Fish Oil Products Research Articles

Karakteristik Minyak Ikan Manyung (Arius sp.) dengan Metode Dry Rendering

Manyung fish (Arius sp.) is a demersal species that lives in sea and estuary waters. In Tarakan City, North Kalimantan, the meat of Manyung fish is widely consumed by the society, but the liver is discarded. One of the efforts to utilize manyung fish liver, so it does not become waste was prepare it into fish oil products. The aims of this study were to determine the yield of manyung fish (Arius sp.) liver oil, test its chemical characteristics, such as free fatty acid value (FFA), peroxide value (PV), and fatty acid profile. The method used for producing manyung fish (Arius sp.) liver oil is extraction by dry rendering at 80°C for 2 hours. The data obtained from the results of the research were then processed in a quantitative descriptive manner. The results showed that the fat content of manyung fish liver was 3.60%. The yield of manyung fish (Arius sp.) was 14.25%. The free fatty acid values (FFA) were 14.60%. The peroxide value was 3.46 mEq/kg. The fatty acid profile of mayung fish liver oil (Arius sp.) in dry rendering, the content of SFA was 0.0344%, MUFA was 0.022%, and PUFA was 0.184%. The conclusion of this research is manyung fish liver can be produced into fish oil.

A Critical Review of Icosapent Ethyl in Cardiovascular Risk Reduction.

Icosapent ethyl (IPE)was the first fish oil product the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved to reduce the risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) in adults. IPE is an esterified version of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and acts as a prodrug in the body to exert its effects. IPE affects the body primarily through triglyceride (TG) reduction and was initially indicated for hypertriglyceridemia in addition to statin therapy or for patients with statin intolerances. Various studies have investigated this agent, and multiple subanalyses have been conducted since the FDA approval. These subanalyses have assessed factors such as sex, statin therapy, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein levels (hs-CRP), and various inflammatory biomarkers in groups of patients taking IPE. This article aims to provide a critical review of the clinical data available regarding cardiovascular benefits of IPE in patients with ASCVD and its value as a treatment option for patients with elevated TG levels.

Dietary supplements could prevent cardiometabolic syndrome: Are they safe and reliable enough for disease prevention and health promotion?

Dietary supplements (DS) and their purchase is often based on a consumer's personal choice and advertisements. The associated DS regulations, particularly in manufacturing and marketing, are far more flexible and permissive than that of the well-regulated prescription pharmaceuticals. However, the adverse health effects associated with the inadvertent use of mega-doses of DS are not well understood. The demand for DS, nutraceuticals, and herbal remedies has experienced an upswing during the past two to three decades, and global product sales have thrived. More so, the prevention of cardiometabolic syndrome (CMS) and related disorders like diabetes mellitus, obesity, hypertension, and serum lipid abnormalities, as well as of other noncommunicable diseases (NCDs), is of highest health care priority globally, since these disorders impose very high economic burdens on health care systems and society. In this review, we argue why DS could prevent cardiometabolic syndrome, by providing the potential benefits and risks associated with them, especially self-medication considering their intake by the public at large. Good manufacturing practices and quality control are absolutely necessary for the manufacture of DS products, and proper labeling is needed regarding the optimal dose schedules of various DS and bioactive ingredients. Specific examples are used to underscore the indications and dosage recommendations made for the marketing and promotion of fish oil, coenzyme Q10, and Mg-containing products for the prevention of cardiometabolic syndrome.

Effect of the season on the production and chemical properties of fish protein hydrolysates and high-quality oils obtained from gurnard (Trigla spp.) by-products

Currently valorization of fish discards by-products is becoming fundamental for the sustainable management of fisheries and seafood transforming industries. Thus, we have studied the changes in the production and chemical properties of fish protein hydrolysates (FPH) and oils from by-products (heads (He) and skins + bones (SB)) of gurnard (Trigla spp.) captured at different seasons. Hydrolyses were performed by Alcalase (2.5 mL/kg of by-product) at pH 8.60, 60.6 °C, 200 rpm, for 3 h. Seasonality effect was not significant in the majority of FPH properties, obtaining high digestion yields and excellent amino acid contents (more than 43% of essential amino acids per total amino acids in He). However, the maximum degree of hydrolysis for He were higher (24–26.5%) than observed for SB (19–23.6%). In the case of oil, concomitantly recovered to the production of hydrolysates, the yield of recovery was largest in SB landing on autumn (89 mL/kg SB) and winter (67 mL/kg SB), and the best content in ω-3 fatty acids was also found in autumn (257 g/kg oil). In general, FPH and oil from gurnard residues were excellent in productive, compositional and nutritional terms, indicating their valuable interest as potential food and nutraceutical ingredient.

The processing of fish oil production waste into a lubricating additive

The search and development of rational uses of fatty waste formed in the production of fish oils is an urgent ecological problem of the fishing industry. Currently, this problem remains unresolved. Soap stock after refining fish oils and fatty foam after flotation treatment of industrial waste water from fish oil production contain a significant amount of polyunsaturated fatty acids and soaps. These components can be a basis for obtaining various technical products. It was found that soap stock and modified (saponified) fatty foam mass have antifriction and surface-active properties. This allows to determine the field of their use as a drilling mud lubricant. The study of the environmental safety of a new lubricant additive based on modified fatty foam mass made it possible to classify it as a low-hazard substance, determine the maximum permissible concentration in the water of fishery water bodies, and recommend it for use in the offshore oil and gas fields development.

Vitamin E dosage variations as antioxidants for improving the quality of fish oil derived from processing waste of Pangasius catfish

The limited availability of tubifex poses a challenge in obtaining green catfish fry. Fish oil, comprising saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, serves as an alternative fat source in commercial feed. Utilizing by-products from catfish processing, fish oil production has garnered attention; however, its rich unsaturated fatty acid content renders it prone to oxidation. Vitamin E emerges as a potential antioxidant to curb this oxidation. This study aims to evaluate fish oil quality with vitamin E supplementation. Peroxide number (PV) and storage duration (0, 3, 6, 9, 12, and 15 days) were analyzed. Fish oil received varying doses of vitamin E (0, 1, 3, 5, and 7 mg/100 g), with each treatment replicated twice. Findings indicated that without vitamin E (0 mg/100 g), PV reached 10.0 meq/kg after 15 days of storage. Conversely, with vitamin E (1, 3, 5, and 7 mg/100 g), PV values after 15 days were 7.2, 6.0, 5.4, and 4.0 meq/kg respectively. The study establishes that higher vitamin E doses effectively prolong fish oil shelf life while conforming to the Codex PV standard (≤ 5 meq/kg).

A life cycle assessment perspective on biodiesel production from fish wastes for green microgrids in a circular bioeconomy

To increase reliability, renewable energy systems are usually supported by diesel generators, which, in turn, contribute to carbon emissions. To solve this challenge, researchers proposed biodiesel utilization, especially biodiesel from agri-food residues under a circular bioeconomy. In line with that, the current study aims to assess the environmental sustainability of biodiesel production from fish waste by life cycle assessment approach based on IMPACT world+ impact assessment method. The findings show that producing 1 L of biodiesel from fish waste damages 1.18 × 10−5 DALY human health and 2.44 × 101 PDF.m2.yr ecosystem quality, mainly caused by fish oil production. Based on weighing results, fish oil biodiesel production leads to 4.3 EUR2003/L total environmental impacts vs. 21.1 EUR2003/L for vegetable oils biodiesel (mixture of soybean, canola and palm). These findings provide a solid evidence base for biodiesel production from fish waste and its utilization instead of diesel in renewable energy systems, especially in coastal areas.

Türkiye’de Karadeniz’in Farklı Bölgelerinde Üretilen Balık Unlarının Hayvan Besleme Açısından Değeri

Balık unu gerek insan tüketimine uygun olmayan balıkların, gerekse balıkçılık endüstrisinde arta kalan atıkların işlenip 
 kurutulması veya çeşitli teknolojik işlemlerden geçirilmesi sonucu elde edilmektedir. Balıkçılık endüstrisinin iki ana temel 
 ürünlerinden biri olan balık unu, yüksek aminoasit, vitamin ve mineral madde içeriğiyle yüksek sindirilebilirliğe sahip bir protein 
 kaynağı olarak yemlerde kullanılmaktadır. Balık ununu diğer yem hammaddelerinden üstün kılan en önemli özelliklerden biri de 
 içerdiği esansiyel aminoasitler ve uzun zincirli çoklu doymamış yağ asitleridir. Balık ununun rasyona katılması ile genç 
 hayvanlarda performans ve bağışıklık sistemi olumlu etkilenmektedir. Balık ununun kanatlı rasyonlarına %3-10, sığır ve koyun 
 rasyonlarına %5, domuz rasyonlarına da %10 katılabileceği ifade edilmektedir. Türkiye’de balık unu ve yağı üretiminin önemli 
 kısmı Karadeniz Bölgesinde yapılmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, Karadeniz Bölgesinde yer alan dört farklı balık unu fabrikasında alınan 
 balık unlarının besin madde içeriği değerlendirilmiştir. Buna göre en yüksek değerler; kuru madde (KM) %95.90 (p<0.0001) ve 
 ham kül (HK) %17.20 (p<0.0001) ile D, ham protein (HP) %73.40 (p<0.0001) ile A, ham yağ (HY) %11.33 (p<0.01) ile B, 
 metabolik enerji (ME, kanatlı) 3537.5 Kcal kg-1
 (p<0.001) ile B fabrikasında tespit edilmiştir. Çalışmada genel olarak bütün 
 amino asitler bakımından en yüksek değerler A fabrikasında, en düşük değerler D fabrikasında elde edilmiştir (p<0.0001). 
 Esansiyel yağ asitlerinden linoleik ve linolenik asit miktarları bakımından fabrikalar arasında istatistiksel bir farkın olmadığı 
 (p˃0.01), palmitik asit, palmitoleik asit ve oleik asit düzeylerinin ise önemli düzeyde (p˃0.001) B fabrikasında görüldüğü tespit 
 edilmiştir. Ülkemizde yaygın olarak Karadeniz Bölgesinde üretilen balık unları arasında besin madde bileşenleri açısından 
 farklılık olduğu belirlenmiştir

Statistical analysis of food consumption in Ukraine

The article substantiates the modern interpretation of food security and existing approaches to its definition. Each of the existing approaches is briefly described. It has been established that food security includes both consumer and production aspects. It was established that the assessment of the level of food security is carried out on the basis of indicators recommended by the Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations and the World Health Organization, as well as in accordance with the Methodology approved by the resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine. It has been clarified that an important condition of food security is compliance with rational food standards, the main determinants of which are the volume of food consumption and the indicator of the sufficiency of food consumption. Such an indicator of food security as food consumption per capita deserves special attention. This indicator simultaneously characterizes the presence of food on the domestic market and its availability. A stable high level of food consumption, other things being equal, gives grounds for drawing conclusions about the stability of food supply, and analyzing the structure of food consumption, it is possible to characterize the adequacy of nutrition. Dynamic changes in the consumption of basic food products per capita in 2000-2020 in Ukraine were analyzed. It was found that during this period, the population of Ukraine reduced the consumption of some types of basic types of food, namely sugar, bread and bread products, and potatoes. On the contrary, the consumption of fruits, berries and grapes, eggs, meat and meat products, vegetables and melon crops, fish and fish products, oil, milk and dairy products increased. On the basis of the analysis, it was established that according to a number of indicators, the level of food security of Ukraine is sufficient, but according to certain indicators in the section of certain food groups, it is threatening. Differences in the level of consumption among the regions of Ukraine were assessed based on the analysis of the average per capita consumption of bread and bakery products; oils; sugar; potato; vegetables and melon crops; fruits, berries and grapes; fish and fish products; meat and meat products; milk and dairy products; eggs. The consumption of food products by the population of Ukraine was determined in accordance with the norms of the physiological minimum and rational consumption norms. It was established that for most basic food products there are significant discrepancies between rational norms and actual consumption, which also differ depending on the region. It has been clarified that the worst situation is observed in such food groups as milk, meat, fish, fruits, berries and grapes. In 2020, none of the administrative regions of Ukraine provided rational norms for the consumption of the corresponding product. In particular, Ukrainians consume dairy products less than the norm by almost 47%, fish products by 38%, fruits, berries and grapes by 37.2%, meat products by almost 33%. For each region, the indicator of food consumption sufficiency was calculated as the ratio of the actual consumption of food products and rational consumption norms per 1 person. If the indicator of consumption of a certain type of product of a country (region) is greater than 1, then it can be stated that rational consumption standards of the corresponding product are provided on its territory. Regions with the best and worst indicators have been determined for all outlined types of products. In particular, the value for vegetables and melon crops is higher than 1 in 20 oblasts of Ukraine, potatoes – in 16 oblasts, bread and bread products – in 10 oblasts, oil – in 7 oblasts, eggs – in 5 oblasts, sugar – in one oblast. The regions of Ukraine were ranked according to the value of this indicator. Administrative regions with the best and worst indicators have been determined. The given indicators of the sufficiency of the consumption of certain types of food products are evidence of the imbalance in the diet of the population, which is trying to ensure its own energy needs at the expense of more economically available products (potatoes, vegetables, bread products). It has been determined that the strategic task of increasing the level of food security in accordance with the specified evaluation criterion should be the achievement of high and stable growth rates in the consumption of products of animal origin, fish and fruit while simultaneously reducing the consumption of potatoes. Keywords: food safety, rational food standards, indicator of sufficient consumption of food products.

Inclusion of a fish oil processing fraction as additive in diets for weaning piglets

The weaning process in pig production is commonly associated to low feed intake, slow growth rate and increased morbidity of piglets. This study evaluates a nutritional intervention consisting of supplementing with a fish oil product rich in mono- and diglycerides (FOMG) and containing 0.069 g/g of ω-3, to improve animal health and productive performance during the post-weaning period. In a preliminary experiment (experiment 1), a total of 136 piglets were randomly distributed in two groups (4 pens per group) to evaluate the productive effects of dietary supplementation with FOMG at 15 g/kg (T15) in substitution of lard (T0) as fat source during the post-weaning period in a commercial farm. Besides, in experiment 2 a total of 72 weaned piglets were fed on a control diet (T0) or supplemented with 15 (T15) or 30 g FOMG/kg (T30) in substitution of sunflower oil, with 6 pens of 4 piglets per treatment. In experiment 2 growth and intake were weekly controlled, and blood was sampled on days 14 and 34. At day 35 post-weaning, 6 piglets per treatment were euthanized to study the microbial fermentation and the ileal and caecal bacterial community by 16 S amplicon sequencing. Results indicated that piglets fed T15 diet tended to have a higher growth gain during the post-weaning period in experiment 1 (P = 0.067). This increased growth was partially explained by a greater feed intake (0.14 higher) but also due to improved animal health as showed by the lower proportion of neutrophils (P = 0.006), blood cortisol (P = 0.098) and morbidity (P < 0.05) in experiment 2. Treatment T15 also tended (P = 0.064) to promote a higher volatile fatty acids (VFA) concentration at the ileum, which could be compatible with a higher nutrient absorption and a subsequent lower VFA concentration in the hindgut (P < 0.001). Moreover, FOMG supplementation at T15 exerted modulatory effects on the gut microbiota promoting a shift in the bacterial community structure, lower diversity (Richness index, P < 0.05) and a trend (P = 0.076) for a higher butyrate proportion at the ileum, together with a lower (P < 0.05) and most favourable Firmicutes-to-Bacteroidetes ratio at the caecum. On the contrary, T30 diet promoted less beneficial effects than T15. These findings indicated that supplementation of piglets with FOMG at a level of 15 g/kg represents a suitable strategy to improve pig performance and gut health during the post-weaning period.

Realised genetic gains on growth, survival, feed conversion ratio and quality traits after ten generations of multi-trait selection in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss, fed a standard diet or a “future” fish-free and soy-free diet

There is limited scientific evidence on the real impact of selective breeding in aquaculture on the medium term, while the composition of aquafeeds is rapidly evolving towards plant-based raw materials. We compared a rainbow trout line selected in freshwater for fillet production (improved growth, carcass yield and fillet fat) for ten generations (G10) with an unselected control line from the same base population (G0). We crossed G10 and G0 neomales to the same G10 females, thus creating a Selected and a Control group expected to diverge by half the true difference between G0 and G10. Those were grown to 1.6 kg, and two feeds were compared across the two lines from 264 to 374 days post-hatching. One was a commercial standard, the second was a “future” feed devoid of fishmeal, fish oil and soy-based products, with microalgae as a source of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). After doubling the difference between the Selected and the Control to estimate the true performance of G0, we saw that G10 was improved relative to G0 for body weight (+61%), feed conversion ratio (−17 to −20%), fillet fat (+28–53%) and carcass yield (+4.2%), but not for fillet yield. Survival was not affected by selection. Both feeds had a similar performance in terms of growth, but the future feed showed a higher FCR, probably due to a feed intake measurement issue. Fish had a good EPA+DHA content (>1.2 g/100 g wet weight) with both feeds, partly linked to endogenous synthesis of these fatty acids. There was little if any genotype by feed interaction. This study shows that selective breeding can produce fast growing, feed efficient and thus provide opportunity for more sustainable fish culture. We showed that highly nutritious fish can be produced with good growth performance without using any fish meal, fish oil or soy-based product.

Determination of fat composition in the meats of tilapia and Nile perch fishes collected from Blue Nile and White Nile, Sudan

Fish provides a good source of high quality protein and contains many of fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E and K), mineral elements and antioxidant. This study determined the fat composition in the meats of two popular fish species that were brought from the fish market of Wad Medani City (Blue Nile samples; BN), and from Kosti fish market (White Nile samples, WN). The preparation of fish meat-fat and fat composition (through GC-MS), were run in the Food Analysis Laboratory, and the Central Laboratory - University of Gezira. The results showed that, Hexadecanoic acid was detected in WN Nile Perch (3.01%) and Tilapia (13.37%), whereas BN samples did not contain this fatty acid. Eicosanoic acid appeared in only BN samples: Tilapia (9.60%) and perch (2.12), Oleic acid (omega 9) appeared only in WN samples (it was 4.01% in NP, and 16.54% in T. Octadecanoic acid (Streaic acid) was appeared in all BN and WN samples (it was 8.45% in BN Perch, 1.6% in BN Tilapia, 1.60% in WN Tilapia and 0.29% in WN Perch). The more abundant fatty acids was Oleic acid (total sum 20.55%), then Hexadecanoic acid (16.38%). From the proposed results, the feasibility of local production of fish oils for human consumption should be done.

Indonesian freshwater fisheries’ oil for health and nutrition applications: a narrative review

The consumption and production of freshwater fish in Indonesia have recently increased significantly, especially in the food sector. This is for health purposes due to the dietary content, including freshwater fish protein. Fish is not only a source of protein but also a considerable supply of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and is essential. Using fish oils has caught a growing interest due to an increased understanding of the possible health benefits of omega-3 fatty acids in humans. This review provided thoughts on progress in the research of Indonesia’s freshwater fisheries’ oil potential. Here, fish oil's potential was addressed through its outstanding biochemical features and its potential as an antiinflammatory, cardiovascular, cancer, and autoimmune disorder agent. Generally, nutritional properties, their possible application in food production, and therapeutic and socioeconomic significance are considered. Indonesian freshwater aquaculture fisheries and inland capture fisheries have the potential for refined fish oil production. The top freshwater fisheries include aquaculture (Oreochromis niloticus, Clarias, Cyprinus carpio, Pangasius, and Osphronemus goramy) and inland capture fisheries (Channa striata, Oreochromis niloticus, Trichogaster, Hemibagrus capitulum, and Pangasius). Indonesian fish oil is rich in omega-3 fatty acids, especially eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid, and can potentially be developed into drugs and food supplements

The Fishmeal Revolution: The Industrialization of the Humboldt Current by Kristin A. Wintersteen

Reviewed by: The Fishmeal Revolution: The Industrialization of the Humboldt Current by Kristin A. Wintersteen Kellen Backer (bio) The Fishmeal Revolution: The Industrialization of the Humboldt Current By Kristin A. Wintersteen. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2021. Pp. 246. Kristin Wintersteen's The Fishmeal Revolution tells a transnational story linking the fish of the Humboldt Current to the global food supply. Situated in the Pacific, off the western coast of South America, the Humboldt Current's constant churn of nutrients sustains fish that served as fodder for industrialized meat production in the second half of the twentieth century. Wintersteen's monograph gives both a very broad overview, looking into the longer history of the current from "deep time" to the present, as well as a narrower history of fishing boom towns in Chile and Peru. The story is both local, national, and international, as Wintersteen follows science, capital, regulations, and fishmeal across the world. The Humboldt Current supports a plethora of fish, particularly anchovetas and sardines, small fish that can be made into fishmeal and fish oil. At times, the current supports enormous schools of fish, something naturalists and the people living in the region have long noticed, though climactic events like El Niño dramatically shape fish availability. While many aquatic creatures thrive in the current, the smaller species of fish, which were less desirable as food, became useful in creating products that provided nutrients for the industrialized production of chickens, hogs, and even farmed fish. And yet, few consumers know of the linkages between the ocean and their dinner. After providing a long history of the Humboldt Current and a background to the industrial uses of fish products from 1840–1930, Wintersteen looks closer at the history of the region's fishing industries. Starting in the 1950s, the fishmeal industry exploded in Chile and Peru, and fish from the Humboldt Current likely supplied over half of the world's fish-meal from 1950–2010 (p. 5). Wintersteen follows the rise of fishmeal and fish oil production in Chile and Peru, focusing on how local and global science, capital, regulations, and cultures shaped the nascent fishing and fish processing industries. The differing histories of fishmeal production in Peru and Chile offer a compelling story of the impact of state regulations, technology, and the environment. The Peruvian industry focused on fishing for anchoveta, particularly in the boom town of Chimbote, while Chile's fishing industry utilized several species of fish. The transnational comparison between Peru and Chile is highly useful [End Page 589] for understanding the rise of local industry, the role of national governments in shaping fishing industries, and how various places responded to ecological crises. In many ways, Wintersteen's story bears a remarkable resemblance to histories of mining, with its boom and bust towns. The fish-meal trade, however, dependent on fish, faced very different challenges in predicting outputs and managing resources, particularly in a region where events like El Niño altered ecosystems. The dramatic changes in oceanic life and differing responses in Chile and Peru, also under various governments, offer lessons for dealing with environmental crises. To tell this story, Wintersteen draws on an impressive array of evidence from archives in eight countries, including corporate, government, and scientific sources that paint a multi-level, transnational picture of fishing, regulations, and industry. Wintersteen argues that the story of the region is "translocal," and by utilizing such diverse sources, the monograph highlights many interconnections between different places. With such a broad focus, many topics are left out, including a close analysis of fish processing and the uses of fishmeal in industrialized food production. Technology's role in the story is mentioned briefly, such as in the histories of nylon nets or the use of steam to create fishmeal. While the focus on multiple sites helps to make the story translocal, many parts of the history are therefore very short. The Fishmeal Revolution will appeal to many scholars, particularly those interested in envirotechnical history and transnational history. Scholars interested in scientific uncertainty, particularly around the environment, will learn much from this volume. By telling a story that includes businesses, fishers, scientific researchers, and government officials across the globe...

Assessing overfishing based on the distance-to-target approach

PurposeOverfishing has been a global challenge for several decades with severe impacts on biodiversity and ecosystem services. Several approaches for assessing overfishing in life cycle impact assessment exist, but do not consider scarcity in line with current policy and science-based targets. Furthermore, comparisons of results with other impact categories, e.g., climate change, are not possible with existing methods. Therefore, five approaches to assess overfishing based on the distance-to-target approach are introduced.MethodThree global species-specific approaches (stock in the sea, target pressure, and fish manager) and two regional midpoint approaches were developed. For the stock in the sea, the weighting factor was derived as the relation of available biomass of the considered species to biomass at sustainable limits. Within the target pressure, the current pressure on fish stocks is set to the maximal sustainable pressure. For the fish manager, the catch is set in relation to the maximum sustainable yield. The catch is used for normalization in all three approaches. The two regional midpoint approaches consider production and consumption based catch of fish stocks in relation to the fully fished share. The overfishing indicator based on pressure on fish stocks serves as the characterization factor. Normalization occurs with the characterized catch.Results and discussionTo demonstrate the applicability of the approaches, a three-level case study was derived: (i) determining ecofactors for ten specific fish species in specific oceans; (ii) deriving ecopoints for production of fish meal and oil in Europe; (iii) comparison of fish oil with rapeseed oil for the categories overfishing, climate change, land use, and marine eutrophication. The highest ecofactors for the global approaches are characterized by high normalization and weighting factors. For the regional approaches, high overfishing characterization factors determine the result. The species contribution increases with rising amounts. Main challenges are data collection and interpretation which limit the overall applicability. The sensitivity analysis shows that the overall results vary significantly depending on the composition of the fish oil and meal.ConclusionsIt was shown that four of the five approaches are able to account for overfishing. However, only the production-based regional midpoint approach allows for comparison with other impact categories and is therefore most suitable for integration into life cycle assessment. The developed approaches can be used for a more comprehensive assessment of environmental impacts of different diets as well as aquaculture feed solutions.

Sustainable fish feeds: potential of emerging protein sources in diets for juvenile turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) in RAS

In Europe, turbot aquaculture has a high potential for sustainable production, but the low tolerance to fishmeal replacement in the diet represents a big issue. Therefore, this study investigated the effects of more sustainable feed formulations on growth and feed performance, as well as nutritional status of juvenile turbot in recirculating aquaculture systems. In a 16-week feeding trial with 20 g juvenile turbot, one control diet containing traditional fishmeal, fish oil and soy products and two experimental diets where 20% of the fishmeal was replaced either with processed animal proteins (PAP) or with terrestrial plant proteins (PLANT) were tested. Irrespective of diets, growth performance was similar between groups, whereas the feed performance was significantly reduced in fish of the PAP group compared to the control. Comparing growth, feed utilisation and biochemical parameters, the results indicate that the fish fed on PAP diet had the lowest performance. Fish fed the PLANT diet had similar feed utilisation compared to the control, whereas parameters of the nutritional status, such as condition factor, hepato-somatic index and glycogen content showed reduced levels after 16 weeks. These effects in biochemical parameters are within the physiological range and therefore not the cause of negative performance. Since growth was unaffected, the lower feed performance of fish that were fed the PAP formulation might be balanced by the cost efficient formulation in comparison to the commercial and the PLANT formulations. Present study highlights the suitability of alternative food formulation for farmed fish.

Identification of environmental hotspots in fishmeal and fish oil production towards the optimization of energy-related processes

This study assessed the environmental impacts of a pelagic fishmeal and fish oil production plant in Iceland with the life cycle assessment methodology. The study focused on assessing the effects of different energy sources for utility production due to the high energy intensity of fishmeal and fish oil production, as quality improved with lower cooking temperature. The environmental hotspots of three different processing scenarios were assessed, where the factory was run on hydropower (Scenario 0), heavy fuel (Scenario 1) and a composition of both (Scenario 2), from cradle-to-factory gate. Midpoint results showed that the raw material acquisition contributed the most to the environmental impact when the fishmeal factory was operating on hydropower. However, drying had the highest impact when heavy fuel oil was used for utility production. This study also demonstrated that lowering the cooking temperature from 90 to 85 °C, led to improved quality and simultaneously reduced environmental impacts during processing. This indicated that a small energy adjustment in the production can have an environmental gain, demonstrating the necessity to optimize each processing step in the fishmeal and fish oil production process both for increased product quality and minimizing environmental impacts.

Effect of fish oil and canola oil supplementation on immunological parameters, feed intake, and growth of Holstein calves

Supplemental n-3 fatty acids (FA) may support better immune responses than n-6 and n-9 FA in dairy calves. The objective was to evaluate the effect of n-3 FA, supplemented as a fish oil product (FO) in the milk replacer (MR), in comparison to n-6 and n-9 FA, supplemented as canola oil (CO), on body weight (BW), daily gain, and immunological parameters of preweaning Holstein calves. The study was conducted from September to December 2019. Calves were randomly allocated to a control group (n = 15; BW = 36.2 ± 1.5 kg; mean ± SEM) supplemented daily with 30 mL of CO and to an experimental group (n = 15; BW = 36.3 ± 1.5 kg) supplemented with 60 g of a product containing 30 g of FO. Both treatments were added to the MR during the morning feeding. All calves were fed 4 L of MR at 12.5% solids at 0700 and 1600 h for wk 1, 6 L from wk 2 to 7, and 3 L once daily (0700 h) during wk 8 until weaning (56 d). Blood samples were collected at 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42, 49, and 56 d of age for serum haptoglobin, TNF-α, IL-1β, and protectin. Dry matter intake was recorded in all experimental calves daily. Seroneutralization titers to vaccination against viral diseases (infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, parainfluenza 3, bovine viral diarrhea, and bovine respiratory syncytial virus) were determined. Mixed models for repeated measures were developed to analyze variables over time. Seroneutralization titers were analyzed by the Kruskal-Wallis test. The other variables were compared by a generalized linear model. Serum FA profile at 35 d of age showed that FO supported higher concentrations of n-3 FA than CO. Final BW [65.2 vs. 62.0 kg, standard error of the mean (SEM) = 2.1 kg] and average daily gain (0.52 vs. 0.46 kg/d, SEM = 0.1 kg/d) tended to be higher for the FO than the CO group. An interaction of treatment × day for dry matter intake was observed, especially during weaning (2.17 kg vs. 1.94 kg, SEM = 0.158 kg, for FO and CO group, respectively). Blood lactate (mmol/L) was higher in the CO than in the FO group at d 7. Haptoglobin and IL-1β were higher for the CO group on d 14 than the FO group. The TNF- α concentrations for the FO group were reduced over time, whereas the concentrations in the CO group remained constant. Protectin was higher in the FO group on d 14, but was lower on d 28, 35, and 49. Seroneutralization antibody titers postvaccination for the PI3 virus were higher for the FO than the CO group. In conclusion, calves supplemented with FO had lower concentrations of blood lactate, haptoglobin, IL-1β and TNF-α than calves supplemented with CO during the study period. The FO supplementation had a higher DMI than CO supplementation. Results of this trial should be interpreted with caution due to the lack of a negative control group as well as the lower birth weight and growth rate observed under heat stress conditions.

Projecting global mariculture production and adaptation pathways under climate change.

The sustainability of global seafood supply to meet increasing demand is facing several challenges, including increasing consumption levels due to a growing human population, fisheries resources over-exploitation and climate change. Whilst growth in seafood production from capture fisheries is limited, global mariculture production is expanding. However, climate change poses risks to the potential seafood production from mariculture. Here, we apply a global mariculture production model that accounts for changing ocean conditions, suitable marine area for farming, fishmeal and fish oil production, farmed species dietary demand, farmed fish price and global seafood demand to project mariculture production under two climate and socio-economic scenarios. We include 85 farmed marine fish and mollusc species, representing about 70% of all mariculture production in 2015. Results show positive global mariculture production changes by the mid and end of the 21st century relative to the 2000s under the SSP1-2.6scenario with an increase of 17%±5 and 33%±6, respectively. However, under the SSP5-8.5scenario, an increase of 8%±5 is projected, with production peaking by mid-century and declining by 16%±5 towards the end of the 21st century. More than 25% of mariculture-producing nations are projected to lose 40%-90% of their current mariculture production potential under SSP5-8.5 by mid-century. Projected impacts are mainly due to the direct ocean warming effects on farmed species and suitable marine areas, and the indirect impacts of changing availability of forage fishes supplies to produce aquafeed. Fishmeal replacement with alternative protein can lower climate impacts on a subset of finfish production. However, such adaptation measures do not apply to regions dominated by non-feed-based farming (i.e. molluscs) and regions losing substantial marine areas suitable for mariculture. Our study highlights the importance of strong mitigation efforts and the need for different climate adaptation options tailored to the diversity of mariculture systems, to support climate-resilient mariculture development.

Assessment of the safety of dietary fish oil supplements in terms of content and quality.

The fatty acid composition of top-selling fish oil dietary supplements in the markets was compared with the content stated on product label, and their oxidative qualities and heavy metal contents were evaluated in this study. While all the capsule groups (C) confirmed the label information, it was observed that one-third of the syrup groups (S) had less than the specified content. Capsule groups generally had richer EPA and DHA contents than syrup groups in the samples examined. The peroxide values (PV) of all fish oil capsules and syrups were found in the range of 1.97-2.89mEq/kg and 2.22-18.30mEq/kg, respectively. As for free fatty acids (FFA) values, the C4, S6, S9, and S10 groups were above the 3% oleic acid limit recommended for high-quality oils. However, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARs) values were found below 1mg MA/kg in all groups. All fish oil supplements were within the limits specified in terms of As (0.50-4.19µg/g), Cd (0.14µg/g detected for one group, C5), Cu (not detected), Fe (0.32-15.7µg/g), and Hg (≤ 0.1µg/g). On the other hand, two fish oil supplements from the capsule group (0.17 for C6 and 1.01µg/g for C8) and one group from the syrup group (0.29µg/g for S10) exceeded the recommended limit in terms of Pb (0.1mg/kg). As a result of the research, it can be concluded that the chemical quality of fish oils in syrup form needs to be improved and their reliability in terms of fatty acid content should be increased. Considering the heavy metals, it seems significant to follow up the fish oil products more strictly.