Production Of Magnesium Oxide Research Articles

Производство и применение оксида магния в Российской Федерации

This article presents up-to-date, complementary information from the marketing reviews of the industry for the production and use of magnesium oxide conducted by global analytical companies. It shows a steady growth in the global demand for MgO, observed over the past decade and driven not only by the traditional industries, but also by emerging innovative areas. Global trends indicate an increase in the production of magnesium oxide and the development of new technologies for its extraction. This area provides an opportunity to improve the product quality, increase production efficiency and expand market opportunities due to the active development of high-tech sectors of the economy. Based on marketing analyses, growing competition is revealed both in the global magnesium oxide market in general and in the Russian Federation in particular, which encourages manufacturers to develop innovative products and marketing strategies to retain and expand their share in the market. At the same time, a potential instability has been identified in the magnesia industry, manifested in some world leaders, due to the new environmental requirements that cause restrictions in production, which may lead to problems in supplies around the world.

Investigation of the properties of Mg(OH)2 extracted from magnesium-rich brine via the use of an industrial by-product

Compared with magnesium oxide (MgO) produced through the dry route, the wet route production can lead to MgO with a high purity and reactivity. During this process, the use of chemical alkalis to precipitate the precursor, magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH)2), is the highest contributor to cost and energy consumption. This study proposes a low-cost and sustainable way to recover Mg(OH)2 from simulated reject brine using concrete wash water (CWW). Mg(OH)2, with a purity of 94 % and a recovery degree of 98 % was synthesized at room temperature. Higher stirring speed and use of low pH CWW increased the impurity (CaCO3) content. The synthesized Mg(OH)2 showed a similar reactivity to MgO synthesized from reject brine with chemical bases due to its high specific surface area (102.8 m2/g). The calcination of the synthesized Mg(OH)2, led to MgO with a higher reactivity than similar ones obtained through the wet-route. Furthermore, the textural properties of Mg(OH)2 synthesized under different conditions were evaluated to establish a correlation between the reaction conditions and reactivity of Mg(OH)2. Increase in reaction temperature led to a small crystalline size, whereas the aging process resulted in the agglomeration of the synthesized Mg(OH)2, influencing its reactivity. The findings presented in this study can pave the way for the sustainable recovery of Mg(OH)2 and its direct use as a binder or as a precursor for the production of reactive MgO.

Exergy Analysis and Modeling of Pilot-Scale Pyrolysis for Magnesium Oxide Preparation from Salt Lake Bischofite Industrial Waste.

Currently, the traditional magnesium oxide production process is facing exceptional challenges arising from carbon emission restrictions and environmental protection. Waste bischofite pyrolysis has attracted much attention as a promising technology to address these challenges. Nonetheless, this process has primarily been demonstrated on a laboratory scale, with limited studies on an industrial scale. A comprehensive exergy analysis was conducted for the entire process and individual subunits within the pyrolysis process to identify potential areas for process enhancement. A FORTRAN subroutine based on empirical correlations of pyrolysis product yields was developed considering the impact of decomposition reactions on the simulation. Furthermore, the optimization of energy and exergy efficiency of the system was discussed in terms of the carbon dioxide emission factor, equivalence ratio, and pyrolysis temperature. The results show that the primary energy bottleneck lies in the combustion phase. In addition, the optimal energy and exergy efficiency conditions are a carbon dioxide emission factor of 5.3, an equivalent ratio of 1.15, and a pyrolysis temperature of 1100 °C. In comparison to the pilot-scale conditions, the energy efficiency and exergy efficiency increase by 2.55 and 3.61%, respectively. At this time, the MgO yield is 100%, and the HCl concentration is above 9.33%.

Life cycle assessment of brucite and synthetic MgO produced from reject brine using different alkalis

A cradle-to-gate life cycle assessment (LCA) approach is carried out to determine the environmental impact of brucite (Mg(OH)2) and synthetic magnesium oxide (MgO) recovered from reject brine in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) using SimaPro 9.1 software. The environmental impacts of synthetic Mg(OH)2 and MgO production were quantified using 18 ReCiPe midpoint indicators. Four different alkali sources, calcium oxide (CaO), sodium hydroxide (NaOH), ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH), and ethanolamine (C2H7NO), which can be utilized for the production of synthetic MgO, are considered. The results demonstrate that CaO was the most environmentally friendly alkali that can be used to produce synthetic Mg(OH)2 with the lowest environmental impact for all 18 ReCiPe midpoint indicators. The results for brucite and synthetic MgO production in the UAE were scaled up from laboratory experiments for LCA analysis and compared to the results of commercial MgO produced from the calcination of magnesite (MgCO3). The carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2 eq.) emissions for synthetic MgO generated from reject brine using CaO are 6.7–25.2% higher than that from commercial MgO. However, synthetic brucite recovered from reject brine using CaO produces 28.8–37.1% less CO2 eq. emissions compared to commercial MgO, making it a promising magnesium-based binder that can be adopted in the UAE.

Magnesium Oxide Production by Plasma Chemical Conversion from Fluorine-Containing Industrial Waste

This work discusses the possibility of decomposing magnesium fluoride by ionized water vapor to form solid magnesium oxide and hydrogen gas in the reaction: MgF2 + H2O → MgO + 2HF. The technology and individual apparatuses of the plasma-chemical installation are described, and the influence of the fractional composition of magnesium fluoride powder on the productivity of the plasma conversion process is considered. To improve the efficiency of the plasma pyrolysis process, a method for making magnesium fluoride briquettes was developed. The completeness of the conversion process of magnesium fluoride to an oxide was evaluated by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy in the study of objects in scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and by X-ray diffractometry. It was found that the conversion process of magnesium fluoride to magnesium oxide has a relatively high degree of decomposition of magnesium fluoride fraction ≤75 µm. The use of the proposed processing method makes it possible to obtain pure magnesium oxide as a commercial product and to utilize fluorine-containing industrial waste.

Assessment of thermodynamic parameters of the plasma chemical process for magnesium oxide production

This work are presented the calculation results of thermodynamic parameters of the reaction of magnesium fluoride decomposition by ionized water vapor with the formation of solid magnesium oxide and gaseous hydrogen fluoride at atmospheric pressure in the temperature range from room temperature to 2800◦C . The calculation of the thermodynamic parameters was carried out with the Reaction Equations software module of scientific programs HSCChemistry package. Thermodynamic analysis of magnesium fluoride MgF2 was carried out on a thermogravimetric analyzer TGA/DSC2. The thermodynamic parameters results are in good agreement with the results of thermogravimetric analysis. There were determined the optimum conditions for plasma-chemical processing of magnesium fluoride.

Investigation of surfactant effect during synthesis of magnesium oxide nanoparticles from bittern using ultrasonic destruction process

Magnesium oxide (MgO) nanoparticles have been widely used in a variety of applications because of their good surface reactivity. Magnesium oxide from bittern has a larger surface area compared to magnesium oxide from calcined magnesite and magnesium ions precipitation from bittern using sodium hydroxide has higher purity than using calcium hydroxide or ammonium hydroxide. In this research, sodium hydroxide was added to a bittern solution obtaining magnesium hydroxide precipitate, followed by the calcination process to produce magnesium oxide. Nano magnesium oxide was synthesized by the ultrasonic destruction process using ethanol and 2-propanol as media. In this study, sonication time and particle concentration effect on the ultrasonic destruction process were investigated. During the process, the sonication time was varied between 8, 16, 32, 64, and 128 minutes while the magnesium oxide concentration was varied between 1 %, 2 %, and 3 %. Increasing sonication time and particle concentration will decrease the particle size. The previous study shows that particles with very small sizes tend to have an agglomeration effect. The aim of this work is to optimize nano magnesium oxide production from bittern. Surfactant addition was also studied to prevent agglomeration between particles. Four types of surfactant namely anionic (sodium lauryl sulfate), cationic (cetyl tri-methyl-ammonium bromide), amphoteric (fatty acid amido alkyl betaine), and non-ionic (nonylphenol 10 ethoxylated) with a concentration of 1 % and a volume of 0.125 ml were added during the second ultrasonic destruction process. All types of surfactants have a positive effect to prevent agglomeration during the ultrasonic destruction process, with the amphoteric surfactant having the highest performance

Characterizing magnesite heavy-media separation screenings as promising technogenic raw materials

Introduction. This article discusses the possibility of using technogenic raw materials for the production of magnesia and magnesium oxide. The analysis of domestic industry supply with magnesite and magnesian raw materials is presented. Man-made minerals, such as magnesite screenings, produced in the course of heavy-media separation of ore, are noted to be a promising source of this type of raw material. It has been established that this type of raw material is poorly studied. Research methodology. The applied research methods were substantiated to establish the amount and form of magnesium oxide in the magnesite screenings of the Satka deposit. Results and discussion. A significant amount of both current and accumulated screenings at the site in Satka and their chemical composition allow us to consider them as a promising technogenic raw material for magnesium oxide production. The work has determined the distribution of magnesium oxide by size classes. On the basis of elemental analysis, it was decided to recognize the object under study as a suitable mineral for processing. The thermogravimetric analysis of magnesite screenings made it possible to establish the forms of magnesium oxide in the material. Conclusions. Analysis of the results obtained allows us to assert the possibility of processing the studied technogenic raw materials, but the presence of magnesium oxide in the composition of solid solutions with calcium carbonate predetermines the use of chemical enrichment methods.

Development of Magnesian Cement Producing Technology on the Ural Region Raw Materials Basis

This article considers an effective way of processing natural and technogenic magnesium-containing materials, which will release magnesium oxide and magnesium sulphate for the production of magnesian cement. Using this method, pure magnesium oxide, magnesium sulphate and magnesium sulfate have been obtained, the study considers the properties of magnesian cement with differeng magnesium oxide production conditions.
 Keywords: non-conventional magnesium containing raw materials, technogenic materials, magnesian cement, hydrochemical processing, ammonium hydrosulfate

Production of Magnesium Oxides from Raw Salt Solution Using Electrochemical Precipitation Method as a Heterogeneous Catalyst for Transesterification of Coconut Oil

This study was conducted to explore the production of magnesium oxide from raw salt solution using electrochemical precipitation, followed by calcination. Electrochemical precipitation was conducted by electrolysis of the salt solution using nickel rods as cathodes and graphite as anodes. Two sets of salt solutions were prepared: one set without pretreatment and another with BaCl2 pretreatment. The solutions were used to study the effect of salt concentration, potential, and electrolysis time. The representatives of the MgO produced were tested as catalysts for transesterification of coconut oil. The results indicate that optimum mass of precipitate was produced from 400 mg/L salt solution electrolyzed using 8 V for 60 min. Elemental analysis using X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) revealed the presence of Mg as the main component of the precipitate, confirming the electrochemical conversion of Mg2+ into solid Mg(OH)2. The MgO with the purity of 74.23% and 88.87% was produced from non-pretreated and pretreated salt solution, respectively. The transesterification experiments indicate that the yield of 90% and 98% was achieved using the MgO produced from non-pretreated and pretreated salt solution, respectively.

Application of solid waste of ductile cast iron industry for treatment of wastewater contaminated by reactive blue dye via appropriate nano-porous magnesium oxide

The solid waste of ductile iron industry, which contains at least 88.0% magnesium oxide, is one of the toxic materials, leading to land contamination. On the other hand, the removal of reactive dyes from wastewaters is difficult required effective adsorbent like nano-porous MgO. The novelty of present investigation is based on nano-porous magnesium oxide production by precipitation from the solid waste to treat the wastewaters contaminated by reactive dye which is abundantly used in the textile industry. In order to improve the adsorptive properties of extracted MgO powder, the combinations of surfactants, containing cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and polyoxyethylene octyl phenyl ether (TX100) were applied based on the mixture design algorithm in the precipitation. The effects of processing factors such as surfactant composition, powder calcination temperature, surfactant dose and pH were evaluated on the removal efficiency. The results revolved that the combination of SDS and TX100, 1:1, plays an effective role in the production of particles with the appropriate average pore size, 16 nm. The adsorbent prepared in the optimum condition indicated a significant affinity for the removal of reactive dye which shows relatively pH-independent efficiency in the range of 3–9. The applied producer for fabrication of adsorbent eventually overcomes the pH-dependent problem for the toxic dye uptake, leading to produce the adsorbent with maximal adsorption capacity of 1000 mg g−1.

EFFECT OF PREPARATION METHOD ON PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF NANOSTRUCTURED MgO POWDER

Magnesium oxide is widely used as an adsorbent, catalyst, identifier of chemical and toxic pollutants, in water and gas purification processes. Mesoporous magnesium oxide powder has been synthesized by the method of deposition, spray pyrolysis and glycine-citrate-nitrate method, their crystal structure, microstructure, granulometric composition and adsorption properties have been studied. Optimal conditions for the production of magnesium oxide by the glycine-citrate-nitrate method have been determined, which make it possible to obtain a powder with average primary particle sizes of 12 nm and the smallest sizes of secondary particles starting from 70 nm. The influence of the method of obtaining nanostructured magnesium oxide powder on the physicochemical properties is established. High values of the total pore volume of 1.038 cm3 /g exhibited the MgO powder obtained by the precipitation method.

Life cycle assessment and water footprint evaluation of crude steel production: A case study in China

China, as the world's largest crude steel producer, is suffering from water scarcity and pollution. However, only a few systematic analyses on the environmental burdens and improvements of China's crude steel production have been conducted. Therefore, it is important for research to be done how China's steel industry can be improved in environment management. To help decision-makers understand this, a life cycle water footprint analysis including gray and blue water was performed based on the methodology prescribed in the ISO 14046 standard. A life cycle assessment was also conducted to improve the environmental performance of the steel industry. Results of these assessments revealed that gray water footprint, which is mainly derived from aquatic eutrophication, carcinogens, and non-carcinogens, is higher than blue water footprint. Optimizing indirect processes, including iron ore mining, magnesium oxide production, transportation, and electricity generation, played dominant roles in the reduction of gray water footprint. Furthermore, COD, Cr (VI), phosphate, BOD5, Hg, As, nitrogen oxides, particulates, and sulfur dioxide were the key substances for environmental improvements. The underestimation of direct water footprint showed the importance and urgency of implementing scientific and adequate monitoring indicators. Meanwhile, the environmental burden can be reduced by adopting a reasonable location of the steel industry on the basis of regional water resources and actual transportation status, improving the efficiency of raw material consumption, and optimizing the power structure.

Economic Evaluation of the Production Magnesium Oxide Nanoparticles via Liquid-Phase Route

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the production of magnesium oxide (MgO) nanoparticles. The evaluation was done in two perspectives: engineering and economic evaluation. The engineering perspective concerned about the analysis of the production rate based on the available apparatuses and raw materials, completed with mass balance calculation. The economic analysis was conducted based on several economic parameters: gross profit margin (GPM), internal return rate (IRR), payback period (PBP), cumulative net present value (CNPV), break even point (BEP), and profit to investment (PI). The engineering perspective showed that the production of MgO is feasibly done in small scale industry. This is verified by the potential production using current available apparatuses and raw materials in the market. Economic analysis obtained that the present project is profitable. But, for some cases, further studies must be done to get the present production process is attractive for investor.

Thermal decomposition of magnesium carbonate with biomass and plastic wastes for simultaneous production of hydrogen and carbon avoidance

Application of biomass and waste plastics as resources for production of hydrogen enables sustainability of the chemical industry. In this step change novel carbon avoidance method, the carbon dioxide produced in a high carbon footprint process is consumed by thermal processing of magnesium carbonate in presence of biomass and plastics, simultaneously producing hydrogen. This study details the thermal decomposition of magnesium carbonate in presence of epoxy resin and biomass, as a renewable resource, at 1000 °C. The epoxy resin of known composition was used as a representative of the waste plastics as well as bio-renewable resource. Significant increase in carbon dioxide avoidance potential of up to 99% is realised in this work. The study promises significant reduction in current reaction temperature (∼1600 °C) for the dead burnt magnesium oxide production and magnesium production via carbothermic reduction of magnesium oxide attributed to the reducing atmosphere presented by hydrogen when biomass and waste plastics are used in the process. This study establishes the conditions for carbon dioxide avoidance, hydrogen enrichment and methane enrichment by merely controlling the ratios of the magnesium carbonate, biomass and epoxies.

Magnesium oxide production from chrysotile asbestos detoxification with oxalic acid treatment

This article describes the detoxification of pure chrysotile (Chr) asbestos by following an acid leaching treatment with oxalic acid dihydrate (Oxac) (H2C2O4·2H2O). Oxac was chosen due to its low environmental impact (or toxicity) and cost. We demonstrate the effectiveness of different concentrations of Oxac as proposed formulations. The results from FTIR, XRD and optical microscopy analyses indicated that all the applied treatments destructed the Chr structure while a new biomaterial, Glushinskite (Gls) was formed by the reaction between Oxac with the outer Brucite (Brc) (MgO2) layer surface of Chr. Oxac 0.05M was selected as the optimal concentration for an eight-day treatment for the detoxification. The heating of the supernatant of the above-treated solution at 480°C, yielded MgO in a considerable concentration (8.29% w/w). According to the energy consumption study the whole applied procedure is viable with an economic profit up to 4.3% and a low cost method of detoxification on the operation of a potential asbestos waste management site.

Potential of magnesium oxide production from saline effluent from marine salt production in the municipality of Grossos / RN

Na industria salineira, a agua do mar e a sua materia prima, um recurso inesgotavel e renovavel. O presente trabalho visa avaliar o potencial de aproveitamento do efluente residual salino, proveniente da producao de sal marinho no municipio de Grossos, estado do Rio Grande do Norte, utilizando dados das analises de agua fornecidos pela empresa comercial de producao de sal marinho desta regiao. A local de estudo esta localizado na regiao da Costa Branca, e o abastecimento do empreendimento e realizado atraves do estuario do rio Apodi-Mossoro. Foram analisados tres parâmetros (salinidade, calcio e magnesio) em duas estacoes de coleta, E1 na captacao de agua e E2 no ponto de descarte de agua-mae. Realizadas as analises estatisticas utilizando o software livre SAEG 9.1, foram aplicados os testes de Shapiro-Wilk, Lilliefors e Kolmogorof-Smirnoff, testes de media e Correlacao de Pearson, associando valores dos parâmetros obtidos em mare alta e mare baixa e entre as duas estacoes de coleta. Foi possivel apontar que a agua-mae descartada contem 18 vezes mais magnesio e e 5 vezes mais salino do que a agua coletada na entrada para a producao de sal marinho, junto a isto foi identificada a quantidade de magnesio descartada durante o periodo de pesquisa, viabilizando a producao de oxido de magnesio a partir da agua mae, que alem de minimizar impactos ambientais provocados pela industria salineira, se tornaria uma fonte alternativa para producao da industria salineira. A B S T R A C T In the salt industry, sea water is its raw material, an inexhaustible and renewable resource. The present work aims to evaluate the potential of the use of saline residual effluent from the production of sea salt in the municipality of Grossos, state of Rio Grande do Norte, using data from the water analysis provided by the commercial salt production company of this region. The study site is located in the Costa Blanca region, and the supply of the project is carried out through the Apodi-Mossoro River estuary. Three parameters (salinity, calcium and magnesium) were analyzed in two collection stations, E1 at the water catchment and E2 at the mother liquor disposal point. Statistical analyzes were performed using the SAEG 9.1 free software, the Shapiro-Wilk, Lilliefors and Kolmogorof-Smirnoff tests, mean tests and Pearson's correlation were applied, associating values of the parameters obtained in high tide and low tide and between the two seasons Collection. It was possible to point out that the discarded mother water contains 18 times more magnesium and is 5 times more saline than the water collected at the entrance to the production of sea salt, along with it was identified the amount of magnesium discarded during the research period, The production of magnesium oxide from mother water, which in addition to minimizing environmental impacts caused by the salt industry, would become an alternative source for the production of the salt industry. Keywords: Salt production, environmental monitoring, environmental impacts.

Experimental Preparation of Magnesium Oxide Board

In the present, global production of magnesium oxide (MgO) boards comes exclusively from China. However, Slovakia is one of the leading countries in the mining of magnesite. Therefore, an experiment of MgO board preparation from local resources was realized. The experimental board was made from the calcined magnesite mined out in Hačava in Eastern Slovakia. The paper describes the production process of the MgO board in laboratory conditions. In order to compare the experimental MgO board with a MgO board from China, the tensile strength in bending was examined. The experiment demonstrates that the tensile strength of the experimental MgO board in bending in one direction is higher than the declared strength of the commercial board, but in the second direction it is nearly a half of the declared strength of the commercial MgO board. The results of this paper confirm the potential of the MgO board production from local resources.

Oxalic acid degradation from aqueous solution using ozonation process in the presence of magnesium oxide nanoparticles catalyst stabilized on activated carbon

Aims: In this work, activated carbon, magnesium oxide (MgO), and MgO stabilized on activated carbon derived from sweet corn were applied as catalysts for oxalic acid degradation from aqueous. Materials and Methods: Sweet corn pile was used for the production of activated carbon, and magnesium nitrate applied for the production of MgO. Ozone concentration determined using iodometry method, and oxalic acid concentration was determined by a spectrophotometer at 210 nm. Moreover, the effect of MgO, activated carbon and oxalic acid concentration, pH, contact time, and oxalic acid mineralization were investigated. Results: The results showed that ozonation in the presence of activated carbon or MgO and/or MgO stabilized on activated carbon, increased the decomposition rate of oxalic acid. Removal efficiency of oxalic acid with increasing catalysts dose of 0.05–1 g, pH of 3–11, and time of 1–30 min have increased from 72% to 85%, 72% to 85%, and 92% to 95% respectively. Furthermore with increasing of oxalic acid from 40 to 100 mg/L, the removal efficiency decreased from 96% to 88%. Conclusion: According to this study, catalytic ozonation processes have shorter time and more removal efficiently than the single ozonation process. Moreover, the results showed that oxalic acid was mineralized significantly and interfering factors have negligible effect on the catalytic ozonation process than the single ozonation.

Micronization of Magnesium Acetate by the Supercritical Antisolvent Process as a Precursor for the Production of Magnesium Oxide and Magnesium Hydride

Magnesium acetate was micronized by the supercritical antisolvent (SAS) process. By SAS processing, submicrometric magnesium acetate particles with particle sizes ranging from 300 to 700 nm with a regular spherical morphology and an amorphous crystalline structure were obtained. In comparison, mechanically milled particles showed similar mean particle sizes but had an irregular morphology and a bimodal particle size distribution. By calcination, SAS-processed magnesium acetate was converted into magnesium oxide, preserving the morphology of particles. By hydrogenation, the acetate was converted into magnesium hydride, a solid-state hydrogen storage metal hydride. The rate of release of hydrogen by thermolysis of magnesium hydride was enhanced by the particle size reduction, and there was a direct relationship between the size achieved by SAS micronization of the magnesium acetate precursor and the rate of release of hydrogen from the hydride.