 20 mg/L, adsorbent dosage of 0.02 g, time of 60 min, and UV power of 250 W), and the kinetics of dye degradation was also investigated, which showed that the removal rate of RhB by AgNPs photocatalysis can reach 55%. The results indicated that LS was highly effective as a reducing agent for the large-scale production of metal nanoparticles and can be used for dye decolorization. This work provides a new catalyst for the effective removal of dye from wastewater, and can achieve high-value applications of chitosan and lignin.

Isotherm and Kinetic Studies on Adsorption of Yellow Azo Dyes (Sunset Yellow, Tartrazine) using <i>Kigelia africana</i> (Lam.) Benth., Leaf Extract Mediated Iron Nanoparticles

Sunset yellow and tartrazine are commonly used azo dyes extensively employed in beverages and food products such as soda, fruit juices, confectionery, and cakes. These dyes hold the distinction of being the second and third most frequently utilized colour additives in a wide array of beverage products. The discharge of these synthetic food dyes into industrial wastewater can lead to significant environmental and health issues. Due to its aromatic structure, this dye is resistant to breaking down into harmless compounds, and its removal through effective adsorption presents an economical and efficient solution. The use of renewable bioresources for the eco-friendly production of metallic nanoparticles represents a recent and growing trend in nanotechnology research, offering enhanced environmental safety. In this current research, we achieved the green and cost-effective synthesis of monodispersed Iron Nanoparticles (FeNPs) with exceptional stability by utilizing an aqueous extract of Kigelia africana (Lam.) Benth is the primary bioresource for this synthesis. The FeNPs were noticed to be uniformly distributed spherical-shaped particles having smooth surfaces with a 26-34 nm size range and an average particle size of 28 ± 0.86 nm. The XRD results confirm that the FeNPs were rhombohedral phase structures with 71.43% of elemental iron. These synthesized nanoparticles were applied for the removal of sunset yellow and tartrazine dyes were investigated and more than 90% were removed. The adsorption isotherm study was best fitted with the Langmuir model, and the maximal adsorption capacity was found to be 76.29 and 47.22 mg/g for sunset yellow and tartrazine respectively. The adsorption reaction follows pseudo-first-order kinetics with a high correlation coefficient. Repeated cycles of regeneration, reuse and stability showed very high removal efficiency and stability. In conclusion, the biosynthesis of metal nanoparticles demonstrates substantial promise for applications in environmental protection.

Investigating the Metallic Nanoparticles Decoration on Reduced Graphene Oxide-Based Sensors Used to Detect Sulfur Dioxide

This paper presents the impact of the decoration of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) with metallic nanoparticles to detect sulfur dioxide (SO2). Copper and platinum were employed to produce metal nanoparticles (NPs) for the chemical and physical decoration of rGO to form the nanocomposites (rGO/NPs). We optimized NP loading by varying the concentrations of metal ions and deposition times for chemical and physical decoration, respectively. The chemical decoration presents a random nanoparticle distribution on the rGO surface with a broad particle size distribution (1 to 100 nm with a majority less than 40 nm). In comparison, the physical decoration presents uniformly distributed nanoparticles with particles of a size between 1 and 20 nm, with a majority less than 10 nm. The chemically decorated structures present the best gas responses and show that lower NP loading provides better responses. The nanocomposites present responses owing to a better synergy between NPs and the rGO surface, combined with the catalytic action of the NPs on the rGO. The physical decoration allows higher NP surface coverage than the chemical one but implies a lower remaining rGO naked surface for gaseous molecule interaction. These results illustrate that the NPs’ surface and the uncovered rGO contribute to the gas response.

A New Synthesis of Copper Nanoparticles and Its Application as a Beta-Hematin Inhibitor

To prevent the development of drug resistance and unwanted side effects, nanomaterials have been studied for their potential to inhibit beta-hematin, an important protein for the survival of malaria parasites. The use of nanomaterials as a medication against parasites and mosquito vectors has recently shown promising drug therapeutic strategies. One of the newest areas of interest in nanotechnology and nanoscience is the environmentally friendly production of nanoparticles. Green synthesis to produce metal nanoparticles is the most important strategy to overcome the possible dangers of toxic chemicals for a safe and harmless environment. For this study, copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) were synthesized using Iraqi basil leaf extract, demonstrating its novelty in nanosciences. The formation of CuNPs can be seen visually as a color shift from green to brownish. UV-vis absorption spectra, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to characterize the synthesized nanoparticles. The surface plasmon resonance property (SPR) of CuNPs is revealed by UV-vis analysis, which shows a distinctive absorption peak at 420–430 nm, whereas SEM reveals the spherical shape of CuNPs with sizes ranging from 30 to 50 nm.

Mechanistic Study in Gold Nanoparticle Synthesis through Microchip Laser Ablation in Organic Solvents

The utilization of pulsed laser ablation in liquids (PLALs) for preparing gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) in organic solvents holds immense potential across diverse applications. This study introduces a compact and low-power microchip laser (MCL) system (average power 50 mW; pulse energy 0.5 mJ). Due to its compactness, an MCL is advantageous for easy manipulation in organic laboratories during the production of metal nanoparticles (NPs) for research and development purposes. In this research, poly(N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone) (PVP) is used as a stabilizing agent for the preparation of Au NPs in organic solvents (CH2Cl2, CHCl3, 2-PrOH, MeCN, DMF, EtOH, NMP, and DMSO). Our experimental results demonstrate that the particle size remains consistent across all the organic solvents. This study explores the productivity of Au NPs in different organic solvents, revealing the necessity of multiple laser pulses to generate Au NPs successfully. This phenomenon, known as the ‘incubation effect,’ is linked to the lower pulse energy in the experimental condition and the thermal conductivity of the solvents. The findings emphasize the crucial role of solvent properties in determining the Au NPs productivity in PLAL.

Valorization of plant by-products in the biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles with antimicrobial and catalytic properties

Biosynthesis based on natural compounds has emerged as a sustainable approach for the production of metallic nanoparticles (MNP). The main objective of this study was to biosynthesize stable and multifunctional silver nanoparticles (AgNP) using different plant by-products as reducers and capping agents. Extracts obtained from Eucalyptus globulus, Pinus pinaster, Citrus sinensis, Cedrus atlantica and Camellia sinensis by-products, were evaluated. From all plant by-products tested, aqueous extract of eucalyptus leaves (EL), green tea (GT) and black tea (BT) were selected due to their higher antioxidant phenolic content and were individually employed as reducers and capping agents to biosynthesize AgNP. The green AgNP showed zeta potential values of -31.8 to -36.3 mV, with a wide range of particle sizes (40.6 to 86.4 nm), depending on the plant extract used. Green AgNP exhibited an inhibitory effect against various pathogenic bacteria, including Gram-negative (P. putida, E. coli, Vibrio spp.) and Gram-positive (B. megaterium, S. aureus, S. equisimilis) bacteria with EL-AgNP being the nanostructure with the greatest antimicrobial action. EL-AgNP showed an excellent photodegradation of indigo carmine (IC) dye under direct sunlight, with a removal percentage of up to 100% after 75 min. A complete cost analysis revealed a competitive total cost range of 8.0–9.0 €/g for the biosynthesis of AgNP.Graphical

Extracellular synthesis of silver nanoparticle using yeast extracts: antibacterial and seed priming applicationss.

The evolution and rapid spread of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacterial pathogens have become a major concern for human health and demand the development of alternative antimicrobial agents to combat this emergent threat. Conventional intracellular methods for producing metal nanoparticles (NPs) using whole-cell microorganisms have limitations, including binding of NPs to cellular components, potential product loss, and environmental contamination. In contrast, this study introduces a green, extracellular, and sustainable methodology for the bio-materialization of silver NPs (AgNPs) using renewable resource cell-free yeast extract. These extracts serve as a sustainable, biogenic route for both reducing the metal precursor and stabilizing the surface of AgNPs. This method offers several advantages such as cost-effectiveness, environment-friendliness, ease of synthesis, and scalability. HR-TEM imaging of the biosynthesized AgNPs revealed an isotropic growth route, resulting in an average size of about ~ 18nm and shapes ranging from spherical to oval. Further characterization by FTIR and XPS results revealed various functional groups, including carboxyl, hydroxyl, and amide contribute to enhanced colloidal stability. AgNPs exhibited potent antibacterial activity against tested MDR strains, showing particularly high efficacy against Gram-negative bacteria. These findings suggest their potential role in developing alternative treatments to address the growing threat of antimicrobial resistance. Additionally, seed priming experiments demonstrated that pre-sowing treatment with AgNPs improves both the germination rate and survival of Sorghum jowar and Zea mays seedlings. KEY POINTS: •Yeast extract enables efficient, cost-effective, and eco-friendly AgNP synthesis. •Biosynthesized AgNPs showed strong antibacterial activity against MDR bacteria. •AgNPs boost seed germination and protect against seed-borne diseases.

Mechanochemical hydroquinone regeneration promotes gold salt reduction in sub-stoichiometric conditions of the reducing agent.

Bottom-up mechanochemical synthesis (BUMS) has been demonstrated to be an efficient approach for the preparation of metal nanoparticles (NPs), protected by surface agents or anchored on solid supports. However, there are limitations, such as precise size and morphological control, due to a lack of knowledge about the mechanically induced processes of NP formation under milling. In this article, we further investigate the BUMS of AuNPs. Using SiO2 as a solid support, we studied the effect of typical reducing agents, namely NaBH4, L-ascorbic acid, and hydroquinone (HQ), on the conversion of a AuIII source. XANES showed that HQ is the strongest reducing agent under our experimental conditions, leading to the quantitative conversion of gold salt in a few minutes. Interestingly, even when HQ was used in sub-stoichiometric amounts, AuIII could be reduced to ratios higher than 85% after two minutes of milling. Investigations into the byproducts by 1H NMR and GC-FID/MS enabled the identification HQ regeneration and the formation of its derivatives. We mainly focused on benzoquinone (BQ), which is the product of the oxidation of HQ as it reduces the gold salt. We could demonstrate that HQ is regenerated from BQ exclusively under milling and acidic conditions. The regenerated HQ and other HQ-chlorinated molecules could then reduce gold-oxidized species, leading to higher conversions and economy of reactants. Our study highlights the intriguing and complex mechanisms of mechanochemical systems, in addition to fostering the atom and energy economy side of mechanochemical means to produce metal nanoparticles.

Copper nanoparticles production by a novel non-dispersive membrane nanoprecipitation process

This study presents, for the first time, a novel route for producing elemental copper nanoparticles using a non-dispersive membrane nanoprecipitation process based on membrane contactors. Copper sulfate solutions ranging between 0.005 and 0.01 M Cu concentration were circulating through a hydrophobic polypropylene flat-sheet membrane, where hydrazine solutions with 1.84–3.64 M were fed by the other side of the membrane. The gradient of hydrazine concentration between both phases was the driving force that promoted the volatilization and transfer of hydrazine through the membrane pores, then reacting with cupric ions to precipitate elemental copper. The effects of copper concentration, hydrazine concentration, and temperature (20–40 °C) in the particle size distribution were assessed. Smaller nanoparticle sizes were obtained at the lowest copper concentration and the highest hydrazine concentration. Thus, the smallest copper nanoparticles were produced under the highest hydrazine/copper molar ratio, reaching values of around 200 nm. Besides, the precipitates showed a surface plasmon resonance, confirming the presence of elemental copper nanoparticles. Therefore, this study opens a new approach to producing metal nanoparticles with perspectives of application in industrial manufacturing, recovering valuable metals from mining effluent treatment, or even hydrometallurgical processes.

Green Synthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles using Eucalyptus Lanceolata Leaf Litter in the Control of Bacterial and Fungal Crop Diseases

Nanotechnology is a significant area of scientific inquiry that has garnered considerable attention from scholars in the contemporary period. Various plant materials are being explored as potential resources in green chemistry-based techniques for producing metal Nanoparticles (NPs). This is in response to the adverse impacts of synthetic chemicals, which contribute to significant abiotic climate change concerns in modern agriculture. The primary categories of crop diseases are those resulting from bacterial and fungal infestations. Once a plant becomes infected, it can pose a significant danger to the growth of crops, resulting in a decrease in yield and quality. Furthermore, such infections can adversely affect food safety, creating a health concern for humans. This work aimed to investigate the process of Green Synthesis and Characterisation of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles (GSC-ZnO-NP) utilizing an extract derived from Eucalyptus lanceolatus (specifically, leaf litter). The paper intended to control bacterial and fungal crop diseases using the GSC-ZnO-NP in conjunction with Eucalyptus lanceolatus extracts. The sample's crystalline structure and surface characteristics have been evaluated using X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The antimicrobial activity of the proposed GSC-ZnO-NP was evaluated against bacterial and fungal isolates from infected crops. The progressive augmentation in magnitude ranging from 10° to 30° in XRD signifies the emergence of ZnO-NPs characterized by distinct and well-defined crystalline configurations. Also, the antimicrobial efficacy of the Zn-NPs extract was comparable to or surpassed that of Fluconazole, suggesting the prospective use of this environmentally-friendly manufactured nanomaterial as a substitute or adjunct therapy for bacterial and fungal infections caused by these microorganisms in crops.

Copper oxide nanoparticles fabricated by green chemistry using Tribulus terrestris seed natural extract-photocatalyst and green electrodes for energy storage device

Nanobiotechnology is a unique class of multiphase and recently become a branch of contemporary science and a paradigm shift in material research. One of the two main problems facing the field of nanomaterial synthesis is the discovery of new natural resources for the biological production of metal nanoparticles and the absence of knowledge about the chemical composition of bio-source required for synthesis and the chemical process or mechanism behind the production of metal nanoparticles presents the second difficulty. We reported template-free green synthesized copper oxide nanoparticles using Tribulus terrestris seed natural extract without any isolation process. XRD, TEM, SEM, UV–Vis, DLS, zeta potential, and BET evaluated the synthesized metal nanoparticle. The TEM analysis confirmed that the CuO NPs are well dispersed and almost round in shape with an average size of 58 nm. EDAX confirms that copper is the prominent metal present in the nanomaterial. The greener fabricated copper oxide nanoparticle was employed to degrade methyl orange dye, almost 84% of methyl orange was degraded within 120 min. The outcomes demonstrated the nanomaterial’s effective breakdown of contaminants, highlighting their potential for environmental rehabilitation. The electrochemical investigation of the CuO NPs was utilized for supercapacitor application. An appreciable value of specific capacitance is 369 F/g specific capacitances with 96.4% capacitance retention after 6000 cycles. Overall, the results of the current study show that the biologically produced copper oxide nanoparticles have intriguing uses as photocatalysts for treating water contaminants and are suitable for energy storage devices.

Phytosynthesizing gold nanoparticles: Characterization, bioactivity, and catalysis evaluation

Worldwide health problem generally due to the lack of widespread and comprehensive early detection methods, the associated poor prognosis of patients diagnosed in later stages of the disease and its increasing incidence on a global scale. Indeed, the struggle to fight cancer is one of the greatest challenges of mankind. Centella Asiatica (CA) and Andrographis Paniculata (AP) are two medicinal plant extracts used in the environmentally friendly extracellular production of metallic gold nanoparticles. The size, shape, stability and crystallinity of the synthesized gold nanoparticles were characterised and various characterization methods were used; UV–Vis spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, Zeta potential, Selected Area Electron Diffraction, Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy, High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy equipped with elemental mapping in order to confirm the formation of gold nanoparticles. The TEM results showed that gold nanoparticles were mostly spherical in shape. Their effects on anti-bacterial, catalytic, photocatalytic and anticancer cell lines were examined. The MTT [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide] test was used to confirm the cytotoxic properties of both gold nanoparticles samples and the results showed that both the human lung cancer and human breast cancer cell line growth and proliferation were inhibited. Strong antibacterial activity against gram-negative bacteria and moderate antibacterial activity against gram-positive bacteria were identified. It has also been shown that gold nanoparticles have catalytic properties for reducing 4-nitrophenol to 4-aminophenol. By degrading the two dyes methyl orange and congo red in the presence of nano catalysts, the photocatalytic activity of synthesized nanoparticles has been assessed.

Harnessing Nature’s Green Potential: Nanotechnology Driven Fabrication of Plant-Derived Nanoparticles

Millions of tons of metallic nanoparticles (MNPs) are synthesized each year and used in various fields like nano-enabled devices, personal care, medicine, food, and agriculture. The reaction chemicals and processes employed in the industrial synthesis of MNPs are well acknowledged to be hazardous to the environment.Green synthesis has been recommended as a means of minimizing the usage of harmful substances and adverse chemical modification in the synthesis of MNPs. Extracts of organic chemicals, microorganisms, plants and plant-derived materials have all been employed as reducing agents in green synthesis.One of the most efficient, easy, cost-effective, and environmentally acceptable techniques for reducing the usage of toxic chemicals is to employ plant extracts in the synthesis of MNPs. Several eco-friendly procedures for the fast production of MNPs have been reported by utilizing aqueous extracts of plant components including the leaf, bark, flower, peel, shoot, tuber, resin, roots etc.Every year, new scientific publications are released, with each one highlighting the advantages of the green methodover classic synthesis. However, over two decades after the preliminary reports about the new technique exploded, commercial production of green-synthesized nanoparticle (NPs) does not appear to have found a means to scale up. This review covers green MNPs synthesis from various plant extracts and their potential applications as antimicrobial agents covering the literaturesince 2015. While highlighting the use of MNPs in a variety of fields and the potential impact of phytochemicals associated in MNPs production.