Production Of Binders Research Articles

In-situ sampling of solid recovered fuel and recycling ashes for the production of sustainable binders

In-situ sampling of solid recovered fuel and recycling ashes for the production of sustainable binders

Исследование физико-механических свойств битумного вяжущего из нефтешламового гудрона для дорожного строительства

The authors consider the issues of utilization of oil waste in demand in practice for the production of bitumen binders widely used in road construction. To solve this urgent problem, it is necessary to study the chemical composition and physical and mechanical properties of the bitumen binder obtained from oil sludge tar. The aim of the study is to select the optimal conditions for the fractional separation of oil sludge components with the release of tar, as well as to determine the technological conditions for obtaining high-quality road bitumen from tar. A physico-chemical analysis of oil sludge samples was carried out. A step-by-step selection of the distillation product was carried out with its further physico-chemical analysis. The main technological parameters of bitumen binder production have been selected. The physical and mechanical properties of the obtained bitumen samples have been studied and their corresponding grades have been established in accordance with the standard in force in Kazakhstan. By the methods of infrared spectroscopy and high-performance liquid chromatography of tar samples, satisfactory indicators were obtained for the presence of asphaltene compounds that contribute to improving the quality of the road surface. The analysis of the research results showed the prospects of oil sludge processing technologies in order to obtain tar, the raw material for the production of road bitumen. The use of oil sludge as a raw material for the production of road bitumen is economically advantageous due to the relative cheapness of the product and the technological simplicity of the processes of distillation of oil waste and tar oxidation.

A Constant Filgotinib Delivery Adhesive Platform Based on Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) Hydrogel for Accelerating Wound Healing via Restoring Macrophage Mitochondrial Homeostasis.

Skin wound healingis often hindered bydisrupted mitochondrial homeostasis and imbalanced macrophage glucose metabolism, posing a critical challenge to improve patient outcomes. Developing new wound healing dressings capable of effectively regulating macrophage immune-metabolic functions remains a pressing issue. Herein, a highly adhesive polyethylene glycol (PEG) hydrogel loaded with the Janus kinase 1 (JAK1) inhibitor Filgotinib (Fil@GEL) is prepared to modulate macrophage metabolic reprogramming and restore normal mitochondrial function.Fil@GEL exhibits superior shear adhesion strength compared to commercially available tissue binder products, providing adequate adhesion for skin wound closure. Additionally, Fil@GEL exhibits the capacity to inhibit M1-type macrophage polarization by suppressing the JAK-STAT signaling pathway, and induces a metabolic shift in macrophages from aerobic glycolysis to oxidative phosphorylation, which results in decreased lactate production, reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, and the restoration of mitochondrial homeostasis. The Fil@GEL hydrogel significantly accelerates skin wound healing compared to the control group, reduces intra-wound inflammation, and promotes collagen regeneration. In summary, this highly adhesive hydrogel demonstrates exceptional performance as a drug carrier, exerting immunometabolic modulation through firm wound adhesion and sustained filgotinib release, underscoring its substantial potential as an effective wound dressing.

A Computationally Guided Approach to Improve Expression of VHH Binders

The variable heavy chain fragments derived from camelid antibodies, called VHHs or nanobodies, have recently shown promise as high-affinity reagents. They offer higher stability compared to conventional antibodies and fragments thereof. Furthermore, their smaller size (~15–20 kDa) allows better targeting of molecules localized inside the cell and in crowded environments, like tissues and protein aggregates. Despite these advantages, nanobody clones screened using phage display can suffer from poor soluble expression, which we hypothesized is due to the presence of hydrophobic hotspots on their surface. In this work, we propose a novel, computationally guided workflow for screening and production of nanobody binders for optimized expression. After an initial round of phage display screens against our target (K-Ras), we modeled the lead candidates to generate spatial aggregation propensity (SAP) maps to highlight the hydrophobic hotspots with single amino acid resolution, which were subsequently used to guide mutagenesis of the binders for soluble expression. We followed two approaches to perform point hydrophilic mutations: (i) performing point hydrophilic mutations in the hydrophobic hotspots; (ii) combining point mutation resulting from a round of random mutagenesis that show favorable SAP scores. Both approaches led to a remarkable increase in soluble expression, which allowed production and characterization of their binding to their target (K-Ras) on soluble ELISA and biolayer interferometry. We observed that the latter approach resulted in clones with stronger binding affinity compared to the former approach. Our results emphasize the need to perform a round of random mutagenesis to identify point mutations, which can then be used in an in silico guided pipeline to identify the right combination of mutations for high soluble expression.

Mortars in the Archaeological Site of Hierapolis of Phrygia (Denizli, Turkey) from Imperial to Byzantine Age

Hierapolis of Phrygia, an archaeological site in southwestern Turkey, has been a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1988. During archaeological campaigns, 71 mortar samples from public buildings were collected, dating from the Julio-Claudian to the Middle Byzantine period. The samples were analyzed using a multi-analytical approach including polarized optical microscopy (POM), digital image analysis (DIA), X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) and SEM–EDS to trace the raw materials and understand the evolution of mortar composition and technology over time. During the Roman period, travertine and marble were commonly used in binder production, while marble dominated in the Byzantine period. The aggregates come mainly from sands of the Lycian Nappe and Menderes Massif, with carbonate and silicate rock fragments. Variations in composition, average size and circularity suggest changes in raw material sources in both Roman and Byzantine periods. Cocciopesto mortar was used in water-related structures from the Flavian to the Severan period, but, in the Byzantine period, it also appeared in non-hydraulic contexts. Straw became a common organic additive in Byzantine renders, marking a shift from the exclusively inorganic aggregates of Roman renders. This study illustrates the evolving construction technologies and material sources used throughout the city’s history.

Design of C2S-CS low-calcium system for synergistic improvement of CO2 sequestration capacity and mechanical properties

Low-calcium minerals exhibit significant potential as energy-efficient binder clinker materials, characterized by reduced emissions and enhanced carbon sequestration through accelerated carbonation curing. However, traditional low-calcium binders typically utilize one or two minerals in a straightforward compound form as clinker, resulting in elevated costs, excessive resource consumption, and suboptimal performance. This study developed a novel C2S-CS low-calcium system that integrated γ-C2S, β-C2S, and CS in specific proportions based on their characteristics, utilizing Simplex-centroid designs. Contour maps achieved to assess relationship between performance and mineral composition, while interaction mechanisms were investigated through carbonation products and reaction heat analysis. Furthermore, optimum proportion range of C2S-CS system can be synthesized efficiently and environmentally from solid waste wollastonite tailings in a single step. The results demonstrated that the designed system achieved synergistic improvements in CO2 sequestration capacity and mechanical properties. After 24 h of carbonation curing, it attained a compressive strength of 129 MPa, sequestered 217 kg/t CO2, and exhibited satisfactory durability. This study provides valuable insights for the practical production of low-calcium binders and reveals opportunities for developing sustainable building materials for eco-friendly construction.

BINDERS FROM SECONDARY RAW MATERIALS OF COAL ENRICHMENT WASTE FOR CONSTRUCTION OBJECT ERECTION USING THE 3D PRINTING METHOD

Formulation of the problem. The 3D printing construction technology is one of the modern methods of rapid construction, which allows for a significant automation of the building process while achieving high precision in the fabrication of complex configurations using equipment (3D printers) controlled by software to define precise coordinates of the printed structure model. The main materials for construction 3D printing technology are composite mixtures based on binders. Cement or composite binders can be used as binders [1]. The cement production technology involves the firing of its components at 1 450 °C, which requires significant energy resources and affects its final cost and the overall mixture. The utilization of coal enrichment waste, which contains clay minerals, quartz, pyrite, and a small amount of carbonates, impurities, and combustible substances, allows for reducing the consumption of technological fuel and the firing temperature of the binder by harnessing the heat-generating properties of coal inclusions. Thus, coal enrichment waste can be used as a fuel component in obtaining the binder. The purpose. Based on the conducted research, it can be concluded that the use of component binders derived from coal enrichment waste shows promise in the construction of buildings using 3D printing technology. By harnessing the heat-generating properties of these waste materials, it is possible to reduce the consumption of technological fuel and firing temperature required for binder production, consequently lowering CO2 emissions into the atmosphere and reducing the final cost of the construction mixture for 3D printing.

RESEARCH PROCESSES OF MODIFICATION BITUMEN WITH OILY SLUDGE

Currently, scientists around the world are considering the possibility of using oily sludge as a secondary raw material for various purposes. It is known that the current methods in the country for processing some oil waste are not economically efficient. The use of oily sludge as a secondary raw material seems to be one of the main directions in their use in the modification of bitumen and is of great practical importance. The research work studied the composition and properties of oily sludge from the Mangystau region and how they could potentially be used to produce modified bitumen. From a laboratory study, it was established that oily sludge can be used as a filler when modifying bitumen together with special modifiers. The obtained samples showed an improvement in the quality of the obtained mixture. This approach solves environmental problems related to oil waste disposal. The results of the study confirm that the selected oily sludges, due to its physical and chemical characteristics, is suitable for use in modifying road building materials. The presented basic technological scheme for modifying bitumen with oily sludge makes it possible to eliminate the problem of recycling oil waste with the production of a polymer-bitumen binder and allows the resource potential contained in oily sludge to be returned to the technological process.

Thermodynamics of the reactive phase formation of the binder of the CoO–BaO–Al2O3 system for electromagnetic radiation protection

The article discusses the physicochemical basis for the production of barium aluminate binders, supplemented with compounds and solid solutions including cobalt oxide. The results of calculating the temperature dependence of Gibbs free energy are presented for model reactions simulating all possible variants of two-phase equilibria in the CoO–BaO–Al2O3 system. Using thermodynamic analysis, the stability of the terminals of the above system is established, which makes it possible to triangulate it. The complete subsolidus structure is presented, as well as the geometric and topological characteristics of the CoO–BaO–Al2O3 system and its phases. The presented results of thermodynamic analysis of solid-phase reactions involving barium aluminates and cobalt-containing oxides allow comparing the paths of reaction phase formation of binders from various ingredients. The article substantiates the possibility of effectively modifying barium-aluminum binders with waste cobalt catalysts on corundum supports. These circumstances make it possible to justify the choice of raw materials at a qualitative level, and, in combination with calculated data on the geometrostatistical characteristics of the subsolidus structure of the CoO–BaO–Al2O3 system, to obtain technologically important information about the features of dosage and mixing of components when fabricating the binder. The results of this study allow reducing the number of long-duration and labor-intensive experiments to obtain a modified binder with a target set of characteristics.

Thermodynamics of the reactive phase formation of the binder of the CoO–BaO–Al2O3 system for electromagnetic radiation protection

The article discusses the physicochemical basis for the production of barium aluminate binders, supplemented with compounds and solid solutions including cobalt oxide. The results of calculating the temperature dependence of Gibbs free energy are presented for model reactions simulating all possible variants of two-phase equilibria in the CoO–BaO–Al2O3 system. Using thermodynamic analysis, the stability of the terminals of the above system is established, which makes it possible to triangulate it. The complete subsolidus structure is presented, as well as the geometric and topological characteristics of the CoO–BaO–Al2O3 system and its phases. The presented results of thermodynamic analysis of solid-phase reactions involving barium aluminates and cobalt-containing oxides allow comparing the paths of reaction phase formation of binders from various ingredients. The article substantiates the possibility of effectively modifying barium-aluminum binders with waste cobalt catalysts on corundum supports. These circumstances make it possible to justify the choice of raw materials at a qualitative level, and, in combination with calculated data on the geometrostatistical characteristics of the subsolidus structure of the CoO–BaO–Al2O3 system, to obtain technologically important information about the features of dosage and mixing of components when fabricating the binder. The results of this study allow reducing the number of long-duration and labor-intensive experiments to obtain a modified binder with a target set of characteristics.

On the hydration of limestone calcined kaolinitic clay cement and energy-efficient production

Understanding hydration kinetics of cement composite incorporating calcined clay is crucial in further progressing low-carbon binder designs. However, due to diversity of clays and complex synergy with further limestone addition, it is challenging to predict the hydration process. In this study, a coupled kinetic-thermodynamic model is developed based on unified functional form to generate comprehensive hydration studies on cement binders including calcined kaolinitic clay and limestone. Dedicated model parameterisation analyses are performed, following available rapid, relevant, and reliable (R3) tests, to determine the kinetic models. Moreover, a numerical framework is proposed to describe the synergy in hydration of limestone calcined clay cement (LC3) utilising clays of diverse kaolinite contents. The model is demonstrated to be capable of generating robust hydration assessments on both binary and ternary systems. In enhancing the overall sustainability, the proposed hydration model is leveraged to gauge the energy-efficient production of LC3 binders utilising local resources.

Exploring sustainable alternatives: quarry dust and sugar cane bagasse ash in sodium and potassium-based alkali-activated binders for enhanced mechanical and durability properties

The increased use of sugarcane bagasse in electricity production has led to a significant rise in the dumping of sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA). To study the efficiency of SCBA as a supplementary material in the production of alkali-activated binders (AABs), which consist of quarry dust and crushed sand as fine aggregates, the present study investigates the influence of different activators, namely NaOH-Na2SiO3 and KOH-K2SiO3, and the effect of curing type (ambient and heat curing) on the mechanical and durability properties of quarry dust-SCBA incorporated AAB. Various tests, including compressive strength, water absorption, sorptivity, and sulphate resistance, along with X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy were conducted for AAB characterization. The results revealed that the addition of 20% quarry dust as an alternative to crushed sand in AAB is found to be optimum. The ambient-cured SCBA-blended AAB specimens demonstrated superior performance compared to their heat-cured counterparts. The Na-based SCBA blended AABs outperformed K-based AABs in resisting compressive strength reduction. The compressive strength of 28 days ambient cured Na-based and K-based AABs were found to be 47.8 and 32.4 MPa, respectively. Microstructural analysis revealed that the main hydration products in Na-based AAB are C-A-S-H, C-S-H, and N-A-S-H, while in K-based AAB, the main hydration products were found to be C-A-S-H, C-S-H, and K-A-S-H, respectively. The AAB mixtures consisting 10% SCBA found with superior performance compared to other SCBA blended AABs. However, excessive SCBA usage weakened the microstructure in both Na-based and K-based AABs. The findings demonstrate the potential for utilizing waste materials, such as SCBA and quarry dust, in the development of eco-friendly and high-performance alkali-activated binders, contributing to the reduction of environmental impact caused by the construction industry.

Шыны қалдықтарына негізделген тұтқыр материалдарды алу технологиясын зерттеу

The undeniable advantage of the technology of production of binders on the basis of vitrified glass is its low energy consumption. This is explained by the absence of technological processes, the realisation of which involves high temperature, pressure, etc. Often raw materials, which are production waste, do not require additional preparation, and are subjected only to cleaning and co-milling. However, despite the simplicity of the technology of production of binder on the basis of broken glass, there are a number of reasons preventing its implementation, primarily the lack of sufficient information on the technological features of glass-alkaline systems of glass hardening. The aim of this work: optimisation of the technology of production of composite materials based on glass-alkaline binders under conditions of normal temperature and humidity or at temperatures not exceeding 90°C. Scientific methods of research in the work-analysis, observation, experiment, mathematical modelling.

A Review of Road Bitumen Modification Methods. Part 1 – Physical Modification

The information in this study is based on a thorough review of recent articles related to the production of binders for road construction and the improvement of their performance properties. The main attention is paid to the physical modification of road bitumen with polymer modifiers. The influence of the three main types of polymers (thermoplastics, elastomers, and thermoplastic elastomers) on the main physical and mechanical properties of bitumen-polymer compositions is shown. The main technological parameters and features of the physical modification of bitumen by different types of polymer modifiers have been determined.

Palaeoproteomic identification of the original binder and modern contaminants in distemper paints from Uvdal stave church, Norway

Two distemper paint samples taken from decorative boards in Uvdal stave church, Norway, were analysed using palaeoproteomics, with an aim of identifying their binder and possible contaminants. The results point at the use of calfskin to produce hide glue as the original paint binder, and are consistent with the instructions of binder production and resource allocation in the historical records of Norway. Although we did not observe any evidence of prior restoration treatments using protein-based materials, we found abundant traces of human saliva proteins, as well as a few oats and barley peptides, likely deposited together on the boards during their discovery in the 1970s. This work illustrates the need to fully consider contamination sources in palaeoproteomics and to inform those working with such objects about the potential for their contamination.

Novel utilization of waste concrete powder in alkali-activated binder

This experimental study investigates a novel approach to utilize waste concrete powder (WCP) in conjunction with metakaolin as a precursor in the production of alkali-activated binder for sustainable consumption of construction and demolition waste. A Chapelle test confirms the presence of reactive silica in thermo-mechanically activated WCP. Different alkali-activated mixtures with metakaolin replacement ranging from 0 % to 80 % were prepared. The mixture with 40 % activated WCP, with a sodium silicate to sodium hydroxide ratio of 2, achieved better compressive strength than the reference sample without WCP. Mineralogical analysis of the mixture pastes revealed that activated WCP-based mixtures developed geopolymer gel and C-S-H gel, contributing to better strength properties in the case of the mixture with 40 % activated WCP. Life cycle analysis demonstrated that incorporating 40 % thermo-mechanically activated WCP by replacing metakaolin reduces carbon dioxide emissions by 49.5 % and 2.2 % compared to Portland cement and metakaolin-based binder, respectively.

New insight into the phase changes of gypsum

The phase changes of gypsum were considered to be sufficiently understood for a long time. However, due to the increasing importance of gypsum recalcination (connected with the planned closure of thermal power plants resulting in a lack of FGD gypsum) and new detailed research associated with it, gaps in the current knowledge have been discovered. This paper clarifies phenomena occurring during the production of gypsum binder, anhydrite, and potentially eco-friendly calcium sulfate-based ceramics at 22–1300 °C by in-situ XRD, thermal analysis, and SEM. It was found that undesirable insoluble anhydrite II arises even in the temperature range from 40 to 90 °C despite the current state-of-the-art. New knowledge about the existence of the individual phases, microstructure (cracking of crystals; fragmentation and sintering of anhydrite AII at temperatures above 700 °C when a ceramic-like material is formed), and their external consequences (changes in moisture and heat transport properties) has been gained.

ПЕРСПЕКТИВЫ ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЯ ОТХОДОВ СТРОИТЕЛЬНОЙ КЕРАМИКИ ПРИ ПРОИЗВОДСТВЕ СТРОИТЕЛЬНЫХ МАТЕРИАЛОВ

The main technological aspects of the production of building ceramics are given. Based on the analysis of literary sources, a comprehensive assessment of the feasibility of using construction ceramic waste as a secondary raw material for the production of new building materials was carried out. Based on the research of modern scientists, it has been established that the waste from the scrap of building ceramics is suitable for use as an aggregate, partial replacement of cement and a reactive additive in concretes and mortars. When using scrap of con-struction ceramics as an aggregate, it is recommended to limit the substitution of natural aggregate at the level of 20-30%, together using various additives: plasticizing and improving rheotechnological and physico-mechanical properties of concrete. Finely ground waste from brick scrap has pozzolan activity and, when used as a reactive additive or partial replacement of cement in concretes and mortars, up to 20-25% can improve the structure of cement stone, increase strength, reduce macroporosity and penetration of chloride ions, and increase sul-fate resistance. This kind of binder is prone to a later set of strength compared to Portland cement. In addition, the waste of building ceramics can be used in the production of alkali-activated cements and slag-alkali binders, as well as s raw materials for the production of new bricks or the construction of road surface bases. It has been revealed that the production of building materials and products based on con-struction ceramics waste is a promising direction for the development of construction production. It is possible not only to obtain materials of equal quality to products based on natural raw materials, but also with improved characteristics.

Assessing the rheological properties of bio modified asphalt cement

The production of asphalt cement binder in Iraq is conducted through the distillation of crude oil. The byproduct of such distillation is the asphalt cement which does not practice any further processing further processing of the binder is considered vital to control its physical properties and chemical composition. The implementation of bio-modifiers before using such asphalt cement binder for paving work is a sound practice to enhance its sustainability and reserve the required rheological properties. In the present study, the asphalt cement binder was modified by implementation of extender oil (used diesel engine oil) and scrap tire rubber. The aim of this work is to improve and provide a sustainable and proper rheological quality of the binder for paving work. Various percentages of scrap tire rubber and extender oil have been tried to optimize the modifiers which can exhibit a suitable control on the required rheological properties of the asphalt binder such as the stiffness modulus, its temperature susceptibility in terms of penetration index and penetration viscosity number, and temperature of equivalent stiffness of the binder. The stiffness of asphalt cement binder was digested at hot, moderate, and cold environments. It was observed that the implementation of extender oil was able to reduce the penetration index (PI) by 36.3%, 54.5%, and 27.2% when 15%, 10%, and 5% of extender oil by weight of the mixture were added respectively to the control binder. The addition of scrap tire rubber to the binder-oil mixture was able to reduce the PI up to 10% of rubber content and exhibited further control of the temperature susceptibility of the binder. It can be revealed that the extender oil increases the negative values of penetration viscosity number (PVN) while the scrap tire rubber can improve the PVN of the binder. When high percentage of extender oil 15% is implemented, the stiffness of the binder declines by 50%, 90%, and 75% when the testing temperature change from 4 to 25, and 60 ℃ respectively. It was concluded that implication of 15% of scrap tire rubber and 15% of extender oil into the asphalt cement binder produced by Qayarah oil refinery is recommended to provide a sustainable binder for pavement, control its temperature susceptibility, and provide a binder with lower prone to pavement distresses.

Production of low-CO2 ternary binder using red sandstone, cement, and granulated blast furnace slag: A comprehensive performance analysis

Red sandstone is rich in reserves, and using it as a mineral admixture to partially replace cement can save cement consumption and reduce carbon dioxide emissions. This study uses spectral characterization, electron microscopy image analysis, mechanical property testing and other methods to study the fluidity, compressive strength, heat of hydration, carbonation degree, microstructure and thermal damage of composite cement-based materials containing red sandstone and slag. The experiment results showed that in ternary mixed cement, the composite cement mixed with 5% slag and 10% red sandstone shows similar flow properties to cement paste. Moreover, as the mineral content (red sandstone and slag) increases, the dissolution peak of the Al phase appears earlier, and the degree of carbonation increases. Furthermore, the CO2 emissions per unit strength gradually decrease. After 28 days of curing, thermal damage experiments demonstrated that the strength of the sample increases by more than 3.6% when the mineral content is greater than 15% at 200℃. Samples were subjected to 600 °C and 900 °C, and the strength of the red sandstone sample with a content of 15% decreased significantly. Moreover, as the temperature increases to (600 °C and 900 °C), the lattice of CnS becomes more and more ordered.