Bulb Production Research Articles

Inventarisasi Penyakit Bawang Merah (Allium ascalonicum L.) Varietas Lokananta Asal Biji (True Shallot Seed)

<p><em>One of the limiting factors in the cultivation of shallots (Allium ascalonicum L.) is the attack of pathogens that can reduce the yield of shallots. The use of seed-origin shallots (true shallot seed) of the Lokananta variety for the production of shallot bulbs has not been widely practiced in Indonesia, so information on the types of diseases that attack has not been widely reported. The purpose of this study was to determine the symptoms and signs of the disease, as well as to determine the types of pathogens in the Lokananta variety shallots. The study was conducted using a survey method. The survey locations were shown in Sleman and Bantul Regencies, Special Region</em><em> of </em><em>Yogyakarta Province. Disease inventory was carried out by directly observing symptoms of pathogen attack on leaves, tubers and plant roots randomly on each onion plant. The isolation stage and macroscopic characteristics were performed in the laboratory. The results showed that there were two main types of diseases on shallots of the Lokananta variety, namely moler's disease caused by the fungus Fusarium sp. and anthracnose (leaf rot) caused by the fungus Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. Typical symptoms of moler are yellowing leaves that tend to curl, twist (twisted), plants wilt and droop, and tubers rot. The early symptoms of anthracnose are oval to round white spots on the leaves and a depression is formed.</em><em> </em><em>Further symptoms are the leaves will break and droop, and blackish conidia colonies are formed. The isolation results of the Lokananta variety of shallots obtained two isolates of Fusarium sp. and one fungal isolate, C. gloeosporioides. The macroscopic characteristics are seen below the surface of two </em><em>p</em><em>etri dishes of Fusarium sp. and one isolate of C. gloeosporioides as purple, orange and gray, respectively. This study confirmed the type of disease in the Lokananta variety of shallots as basic information in determining the right way of controlling the disease.</em><em></em></p>

Organic onion growth, yield and storage improved by foliar sprays of microalgae and fulvic acid as a natural biofertilizer

The use of microalgae as natural biofertilizer in horticulture has recently been reported, while the use of humic substances is widespread. However, the combined use of microalgae with humic substances applied to plant leaves is still unexploited. Thus, the objective of this work was to combine fulvic acid (FA) with the Scenedesmus subspicatus microalga biomass (SC) as a natural biofertilizer applied via leaf in two onion cultivars in organic system. Four experiments were conducted: i) bioassays to verify the bioactive effect of FA, SC and combinations using the Vigna radiata model plant; ii) greenhouse pot experiment with foliar applications of FA, SC and combination in two onion cultivars; iii) field experiment in organic system with foliar applications of FA, SC and combination in two onion cultivars; and iv) onion bulb storage experiment. The bioactive effect of SC, FA and their combinations was identified by promoting changes in root growth of V. radiata. In pots, treatments containing FA, SC and combination promoted increase in fresh and dry leaf mass. The foliar application of FA, SC and combination promoted an increase in field bulb productivity, reduced mass loss in stored bulbs and increased carbohydrate, amino acid and protein contents in onion bulbs.

Analysis of Biophysical Variables in an Onion Crop (Allium cepa L.) with Nitrogen Fertilization by Sentinel-2 Observations.

The production of onions bulbs (Allium cepa L.) requires a high amount of nitrogen. According to the demand of sustainable agriculture, the information-development and communication technologies allow for improving the efficiency of nitrogen fertilization. In the south of the province of Buenos Aires, Argentina, between 8000 and 10,000 hectares per year−1 are cultivated in the districts of Villarino and Patagones. This work aimed to analyze the relationship of biophysical variables: leaf area index (LAI), canopy chlorophyll content (CCC), and canopy cover factor (fCOVER), with the nitrogen fertilization of an intermediate cycle onion crop and its effects on yield. A field trial study with different doses of granulated urea and granulated urea was carried out, where biophysical characteristics were evaluated in the field and in Sentinel-2 satellite observations. Field data correlated well with satellite data, with an R2 of 0.91, 0.96, and 0.85 for LAI, fCOVER, and CCC, respectively. The application of nitrogen in all its doses produced significantly higher yields than the control. The LAI and CCC variables had a positive correlation with yield in the months of November and December. A significant difference was observed between U250 (62 Mg ha−1) and the other treatments. The U500 dose led to a yield increase of 27% compared to U250, while the difference between U750 and U500 was 6%.

Anthracnose of Onion (Allium cepa L.): A Twister Disease

The onion (Allium cepa L.) is a lucrative and high-value vegetable–spice crop in India, but it is sensitive to several of diseases caused by fungi, bacteria, viruses, and nematodes, of which a fungal disease, anthracnose, caused by Colletotrichum spp., is a major issue for both onion producers and researchers since it severely affects the bulb production. Twister disease is currently one of the most common problems in onion production, particularly in humid regions, and it reduces productivity while also lowering the value and profitability. Twister disease is visualised by white or pale-yellow water-soaked oval depressed lesions on leaf blades, which are the first symptoms. Lesions expand as the disease advances, and numerous black-coloured, slightly elevated structures/fruiting bodies appear in the middle area, arranged in concentric rings. Curling, twisting, chlorosis of the leaves, and aberrant extension of the neck or pseudo-stem occurs, followed by rotting of the bulb. In an unmanaged crop, an excess gibberellin production by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and Gibberella moniliformis is suspected to induce twisting and aberrant neck elongation, which will ruin onion productivity. It is difficult and environmentally unfriendly to control these infections. Since, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first review on onion anthracnose, we tried to consolidate information. This review updates our knowledge of the pathogen, including the disease cycle, infection pathways, and disease management techniques. As a result, growers will be benefit from the application of cultural, biological, and chemical measures and the use of resistant varieties.

Kompetisi Gulma Teki Terhadap Pertumbuhan Dan Produksi Bawang Varietas Super Philip Dan Varietas Bauji

ABSTRACTShallot is a primary commodity with high economic value. However, the productivity of shallot is still low due to the competition with nutgrass. Nutgrass reduces the productivity of shallot down to 50 - 80%. This study aimed to analyze the impact of nutgrass population towards the growth and productivity of shallot, particularly the Super Phillip and Bauji varieties. This study also aimed to find the most adaptable shallot variety in regards to the combination of nutgrass in Wayamiya Village of East Bacan District in South Halmahera Regency from January to March 2020. The methods used in this study were Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) in a factorial pattern consisting of two factors and Replacement Series Methods. The latter was used to analyze the interaction of these two plant species and the combination of both. The variables observed include the height of the plant (cm), the number of seedlings, the weight of fresh bulb (g), the air-dried weight (g), the dry weight without stover (g), the average diameter of air-dried bulb (cm), the fresh weight of nutgrass (g), the dried weight of nutgrass (g), and the numbers of nutgrass bulbs per cluster and plot. Based on the variance analysis calculations, the population of nutgrass had a real impact on produced shallots, particularly in terms of height (cm), weight of fresh bulb per plot, weight of dried bulb per plot, weight of dried bulb without stover, and diameter of bulb per plot. The relative yield total (RYT) and Relative Crowding Coefficient were used to examine the occurrence of competition between the two plants. The result of this study revealed the production of dried super phillip bulb without the presence of nutgrass was 9,5 tons/hectare. Meanwhile, with the presence of 4 nutgrass (T1), 8 nutgrass (T2), and 12 nutgrass (T3), the average weight of dried super phillip bulb was 6 tons/hectare. This showed a decrease of 3 tons/hectare or around 30%/hectare. Moreover, in regards to dried bauji bulb without the presence of nutgrass, the production was 9.3 tons/hectare. With the presence of 4 nutgrass (T1), 8 nutgrass (T2), and 12 nutgrass (T3), the dried bauji bulb production decreased to 3.3 tons/hectare or around 60%/hectare. There was a negative interaction between bauji shallots with 10% of nutgrass treatment in the planting. In this case, the RYT value was <1. The Relative Crowding Coefficient value of super phillip shallots with 10%, 20%, and 30% of nutgrass populations was more than one. This indicated the super phillip variety was adaptable with the presence of nutgrass. Meanwhile, the Relative Crowding Coefficient value of bauji shallots was below one.Keywords: : Nutgrass, Shallot, Competition

Produtividade, qualidade físico-química e resistência ao florescimento precoce de híbridos experimentais de cebola

ABSTRACT In order to produce bulbs or seeds, onion plants depend on genotype X environment interaction. Thus, breeders shall select the genotypes based on the climatic conditions of each producing region. This study aimed to evaluate 17 experimental onion hybrids and two commercial genotypes (‘Bella Dura’ and ‘Buccaneer’), based on agronomic, physicochemical attributes of the bulbs and resistance to early flowering under subtropical conditions. Joint analysis of variance and phenotypic divergence estimated through principal component analysis (PCA) and Ward’s hierarchical clustering were performed. We observed that the time of transplantation affected the agronomic traits more than the physicochemical traits, not affecting the percentage of early flowering of the genotypes. The first transplant season provided higher bulb productivity, whereas the second season reduced the cycle and productivity. Hybrids H1, H17 and ‘Buccaneer’ showed flowering rate lower than 3%. Among the experimental hybrids, H2 showed higher productivity when comparing with commercial cultivars, and H1, H12 and H14 were equivalent to them. However, H12 showed the highest early flowering rate (43%). Thus, considering the experimental genotypes evaluated under subtropical conditions, H1, H2, and H14, showed potential for commercial use or as potential parents in advancing the breeding program, as they stood out for presenting good yield, bulb quality and low percentage of early flowering.

Evaluation of foliar insecticides for the control of Thrips tabaci Lindeman (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) on onion field

Thrips tabaci Lindeman (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) is the main pest of onion. Chemical control is the most adopted method for this pest, however, there are few efficient products registered for thrips control in onion. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of six insecticides (abamectin + thiamethoxam, formetanate hydrochloride, spinetoram, fenitrothion + esfenvalerate, imidacloprid and thiacloprid) were tested for the control of onion thrips T. tabaci on onion in Itajaí Valley, SC during 2020. The insecticides were sprayed eight times at intervals of about seven days, we evaluated the number of nymph of thrips per plant 24 hours after two consecutive sprays and total onion bulb production. Significant differences were observed between various insecticides evaluated. The treatments formetanate hydrochloride and spinetoram proved the best thrips control however spinetoram did not differ from abamectin + thiaclooxam, fenitrothione + esfenvalerate and imidacloprid. Total bulb yield was higher for spinetoram, formetanate hydrochloride, abamectin + thiamethoxam and imidacloprid.

Bulb Induction on Madonna Lily Stems and Three Years Growing Performance of the Bulblets

Currenly, Madonna lily (Lilium candidum L.) is considered as one of the most important ornamental and perfumery plants. Madonna lily is currently propagated via seed or bulb scales. However, seed derived plants reaches sexual maturity at the end of five years and flower production is interrupted in vegetative propagation via bulb scales because fertile bulbs are needed as source of scale. To overcome the two obstacles, stems of mature plants were used as material for bulb production in the current study. For this purpose, the stems, obtained from plants at the end of flowering were stored in cardboard boxes under the conditions of darkness, normal temperature and pressure (20°C and 1 atm) during four months. At the end of this period, it was observed that 14 bulbs per stem formed on the stored stems. The stem derived bulbs were cultivated in pots and were observed to determine their development performances and some morphological characters until reaching flowering during three years. An increase of 226% in bulb weight, 51.2% in bulb diameter and 58.9% in bulb circumference were observed at the end of the three years. In this study, a new and effective method for Madonna lily propagation was described for the first time.

Yield and Morphophysiology of Onion Grown under Salinity and Fertilization with Silicon

Salinity limits agricultural yield in the arid and semi-arid regions of the world. Silicon (Si) benefits plants under abiotic stresses. However, Si fertilization in the yield of onion plants under salt stress are less well known. We conducted a field experiment to evaluate Si fertilization in onion yield, physiology and postharvest quality irrigated with saline water. The experiment was designed in randomized complete blocks, with four replicates, and treatments were arranged in split plots. The plots had four water electrical conductivity (0.65, 1.7, 2.8 and 4.1 dS m−1) and the subplots had five Si levels (0, 41.6, 83.2, 124.8 and 166.4 kg ha−1 of Si), in the form a diatomaceous earth-based fertilizer derived from the species Melosira granulata. Waters high salinity reduced onion yield and bulb fresh mass, and increasing small bulbs (<50 mm) production. Waters high salinity hampered onion plants membrane instability index, relative water content and contents of total chlorophyll, and carotenoids. Waters high salinity too hampered onion firmness, pH, soluble solids concentration, and SS/TA ratio. Si fertilization increased onion yield, bulb fresh mass and production of large bulbs (≥ 50 mm), and saline stress attenuation occurred up to 2.8 dS m−1. Si fertilization improved onion plants chlorophylls, carotenoids, total sugars, soluble solids, ascorbic acid, and pyruvic acids content. Si fertilization promoted onions acclimatization to salt stress, because increasing the synthesis of soluble sugars, ascorbic acids, and thio-compounds identifiable in PyA. Therefore, we recommend 78.5 kg ha−1 of Si for onion plants under saline stress conditions.

The influence of onion (Allium cepa L.) mother bulb production conditions on subsequent plant growth and seed quality

The late planting of onions practiced by farmers has decreased the yield and quality of onion seed. This experiment was conducted during 2019 and 2020 at agricultural research farm of Kabul University to study the effect of mother bulb production conditions on subsequent plant growth and seed yield and quality. The study was designed in Randomized Complete Block Design and data for different agronomic traits, flowering habits, seed yield and seed quality were recorded. The recorded data were statistically analyzed with STAR software. The highest leaf area per plant (994.38 cm2) and leaf area index (0.83) were recorded for the plants obtained from mother bulbs grown on 10th March in deep ploughed flat beds. The highest number of flowering stalks per plant (3.83) was recorded for the plants produced from the mother bulbs grown on 10th March in shallow ploughed double row raised beds, it was on far with the plants obtained from the mother bulbs grown on 10th March in deep ploughed flat beds. The highest seed yield (737.27 Kg/Ha) was recorded for the plants obtained from mother bulbs grown on 10th March in shallow ploughed flat beds. This was on far with the seed yield of the plants obtained from the mother bulbs grown on 10th March in deep ploughed flat beds. The results reveal that, mother bulbs produced under early planting dates and deep ploughed flat-bed conditions are more appropriate to produce vigorous plants and higher seed yield of onion. Keywords: Flowering stalks, Growth response, Seed germination, Seed yield &nbsp;

Adaptation of Fourteen Varieties of Red Onion (Allium Ascalonicum L.) in The Plateau

The adaptability of a variety is one of the determinants of the domestication conditions of a variety—fourteen varieties of onions, including those whose domestication is lowland adapted to the highlands. Fourteen varieties of shallots are Brebes Variety (V 1), Pikatan Variety (V 2), Thai Variety (V 3), Sumenep Variety (V 4), Super Philips Variety (V 5), Manjung Variety (V 6), Bauji Variety (V 7), Jeneponto Adaptation Bima Variety (V 8), Bima Variety enrekang adaptation (V 9), Bangkok Variety adaptation Jeneponto (V 10), Palu Local Variety (V 11), Katumi Varieties (V 12), Trident Varieties (V 13) and Mentes Varieties (V 14) conducted in the form of Group Randomized Designs (RAK), Results from this study found that flowering naturally occurs in 12 varitas that produce flowers from 14 varieties of tried onions, and can be found. The five varieties that flower more are the Bangkok Variety adaptation jeneponto, Bima Brebes, Manjung, Bauji, and the mentes variety. The growth and production of bulbs grown in the highlands are generally determined by the genetic traits and adaptability of each variety. This is indicated by the difference in the results of each component of observation parameters of the same variety. As produced, five varieties selected the production of different perhektar bulbs based on the location of planting. Bangkok Jeneponto varieties 11.5 tons h ̄¹, Bauji varieties 10.0 tons h ̄¹, Bima Brebes varieties 3.0 tons h ̄¹, Manjung varieties 7.5 tons h ̄¹, and Mente’s varieties 19.0 tons h ̄¹.

Floriculture Business Triumphs All Other Farm Businesses: A Case Study

Kashmir agro-climatic conditions are known to be the god’s choice for growing flowers. The conditions are so blended and suited to the crops especially bulbous geophytes that most of the farmers have recorded or obtained unprecedented quality and quantity. We documented one such study from flower grower (Mr. Arshid Ahmad Mir) residing in the remote village of Shar-Shalli, district Pulwama of Kashmir valley. This farmer was known to us as a keen, interesting, and hardworking. The important attributes associated with him is that he was always attending the training programmes from our university, state floriculture department etc. His curiosity for expanding the business with proper guidance, scientific approaches of farming and tackling the on and off farm challenges with the technical know-how from the concerned persons of farm university has beard him the fruits of success. He has successfully triumphed the all odds of lilium cultivation, thus has become the epitome of flower grower for other flower growers of valley. Keywords: Cut flower; bulb production; empowerment; livelihood;.

Increasing production of various garlic local cultivars in off season by gliocompost

Garlic in off season will be faced low production with poor quality tubers. Gliocompost which contains active ingredients of gliocladium can function as a biocontrol and biofertilizer. The aim of this research was to increase the bulb production of various cultivars of garlic in off season by using gliocompost. The research was conducted in Cianjur Regency, West Java, Indonesia, with an altitude of 1,320 m above sea level from August 2018 to January 2019 at -6.75908, 107.02897, 1334, 318. The research used a factorial randomized block design with two factors. The first factor of garlic cultivar consisted of five cultivars, namely Lumbu Putih (LP), Lumbu Kuning (LK), Lumbu Hijau (LH), Tawangmangu Baru (TB), and Sangga Sembalun (SS). The second was gliocompost, namely with and without gliocompost with six replications. Gliocompost application was given before planting at a dose of 5 kg per 200 kg of manure for 1 ha. The data observed were shoot emergence (%), plant height (cm), bulb diameter (cm), yield per ha (ton), yield per plot (ton), live plants (%), and production gap (%). Data were analyzed by analysis of variance and if there was a significant difference, then it was followed by the Duncan test at the 95% confidence level. Heatmap analysis was performed using the R Studio program. The results showed that the use of gliocompost did not affect the yield per ha of LK and SS, but it could increase yield per ha of LH, TB, and LB, increase yield per plot and decrease percentage of production gap of LP. Gliocompost increased bulb diameter. LP had a higher bulb diameter and percentage of live plants than LK.

Impact of Dhap Residue on the Performance of Some Selected Winter Vegetables

The experiment was conducted to evaluate the performance of dhap residue and nutrient sources on the growth and yield of red amaranth, radish and garlic during the period from October, 2013 to February 2014 and October, 2014 to February 2015 at Gopalganj district in Bangladesh. The single factor experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. There were eight treatments viz. control (without organic and inorganic fertilizer), cowdung, recommended dose of NPK, 50% cowdung + 50% recommended dose of NPK, dhap residue, dhap residue + cowdung, dhap residue + recommended dose of NPK, dhap residue +50% cowdung +50% recommended dose of NPK. Dhap residue significantly influences the growth and yield of all three crops i.e red amaranth, radish and garlic. In respect of red amaranth, the tallest plant (43.70 cm and 42.37 cm, respectively) and maximum number of leaves (33.00 and 33.33, respectively) per plant as well as yield (20.88 and 21.32 t ha-1, respectively) were observed from dhap residue + 50% cow dung + 50% recommended dose of NPK which was significantly similar to dhap residue + recommended dose of NPK in both the years. Similar results were also observed in radish for root growth and in bulb production of garlic. From economic consideration, the application of dhap residue + 50% cow dung + 50% recommended dose of NPK fertilizers were suitable for growth and yield as well as cost effective for red amaranth, radish and garlic production under the climatic conditions in Gopalganj district of Bangladesh.

Functional analysis of the eTM-miR171-SCL6 module regulating somatic embryogenesis in Lilium pumilum DC. Fisch.

Somatic embryogenesis (SE) is of great significance in Lilium bulb production, germplasm preservation, and genetic improvement. miRNAs are important regulators of plant growth and development at the transcriptional level. Previous research by our group has shown that lpu-miR171 and its target gene SCARECROW-LIKE 6 (SCL6) play an important regulatory role in lily SE, and we predicted and identified that endogenous target mimics (eTMs) can regulate lpu-miR171. However, the associated mechanism and internal regulatory network are not yet clear. In the present study, lpu-miR171 was used as an entry point to explore the regulatory network between its upstream eTMs and its downstream target gene LpSCL6, as well as to identify the mechanism of this regulatory network in Lilium SE. Tobacco transient transformation confirmed that miRNA171 significantly inhibited the expression of LpSCL6. On this basis, the Lilium stable genetic transformation system was used to demonstrate that silencing lpu-miR171a and lpu-miR171b and overexpressing LpSCL6-II and LpSCL6-I promoted starch accumulation in calli and the expression of key cell cycle genes, thus providing energy to meet preconditions for SE and accelerate the formation and development of Lilium somatic embryos. LpSCL6-II and LpSCL6-I are nuclear proteins with self-activation activity in yeast cells. In addition, we confirmed in Lilium that lpu-eTM171 is the eTM of lpu-miR171 that binds lpu-miR171 to prevent cleavage of the target gene LpSCL6, thereby promoting SE. Therefore, the present study established a new mechanism whereby the eTM-miR171-SCL6 module regulates SE in Lilium pumilum and provides new insights clarifying the mechanism of SE.

Bio-stimulants Influence on Growth and Yield of Aggregatum Onion

Onion, being an edible vegetable crop, inclusion of any organic inputs without chemical usage in enhancing yield is booming strategy in view of consumer health. Accordingly, different bio-stimulants were tested to determine the influence on the growth and yield of aggregatum onion var. CO 4. The experiment consisted foliar spray of 0.1 percent seaweed extract (T1), 0.2 percent seaweed extract (T2), 0.3 percent seaweed extract (T3), 0.1 percent humic acid (T4), 0.2 percent humic acid (T5), 0.3 percent humic acid (T6), 0.1 percent fish amino acid (T7), 0.15 percent fish amino acid (T8), 0.20 percent fish amino acid (T9) and control (T10). Foliar spraying was performed three times at a 15-day interval at 30, 45 and 60 days after bulb sowing. The experiment was laid out in Randmized Block Design with three replications. At the 45th and 60th days, observations on growth and yield characteristics were made. The testing findings indicated that humic acid at a concentration of 0.3 percent produced the highest plant height (41.3 cm), neck thickness (1.067 cm), and dry matter (1.20g). Humic acid 0.3 percent had the highest average bulb weight (33.25g) and total yield (14.41 tonnes/ha). Seaweed extract at 0.3 percent had the second-best results in terms of plant height (38.30 cm), average bulb weight (29.00g), and bulb production (12.57 t/ha), but it outperformed fish amino acid and the control. The overall performance of several biostimulants shows that humic acid @ 0.3 percent foliar spray effectively enhances various growth parameters of aggregatum onion var. CO 4, resulting in increased yield.

Bulb Productivity and Quality of Monsoon Onion (Allium Cepa L.) as Affected by Transient Waterlogging at Different Growth Stages and its Alleviation with Plant Growth Regulators

Bulb Productivity and Quality of Monsoon Onion (Allium Cepa L.) as Affected by Transient Waterlogging at Different Growth Stages and its Alleviation with Plant Growth Regulators

Number of pustules of garlic rust under different temperatures and leaf wetness

Puccinia porri is an etiological agent of garlic rust. The disease symptoms are characterized by leaf lesions that initially appear as whitish spots. With the disruption of the leaf cuticle, yelloworange uredospores are exposed. These signs are commonly known as pustules. Bulb production is affected by the reduction of photosynthetically active leaf area. The decrease in production is most pronounced when the attack occurs before bulb formation. The objective of this work was to quantify the latency periods of garlic rust and the number of pustules formed under the influence of temperature (10, 15, 20 and 25ºC) and leaf wetness period (6, 12, 18 and 24h). The latent period for this pathosystem varied between 10 and 12 days when the plants were subjected to temperatures of 10, 15 and 20°C after inoculation. The number of rust pustules was higher in garlic plants subjected to a temperature of 15°C. However, there were also a significant number of lesions at temperatures of 10ºC, especially when the leaf wetness period was 24 hours. At temperatures above 20°C, the number of pustules was less expressive. The results are important to perform fungicide efficacy tests in optimal conditions for disease progression and epidemiological studies.

The Effect of Watering Techniques for Increasing the Yield of Shallots (Allium cepa L) in Dry Land

Climate change that occurs requires secondary irrigation, to meet water needs by plants from existing water sources (springs, or existing irrigation. This study aims to see the effect of irrigation on increasing the production of shallot bulbs of the Lansuna variety. The study was conducted in the dry season of 2017 in Minahasa Regency. The layout of the experiment used a Randomized Block Design 2 treatment with 5 replications per plot measuring 4m x 4m. Pressurized watering was carried out per day for 4 hours with watering intervals every 3 days. For comparison, the existing technology only depends on the rainfall that occurs. randomized so that there are 250 clumps to be analyzed. This can also be seen in the existing 0.5 ha technology. Observation parameters include the weight of stover at harvest, the average number of tubers per plant, and tuber yield of tons/ha. Data were analyzed using the T-test The results of the analysis showed that the weight of shallots at harvest was 3.4g heavier and real eda by way of farmers (1.48g). The number of tubers per plant was not affected by irrigation techniques, but the weight of the shallot bulbs increased by 48.9% and the yield per ha increased by 48.40% from the rainfall that occurred during the study.

Optimization of the elements of onion production technology in an annual crop in the conditions of central Russia

The object of research is onion, cultivated as an annual crop in the Nonchernozem zone of the Russian Federation. The aim of the research is to develop an improved technology for the production of bulb in an annual crop, providing a yield of 70-80 t/ha on alluvial meadow soils of the Nonchernozem zone. Research method - field test. It has been established that the probability of performing each technological operation should be at least 95%. Sowing the seeds, which are previously cleansed from the rot, must be done at an earlier date. The required yield was achieved at N 200 P 160 K 280 + Humic chemical "Rostok" + 10 l/ha BisolbiSan, Azotovit, Phosphatovit biopreparations in equal proportions. The use of the microbiological preparation BisolbiSan in 1% concentration with chemical two-component fungicides (excluding copper-containing ones) increases the immunity of onion plants. In conditions of warm, humid summer, fungicidal treatments of onions are optimal at intervals of 7-10 days from the third decade of June to the end of July. The maximum weed suppression is provided by the post-sowing application of the Stomp Professional + Dual Gold tank mix (3 + 1 l/ha) in combination with the subsequent pre-emergence treatment with Reglon Forte (2 l/ha) and the post-emergence Goal 2E (0.5 l/ha).