Production Of Biopesticides Research Articles

Phytochemical Screening of Fish Poison Tree, Barringtonia Asiatica Seed for Potential Biopesticidal Activity and Pharmaceutical Uses

The study was conducted to identify the phytochemical contents in the seeds of fish poison tree, Barringtonia asiatica (L.) Kurz. The qualitative and quantitative analysis were ascertained using standard conventional methods and gas chromatography–mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) technique. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of saponins, alkaloids, cardiac glycosides, flavonoids, terpenoids, coumarin and tannins in the seeds. In addition, the seed contained 42 compounds which includes Vitamin E, (45.89%), fatty acid esters (LAEE, 40.30%; PAEE, 10.24%; (E)-9-ODAEE, 6.73%) and sterols (chondrillasterol, 14.20%; lanosterol, 7.29%; and stigmasterol, 7.02%). Furthermore, chemical components such saponins, alkaloids, and cardiac glycosides present in the seed were found positive for biopesticidal activity. The analysis confirmed that fish poison tree seed is a potential source of bioactive substances that may support pharmaceutical uses and biopesticide production.

Fumigant toxicity and phytochemical analysis of Petiveria alliacea (Linneaus) leaf and root bark oil on adult Culex quinquefasciatus

BackgroundCulex mosquitoes are a major vector of public health importance and have been implicated for the transmission of some parasitic diseases such as lymphatic filariasis and West Nile virus. It has also been reported to cause several problems which include developing resistance to synthetic insecticides, thus, necessitating the search for an insecticide of botanical origin which is bio-degradable, non-toxic, and readily available for man’s use. This study aimed to evaluate the phytochemicals present in Petiveria alliacea and the fumigant efficacy of its oil extract against the adult stage of Culex quinquefasciatus.ResultsThe result obtained shows that the oil extract of Petiveria alliacea at all concentrations had a significant effect on the adult mosquito for fumigant toxicity with percentage mortality range of 75.00–100% within a 2-h exposure period (P < 0.05) for the leaf extract and 81.67–100% mortality for the root bark extract. The synergistic effect of the leaf and root bark oil was also investigated. The lethal concentration (LC50) of the leaf, root, and synergistic effect of leaf and root oil extract required to kill 50% of the adult Culex quinquefasciatus was 0.45 ml, 0.53 ml, and 0.47 ml, respectively. However, 2.20 ml, 1.194 ml, and 1.15 ml of the leaf, root, and leaf and root oil extract were required to kill 90% (LC90) after a 2-h exposure period. A total of 29 organic compounds were isolated from leaf and root bark oil of the plant. The study has revealed that the leaves and root bark of Petiveria alliacea are rich in phytochemicalsConclusionThese findings suggested Petiveria alliacea oil extract could be a good source of insecticide which may be used for the production of biopesticides. The present findings have important implications in the practical control of adult mosquito by using botanical insecticides. These plant extracts are easy to prepare, inexpensive, and safe for mosquito control which possesses enough insecticidal potential and can be used directly around human dwellings. The result suggests possible utilization of the cheap and readily available botanicals for possible control of mosquitoes as part of an integrated vector management programme.

The Importance and Prospects of the Use of Algae in Agribusiness

Agribusiness could be the most promising sector for algae biomass exploitation and popularization. In this paper we summarize the scope of interests in agribusiness which can be fulfilled with algae exploitation. A high growth rate, a high ability to bind carbon dioxide and the potential to accumulate biogenic elements and light metals mean that algae can be used as a raw material for production of biofertilizers, biopesticides, feeds and feed additives. The use of the means of agricultural production based on algae can take place both in organic and conventional agriculture. The development of innovative and low-cost technologies of algae production, including the possibilities of their use in rural areas, provide a basis for changes, improvements and modifications to the existing solutions in the scope of production and use of industrial means of agricultural production. We also show that although there are quite diverse methods of production, and various micro and macro species diversified in chemical content, the economic viability of algae-based agribusiness is still in its infancy. The wide utilization of algae for food product manufacturing opens alternative ways for food acquisition, protecting both the food supply and the planet’s resources. The sustainability aspects of mass algae production implementation seem to be indisputable regarding possible benefits resulting from such technology. The versatility of algae application in food products, along with the very high nutritive and bioactive profile of this ingredient, make this resource of high importance in a low-emission economy.

A Review on Plant Sources for Nano Biopesticide Production

Biopesticides are substances or mixtures of biological substances used to prevent, destroy, kill, control, or mitigate pests. Pesticide plants are also known as botanical pesticides, are derived naturally from plants. The use of chemical pesticides led to conflicts like environmental degradation and health issues like cancer, adverse effects on immune systems, neurological disorder, and metabolic diseases such as diabetes, endocrine system disruption, and infertility. Biopesticides are a type of pesticides obtained from natural sources such as animals, plants, bacteria, and certain minerals. Nanotechnology is a developing field dealing with materials having a size of 10−9. Farmers have been using this technology for proper plant growth stimulation, diagnosis of plant disease, and pest control. This paper briefly explains some evidence of plant species used to control pests and the presence of nanoparticles in that species for pest control are reviewed from different articles. These observations, perceptions, and notions provide an idea for future research to help the environment and humankind.

Why don't smallholder farmers in Kenya use more biopesticides?

BackgroundAlthough Kenya has a relatively high number of registered biopesticide products, little is known about biopesticide use by smallholders. This paper documents farmers' current use and perception of chemical pesticides and biopesticides, their willingness to pay for biopesticides, and the key challenges to biopesticide uptake.ResultsA survey found that chemical pesticides are used widely by smallholders despite awareness of the risks to human health and the environment. Almost half of respondents showed awareness of biopesticides, but current use in the survey localities was low (10%). Key reasons for the low use of biopesticides by smallholders in this study are: perceptions of effectiveness, primarily speed of action and spectrum of activity, availability and affordability. Smallholders who used biopesticides cited effectiveness, recommendation by advisory services and perception of safety as key reasons for their choice. Although farmers viewed both pesticides and biopesticides as costly, they invested in the former due to their perceived effectiveness. Average willingness to pay, above current chemical pesticide expenditures per cropping season was 9.6% (US$5.7). Willingness to pay differed significantly between counties, and was higher among farmers with more education or greater awareness of the health risks associated with pesticide use.ConclusionThis study confirms the low use of biopesticide products in the survey areas, alongside high use of conventional chemical pesticides. In order to promote greater uptake of biopesticides, addressing farmers' awareness and their perceptions of effectiveness is important, as well as increasing the knowledge of those providing advice and ensuring registered products are available locally at competitive prices. © 2020 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.

A novel two-stage aeration strategy for Bacillus thuringiensis biopesticide production from biowaste digestate through solid-state fermentation

A novel aeration strategy has been developed at lab and bench-scale for Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) derived biopesticides production through solid-state fermentation, using a mixture of digestate and biowaste as substrates. A Box-Behnken design was performed to select key parameters of the spore production process, being temperature and biodegradability the factors with a significant effect. Further tests confirmed the importance of oxygen content for spore production. Thus, a two-stage aeration strategy consisting of a microaeration phase followed by a high-rate aeration period was developed and tested. The production strategy was validated in a 22-L reactor using two different strains (Bt kusrtaki, Btk, and israelensis, Bti), demonstrating the robustness of the protocol. Maximum production of 1.3 × 108 spores g-1 dry matter for Btk and 4 × 108 spores g-1 dry matter for Bti were obtained, representing a final yield of 5 and 29 spores produced per initial CFU, respectively.

Changes of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lactucae levels and soil microbial community during soil biosolarization using chitin as soil amendment.

Regulatory pressure along with environmental and human health concerns drive the development of soil fumigation alternatives such as soil biosolarization (SBS). SBS involves tarping soil that is at field capacity with a transparent film following amendment with certain organic materials. Heating via the greenhouse effect results in an increase of the soil temperature. The organic amendments can promote microbial activity that can enhance pest inactivation by depleting oxygen, producing biopesticidal fermentation products, and competing with pests. The properties of the organic amendments can heavily influence the type and magnitude of these effects. This study evaluated the viability of chitin as a novel SBS soil amendment to influence soil fungal and bacterial microbial communities, including control of the plant pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lactucae (FOL). Changes to FOL and the broader soil microbiota were monitored in response to biosolarization using 0.1% (by dry weight) amendment with chitin (Rootguard). FOL suppression was only observed in chitin amended soils that were incubated at room temperature, not under solarized conditions. Conversely, it decreased solarization efficacy in the upper (0–10 cm) soil layer. The presence of chitin also showed increase in FOL under anaerobic and fluctuating temperature regime conditions. Biosolarization with chitin amendment did exhibit an impact on the overall soil microbial community. The fungal genus Mortierella and the bacterial family Chitinophagaceae were consistently enriched in biosolarized soils with chitin amendment. This study showed low potential FOL suppression due chitin amendment at the studied levels. However, chitin amendment showed a higher impact on the fungal community than the bacterial community. The impact of these microbial changes on crop protection and yields need to be studied in the long-term.

Value Addition of Anaerobic Digestate From Biowaste: Thinking Beyond Agriculture

This article aims to shed light on the various value-added opportunities arising from the valorization of digestate nutrients. As opposed to the conventional applications of digestate for land/soil applications, this review discusses the key bioconversion routes to microalgae, biofuels, biochemicals, and enzymes production in which digestate is utilized as a feedstock for microorganisms to produce high-value bio-based products. A comprehensive analysis of key digestate valorization schemes in this review showed that microalgal cultivation and biopesticide production results obtained using digestate provide new directions to optimally utilize this resource. Pilot scale and long-term performance, and environmental assessment of these digestate-based productions will govern their success within the bioeconomy scheme in the near future. Recovery of nutrients from digestate of anaerobic digestion (AD) and its use as a feedstock in biotechnological processes is an environmentally benign and socially responsible method to treat the waste digestate appearing from digestion plants. The replacement of cost-intensive pure nutrients by digestate could improve the economic feasibility of bioprocesses. This fits in the advanced biorefinery model within the circular bioeconomy scheme by providing new and alternative markets for digestate while increasing the economic incentives for AD.

Microbial biopesticides in agroecosystems

Microbial biopesticides include several microorganisms like bacteria, fungi, baculoviruses, and nematode-associated bacteria acting against invertebrate pests in agro-ecosystems. The biopesticide sector is experiencing a significant growth and many discoveries are being developed into new biopesticidal products that are fueling a growing global market offer. Following a few decades of successful use of the entomopathogenic bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis and a few other microbial species, recent academic and industrial efforts have led to the discovery of new microbial species and strains, and of their specific toxins and virulence factors. Many of these have, therefore, been developed into commercial products. Bacterial entomopathogens include several Bacillaceae, Serratia, Pseudomonas, Yersinia, Burkholderia, Chromobacterium, Streptomyces, and Saccharopolyspora species, while fungi comprise different strains of Beauveria bassiana, B. brongniartii, Metarhizium anisopliae, Verticillium, Lecanicillium, Hirsutella, Paecilomyces, and Isaria species. Baculoviruses are species-specific and refer to niche products active against chewing insects, especially Lepidopteran caterpillars. Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) mainly include species in the genera Heterorhabditis and Steinernema associated with mutualistic symbiotic bacteria belonging to the genera Photorhabdus and Xenorhabdus. An updated representation of the current knowledge on microbial biopesticides and of the availability of active substances that can be used in integrated pest management programs in agro-ecosystems is reported her.

Biopesticides and their mode of action against insect pests: A review

Biopesticides including entomopathogenic viruses, bacteria, fungi, nematodes, and plant secondary metabolites, are gaining increasing importance as they are alternatives to chemical pesticides and are a major component of many pest control programs. The virulence of various biopesticides such as nuclear polyhedrosis virus (NPV), bacteria, and plant product were tested under laboratory conditions very successfully and the selected ones were also evaluated under field conditions with major success. Biopesticide products (including beneficial insects) are now available commercially for the control of pest and diseases. The overall aim of biopesticide research is to make these biopesticide products available at farm level at an affordable price, and this would become a possible tool in the integrated pest management strategy. Moreover, biopesticide research is still going on and further research is needed in many aspects including bioformulation and areas such as commercialization. There has been a substantial renewal of commercial interest in biopesticides as demon- strated by the considerable number of agreements between pesticide com- panies and bioproduct companies which allow the development of effective biopesticides in the market. This paper has reviewed the important and basic defection of major biopesticides in the past. The future prospects for the development of new biopesticides are also discussed.

Virulence of Commercialized Fungal Entomopathogens Against Asian Longhorned Beetle (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae).

Nine strains of five species of entomopathogenic hypocrealean fungi were tested against adults of the Asian longhorned beetle, Anoplophora glabripennis (Motschulsky). These strains have been developed as commercial biopesticide products in the United States, Brazil, South Korea, or the European Union (EU). Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschnikoff) (Hypocreales: Clavicipitaceae) ESALQ E-9 and Metarhizium brunneum (Petch) F52 (formerly M. anisopliae F52) (Hypocreales: Clavicipitaceae) killed 100% of treated beetles with the shortest survival times. Virulence differed among the five strains of Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) (Hypocreales: Cordycipitaceae) tested, ranging from 0 to 77.3% mortality within 28 d. Two Isaria fumosorosea (Wize, 1904) (Hypocreales: Cordycipitaceae) (formerly Paecilomyces fumosoroseus) strains and the Lecanicillium muscarium (Petch) Zare & Gams (Hypocreales: Cordycipitaceae) strain used in Mycotal were not pathogenic to A. glabripennis adults. Within the entomopathogenic fungi tested, the Metarhizium strains may be the most appropriate for further evaluation.

Leaf anatomy micromorphometry plasticity and histochemistry of Azadirachta indica during acclimatization

Abstract Environmental conditions of grow can modify leaf structure and metabolite production. Neem plants produce a high amount of medicinal metabolites and contain biopesticide terpenoids with low toxicity. However, the high genetic variation and the low material quality, besides the environmental modifications warn to the need of biotechnological techniques to ensure the production of high quality metabolites. The aim was to investigate leaf structural and histochemical characteristics of Azadirachta indica grown in vitro, in vivo and acclimatized condition. It was found anatomical differences among the environments, with higher leaf thickness associated to in vivo conditions, as well as were more evenly distributed stomata. Those modifications did not qualitatively affect the production of medicinal metabolites and biopesticides. Terpenes and tannins were observed in specialized cells called idioblasts, located in the mesophyll and in the midrib region, respectively. Thus, in a qualitative approach, we can affirm that the different environments do not modify metabolites production. Increased production of these bioactive compounds could be achieved by isolation and in vitro culture of idioblasts as a new source of research in plant biotechnology.

In vitro potencijal antagonista Bacillus spp. za suzbijanje fitopatogena Xanthomonas euvesicatoria

Bacterial pathogen Xanthomonas euvesicatoria, principal causer of bacterial spot, represents a significant problem in agricultural practice due to high yield losses in the production of pepper and tomato. The development of resistance to copper pesticides has shifted research, in the field of its suppression, towards biopesticides. In this study, several Bacillus strains were tested against Xanthomonas euvesicatoria strains, isolated from pepper leaves with symptoms of bacterial spot, to select a sufficiently effective antagonist. When it comes to the testing of cultivation broth, containing biomass of tested antagonists, the best results were achieved using isolate Bacillus sp3. On the other hand, when biomass-free supernatants, containing produced antimicrobial compounds, were tested, Bacillus sp1 and Bacillus sp2 have shown the highest antimicrobial activity. The results of this study represent a basis for further development of bioprocess solutions for the production of biopesticides based on Bacillus spp. biomass or antimicrobial compounds, showing high efficiency in suppression of pepper bacterial spot.

Biopesticides And Biofertigation Practice to Overcome Land Fertility and Plants Cultivation Problems in Magetan District

Magetan Regency is one of the leading fruit production centers (Pamelo Oranges) and vegetables in East Java. Production of Pamelo orange as a superior product of Magetan regency, during the last 10 years tends to decrease both in terms of quantity and quality. This is as a result of fruit fly pest attack is quite massive and viral; as well as vegetable crops that still depends on pesticide and chemical fertilizers. Quantity and quality of fruit and vegetable products are still not optimal because: 1). There are still pests and diseases that can not be controlled in an environmentally friendly manner, 2) The cultivation of pamelo and vegetable plants in Magetan regency has not been fully applied organic fertilizer intake, 3). Gardening irrigation technology still relies on rain water and semi-technical irrigation. The objective of the action research through Community Partnership Program (CPP) is to provide a touch of science and technology that is expected to accelerate the creative economic activities of the community by providing skills training based on organic materials including: 1. The utilization of yard land by planting vegetables; 2. The production soil enhancer; 3. Production of urine-based biopesticide ; 4. Simple book keeping practice in small-medium scale agriculture, and 5. Production of Pamelo orange-based food. The methods used in facilitating the improvement of skills of farmers and dairy farmers joined in micro small and medium enterprises including lecture, field practice and mentoring. The result of activities is expected to be able to: a). improve farmers skills in good plant care through integrated pest and disease control and organic based fertilization through fertigation. b). Make environmentally friendly fertilizers and pesticides independently. c). Increasing the production and quality of agricultural products. d). Innovative organic biofertilizers products.

Composition and biocidal properties of essential oil from pre-domesticated Spanish Satureja Montana

The aim of this study was to develop a chemically stable plant following a pre-domestication process and the valorization of its essential oil for the production of biopesticides. This study was conducted during four growing seasons to give a pre-domesticated population (SAMO-0). The resulting pre-domesticated population increased the hydrodistilled oil yield (average 0.45%) and maintained a stable yield of dry material (44.5%). The plant material was submitted to pilot plant scale steam distillation under three pressures (0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 bar) with lower yield (average 0.15%). The essential oil showed a carvacrol / p-cymene chemotype. The pre-domestication process increased β-myrcene, α- and γ-terpinene, p-cymene, thymol and β-bisabolene; and decreased α-thujene and carvacrol. The steam distillation increased the oil content in α-thujene, α-pinene, α-terpinene, p-cymene and trans-caryophyllene, and decreased borneol, thymoquinone thymol and β-bisabolene. Pressure increased α-terpinene, thymol and carvacrol Additionally, the study of the biocidal effects (against the insect pests Spodoptera littoralis, Myzus persicae and Leptinotarsa decemlineata and the phytopathogenic nematode Meloydogine javanica) of the EOs showed that overall, the most active oils were the hydrodistilled (to all insect species), followed by the steam distilled oils with higher carvacrol and thymol content (pressures of 1.5 and 1.0 bar). Carvacrol and thymol were responsible for the activity of these oils on M. persicae, and L. decemlineata but only partially on S. littoralis. The steam distilled oils showed strong nematicidal activity against M. javanica that could be partially explained by their content in active carvacrol and thymol.

Rice husk as a source for fungal biopesticide production by solid-state fermentation using B. bassiana and T. harzianum

Solid-state fermentation using rice husk as substrate with either Beauveria bassiana or Trichoderma harzianum was conducted on batch reactors at laboratory scale to establish optimal conditions for spore production. Time course tests were performed to determine maximum spore production time, which was 7.7 days for Beauveria bassiana and 5.7 days for Trichoderma harzianum. The effect of moisture, inoculum concentration, airflow rate, temperature and C/N ratio on spore production was evaluated by two Box-Behnken experimental designs. Final spore concentrations ranged from 2.0 × 108 to 2.0 × 109 spores g−1 dry matter. Main factors influencing spore production were moisture (optimum values of 55–60% for Trichoderma harzianum and 65–70 for Beauveria bassiana) and temperature (25 °C). The effect of mixing enhanced Trichoderma harzianum spore production while influencing negatively in the case of Beauveria bassiana. Robustness of the process has been demonstrated through statistical analysis using box-plots.

From flasks to single used bioreactor: Scale-up of solid state fermentation process for metabolites and conidia production by Trichoderma asperellum

Currently, the increasing demand of biopesticides production to replace chemical pesticides which are excessively used has made solid state fermentation (SSF) technology the need of the hour. In spite of advantages, true potential of SSF process has not been fully realized at industrial scale. A fermentation process for 6-pentyl-a-pyrone (6 PP), conidia, and lytic enzymes (cellulases, lipase, amylase) production by Trichoderma asperellum TF1 was scaled-up from 250 mL flasks and glass Raimbault column packed with 20 g of solid substrates (dry weight) to 5 Kg of solid substrate by using a new plastic single used bioreactor. For column and single used bioreactor, the fermentation was done with the application of humid air during all the process however flasks are not hermetically closed that some oxygen could flow by diffusion. T. asperellum growth was investigated using a mixture of vine shoots, jatropha cake, olive pomace and olive oil as substrate in all systems in parallel at 25 °C during 7 days. Overall, the conditions applied on the single used bioreactor resulted in the optimum 6-PP production (7.36 ± 0.37 mg g DM−1), lipases (38.73 ± 0.21U/g DM), amylases (15.22 ± 0.13 U/g DM), and conidia production (8.55 ± 0.04 × 109 conidia/g DM).

ANALISA KELAYAKAN FINANSIAL PRODUKSI BIOPESTISIDA DARI BIJI MIMBA

&lt;em&gt;Neem seed is a potential material for biopesticides, due to its limnoid content in the oil-seed. One of the methods for extracting neem seed oil is using screw press. The study aimed to determine the financial feasibility of neem seed based-biopesticides production for industrial-scale using flow chart of production approach. The tools used in this research was the financial feasibility approach such as NPV, IRR, Payback Period and Profitability Index. The financial feasibility study showed that biopesticides production was obtained at NPV Rp 3,026,193,872.00, IRR 46.90 %, Payback Period at 2 years 1 month, and Profitability Index at 2.40. The result of financial feasibility indicated that the biopesticides production using a screw press method at an industrial scale was feasible to be done. Sensitivity analysis showed that fluctuation of raw material cost and price of biopesticides product, affected the feasibility of neem seed based-biopesticides production using screw press method. This feasibility study is expected to be used as an initial reference for developing the potential of neem seed as biopesticides.&lt;/em&gt;

The Effect of Aeration for 6-Pentyl-alpha-pyrone, Conidia and Lytic Enzymes Production by Trichoderma asperellum Strains Grown in Solid-State Fermentation

In recent years, the production of biopesticides has gained great attention in the scientific word because it is an important alternative to replace the much debated chemical pesticides used on the field crops. Fungal lytic enzymes, conidia and secondary metabolites like 6 pentyl-alpha-pyrone (6-PP) play a very important role in the biological control of pests. On the present study, the influence of application of air through a solid-state fermentation using three Trichoderma asperellum strains to produce conidia, 6-PP and essential enzymes were evaluated. A mix of vine shoots, potatoes flour, jatropha, olive pomace and olive oil as substrates was used. T. asperellum TV104 showed the best 6-PP production (3.06 ± 0.15 mg g DM−1), cellulases activities (34.3 ± 0.4 U g−1), and amylase activity (46.3 ± 0.6 U g−1) however, T. asperellum TF1 produced the higher levels of lipase (30.6 ± 0.3 U g−1), under air conditions. The production of these same enzymes was less efficient without the application of forced aeration. The forced aeration increased the conidia production, the best value was observed with T. asperellum TF1 (2.23 ± 0.07 × 109 g DM−1).Graphic

Empowerment of Rural Women through Entrepreneurship Development Training – The Case of Bio-Waste Management in Southern Tamil Nadu

Madurai and Virudhunagar Districts of Tamil Nadu is blessed with vast resource potentials especially of soil and water which had motivated the farming community to adopt different seasonal and perennial crops like vegetables, cereals, pulses, and fruits. After the harvest of farm produce, the residues are left unutilized and go waste and sometimes add to production problems. A project was aimed to find the means of effectively utilizing the biowaste resources into the value-added products like Organic Manure, Cultivation of Milky Mushroom and Biopesticide Production etc. These practices are successful and hence it is planned to impart capacity building programs to empower the landless, marginal Rural Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe Women are hailing in the poverty line. Accordingly, one hundred beneficiary women were identified and selected for capacity building and guided them to establish value-added products like Milky Mushroom from the biowaste resources. During the training and demonstration programs, the method of erection of mushroom shed, cultivation of milky mushroom, methods of spawn production, bed preparation utilizing the waste resources, harvesting and marketing of mushroom to the beneficiaries through identified experts in the related field. Though all the respondents were actively participated in Bio degradation, Bio Pesticide, and Milky Mushroom production activities, the impact created in the study area were found to be only to the level of 45 per cent whom had shown much interest in establishing Milky Mushroom and the Spawn Production activities and started earning considerable income per month motivated them to run quality life in their environs. Besides, the details of activities performed by the respondents and their enhancement in earning capacity and the marketing practices followed are also discussed in this paper..