Turkey Production Research Articles

Life Cycle Assessment of Olive Oil Production in Turkey, a Territory with an Intensive Production Project

The global warming fight should focus on agriculture, especially on olive crops, due to their potential role in combating it. One of the leading olive oil-producing countries is Turkey; therefore, evaluating and quantifying the environmental impacts of its olive oil production is essential. This is the first analysis of Turkey that encompasses both the farming and the industrial phases through a cradle-to-gate life cycle assessment (LCA). As a representative value chain, it was considered an intensive system, according to the representativeness of rainfed and irrigated areas, with two-phase and three-phase olive oil extraction in Turkey. In the climate change category, analysis results gave a value of 3.04 kg of CO2 equivalent for 1 kg of unpackaged virgin olive oil. The phase that contributes the most in all impact categories is the farming phase (2.53 kg of CO2 equivalent), whereas the most impactful activities are fertilization and irrigation (69.5% of impact in this stage). The results have been compared to others obtained by different value chains, revealing an intermediate position in environmental impact. It can be concluded that better agricultural practices should be implemented, including the optimization of energy and water systems, in order to minimize the negative environmental effect of olive oil production.

A Mathematical Model Proposal for Agricultural Planning on Pulses Production in Turkey

Üretim planlaması, üretim kaynaklarının ekonomik kullanımı ile verimliliği artırır. Tarımsal ürünlerin üretim miktarları ekim alanlarına göre belirlenmekte ve tarımsal planlama ile üretim verimliliği öngörülebilmektedir. Buradaki problem ekonomik olarak karlı ve ülke ihtiyacını en yüksek düzeyde karşılayan yıllık tarımsal üretim planını rasyonel olarak yapmaktır. Bu çalışmada, Türkiye’de bakliyat üretimi üzerine bir tarımsal planlama yapmak amacıyla doğrusal programlama modeli geliştirilmiştir. Model ile Kuru fasulye, Nohut, Mercimek ürünlerinin 2019 yılına ait üretim ve maliyet verileri kullanılarak ulusal ölçekte verimlilik ve iktisadilik analizleri gerçekleştirilmiştir. Analizler neticesinde, bakliyat üretimi için ayrılan tarım alanlarının %6.14 artırılarak ile 1.24 oranında bir iktisadilik ile ülke ihtiyaçlarının %100 yeterlilik düzeyinde karşılanacağı sonucuna varılmıştır. Önümüzdeki yıllarda gerçekleştirilecek tarımsal faaliyetlerin ve bu faaliyetleri düzenleyen ulusal politikaların planlanmasında ortaya koyulan bu karar destek modelinden istifade edilebilecektir.

Turkey meat semi-finished products enriched with flax and flaxseed oil for the prevention of cardiovascular diseases of the population of the Smolensk region

The article provides information about the impact of nutrition on human health and the formation of nutritional diseases. Irrational nutrition is typical for the population of Russia, in particular of the Smolensk region. The article provides an overview of the functional properties of flax seeds and linseed oil in terms of fatty acid composition and functional properties. The data of studies on the determination of fatty acid composition in samples enriched with flax seeds, flaxseed oil compared to the control sample (initial minced turkey breast meat) are presented. The introduction of functional ingredients improved the fatty acid composition and increased the efficiency of enriched semi-finished products. The positive effect of oilseed flax and flaxseed oil on the organoleptic characteristics of the developed chopped semi-finished products was noted. Improving the Omega-3: Omega-6 ratio in the developed semi-finished products allows to consider enriched semi-finished products as a functional food product.

First report of mobile colistin resistance gene mcr-1 in avian pathogenic Escherichia coli isolated from turkeys in the Gaza Strip, Palestine.

Colistin is used to treat avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC), a microorganism that affects turkey meat production in the Gaza Strip and worldwide. However, the recent emergence of plasmid-borne mobile colistin resistance (mcr) genes in pathogenic E. coli strains is a serious antimicrobial resistance (AMR) challenge for both human and animal health. In December 2018, colistin was banned as a veterinary antimicrobial in the Gaza Strip. This study aimed to detect and track the prevalence of colistin-resistant APEC isolated from turkey flocks in the Gaza Strip. This study investigated 239 APEC isolates from turkey flocks in the Gaza Strip between October 2018 and December 2021 (at 6-month intervals). The colistin-resistant APEC strains were detected using the broth microdilution method. The mcr-1 gene was identified using a polymerase chain reaction. The overall colistin resistance among the isolated APECs was 32.2% during the study period. The average resistance in the first interval was 37.5%, which significantly decreased to 9.3% in the last interval. Among the 77 phenotypically resistant isolates, 32.4% were positive for mcr-1. The average abundance of mcr-1 in the first interval was 66.6%, which decreased to 25% in the last interval. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study reporting the presence of the mcr-1 gene among the APEC isolates from turkeys in the Gaza Strip. Banned veterinary use of colistin significantly decreased the percentage of resistant APEC isolates from turkeys in Gaza Strip. Further studies are needed to investigate other colistin resistance genes and track the emergence of AMR.

Riboflavin supply strategies in male turkey production including either supply of alfalfa silage or free-range access in organic farming

Abstract The objective of this study was to determine an optimal riboflavin supply strategy for an organically reared and fattened male fast-growing turkey line including supply of silage and free-range access. A total of 768 one-day old B.U.T. 6 turkey poults were allocated to one out of four riboflavin supply strategies and raised in 5 feeding phases (P1-P5). In each phase, concentrate based diets were formulated with different riboflavin contents. In the “Low” diet (L) riboflavin content was according to the NRC/GfE riboflavin recommendations (4.0, 4.0, 2.9, 2.4 and 2.4Â mg/kg diet in P1-P5) and the “High” diet (H) it was twice the level of the L diet. In the rearing (P1Â +Â P2) and fattening period (P3-P5) animals received either the L or H diet resulting in 4 riboflavin supply strategies (LL, LH, HL and HH). From day 56 (P3-P5) different feeding strategies were provided: concentrate based diets only (C), C with additional alfalfa silage (C+Si) or C with free-range access to pasture (C+Pa). Results showed that the riboflavin strategy had no influence on growth and slaughter performance or on the liver measurements (PÂ >Â 0.05). As compared to C, supplemental silage or free-range access decreased the total concentrate feed intake by about 5Â kg (8%) and 10Â kg (16%) for the C+Pa and C+Si groups, respectively (PÂ <Â 0.05). However, at day 140 final body weights of all treatments were on a high level. The dressing percentage of all groups was equal, but the breast muscle portion of the C+Pa treatment was significantly higher than in the other groups (PÂ <Â 0.05). In conclusion riboflavin recommendations on the level of NRC/GfE are sufficient for fast growing male turkeys in organic farming systems. High performance levels can be realized using supplemental alfalfa silage or pasture from free-range access with a simultaneous reduction in concentrate feed intake.

Impact of Eimeria meleagrimitis and intermittent amprolium treatment on performance and the gut microbiome composition of Turkey poults.

Drug-sensitive live coccidiosis vaccines have been used to control coccidiosis and renew drug sensitivity in commercial chicken operations. However, only limited species coverage vaccines have been available for commercial turkey producers. This study aimed to assess the effect of an E. meleagrimitis vaccine candidate, with and without amprolium intervention, on performance and oocyst shedding. Additionally, the effect of vaccination, amprolium treatment, and E. meleagrimitis challenge on intestinal integrity and microbiome composition was evaluated. Experimental groups included: (1) NC (non-vaccinated, non-challenged control); (2) PC (non-vaccinated, challenged control); (3) VX + Amprol (E. meleagrimitis candidate vaccine + amprolium); and 4) VX (E. meleagrimitis candidate vaccine). For VX groups, 50% of the direct poults were orally vaccinated at DOH with 50 sporulated E. meleagrimitis oocysts and were comingled with contact or non-vaccinated poults for the duration of the study. From d10-14, VX + Amprol group received amprolium (0.024%) in the drinking water. All groups except NC were orally challenged with 95K E. meleagrimitis sporulated oocysts/mL/poult at d23. At d29, ileal and cecal contents were collected for 16S rRNA gene-based microbiome analysis. VX did not affect performance during the pre-challenge period. At d23-29 (post-challenge), VX groups had significantly (P < 0.05) higher BWG than the PC group. Contacts and directs of VX groups in LS had significantly reduced compared to PC. As anticipated, amprolium treatment markedly reduced fecal and litter OPG for the VX + Amprol group compared to the VX group which did not receive amprolium. The ileal and cecal content results showed that the PC group had different bacterial diversity and structure, including alpha and beta diversity, compared to NC. Linear discriminant analysis Effect Size (LEfSe) identified that Lactobacillus salivarius (ASV2) was enriched in PC's ileal and cecal content. Compared to NC and PC, the vaccinated groups showed no distinct clusters, but there were similarities in the ileal and cecal communities based on Bray-Curtis and Jaccard distances. In conclusion, these results indicate that vaccination with this strain of E. meleagrimitis, with or without amprolium intervention, caused a very mild infection that induced protective immunity and challenge markedly affected both the ileal and cecal microbiome.

Research Note: Isolation, speciation, and anticoccidial sensitivity of Eimeria spp. recovered from wild turkey feces in the United States

Between 2018 and 2020, over 100 wild turkey fecal samples were collected from the Eastern and Central thirds of the United States, where commercial turkey production is uncommon. We hypothesized that anticoccidial-sensitive Eimeria spp. would be present in wild turkey fecal samples. Samples containing Eimeria spp. oocysts were amplified in vivo. If propagation was successful, the samples were PCR-speciated and subjected to anticoccidial sensitivity testing (AST) for key members of both ionophore and chemical categories of anticoccidial drugs. The purpose of this study was to isolate Eimeria spp. relevant to commercial turkey production that possessed sensitivity to monensin, zoalene, and amprolium. Future research would evaluate the efficacy of wild turkey Eimeria spp. as vaccine candidates for reducing coccidiosis in commercial turkey flocks utilizing single oocyst-derived stocks obtained in the present study.

Comparison of Some Fruit Quality Parameters of Selected 12 Mandarin Genotypes from Black Sea Region in Turkey.

Mandarins are mostly preferred specie of Citrus genus, and there has been a continuous rise in consumption and global marketing due to having easy-to-peel, attractive flavor, and fresh consumption advantages. However, most of the existing knowledge on quality traits of citrus fruit comes from research conducted on oranges, which are the main products for the citrus juice manufacturing industry. In recent years, mandarin production in Turkey surpassed orange production and took the first place in citrus production. Mandarins are mostly grown in the Mediterranean and Aegean Regions of Turkey. Due to suitable climatic conditions, they are also grown in the microclimatic condition in Rize province located in the Eastern Black Sea region. In this study, we reported the total phenolic content, total antioxidant capacity, and volatiles of 12 Satsuma mandarin genotypes selected from Rize province of Turkey. Considerable differences in the total phenolic content, total antioxidant capacity (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl assay), and fruit volatile constituent were found among the 12 selected Satsuma mandarin genotypes. The total phenolic content ranged from 3.50 to 22.53 mg of gallic acid equivalent per 100 g of the fruit sample in the selected mandarin genotypes. The total antioxidant capacity was the highest in genotype HA2 as 60.40%, and followed by IB (59.15%) and TEK3 (58.36%), respectively. A total of 30 aroma volatiles were detected from the juice samples of 12 mandarin genotypes by GC/MS, which comprised six alcohols, three aldehydes (including one monoterpene), three esters, one ketone, and one other volatiles. The main volatile compounds were identified in fruits of all Satsuma mandarin genotypes as α-terpineol (0.6-1.88%), linalool (1.1-3.21%), γ-terpinene (4.41-5.5%), β-myrcene (0.9-1.6%), dl-limonene (79.71-85.12%), α-farnesene (1.1-2.44), and d-germacrene (0.66-1.37%). Limonene accounts for most of the aroma compounds (79.71-85.12%) in fruits of all Satsuma genotypes. The genotypes MP and TEK8 had the highest total phenolic content, and HA2, IB, and TEK 3 had the highest antioxidant capacity. The YU2 genotype was found to contain more aroma compounds than the other genotypes. The genotypes selected on the basis of their high bioactive content could be used to develop new Satsuma mandarin cultivars with high human health promoting contents.

Kömürden Çıkış Politikaları ve Kömüre Bağımlı Yerleşim Yerlerinde Adil Dönüşüm

This article presents a discussion of the social consequences of coal phase-out policies determined in the context of addressing climate change and the possibility of a just transition in coal-dependent settlements. Energy production methods are changing all over the world to tackle climate change. This situation will inevitably be reflected in Turkey as well. In this regard, the main purpose of the research is to examine and introduce the just transition, which is a prominent and contemporary approach for possible coal phase-out experiences in settlements that are economically and socially dependent on coal. An overview of climate change and carbon-intensive sectors, coal mining's role in energy production, and coal phase-out policy objectives is presented in the first part of the article. Then, presented in the following are general information about the role of coal in energy production in Turkey, as well as settlements that are economically and socially dependent on coal. After providing an overview of the just transition approach and its objectives, suggestions are made for Turkey in the conclusion. Several measures can be taken to minimize the negative effects on groups involved in coal-dependent settlements and vulnerable groups as a result of possible transformation.

The Effects of Information Pollution on Poultry Companies: The Case of Turkey

The poultry sector provides people and countries with many benefits in the social, economic and health domains. However, the poultry sector faces a number of important problems. One of these problems is information pollution. The rapid advances in information and communication technologies, in particular, made information pollution one of the most important problems of our contemporary age. Information pollution can have significant negative effects on companies and sectors, as well as threaten the reputation of the brand, the products and services offered by the businesses. The poultry industry is among the most affected by information pollution and Turkey represents an ideal case for studying the effects of information pollution on the poultry industry. The poultry sector has achieved significant growth in Turkey in recent years, but the problem of information pollution is an important factor that limits this growth. There are ongoing efforts by various organizations and agencies in Turkey to solve the problem. This study aims to examine the effects of information pollution on poultry producing companies in Turkey and identify the activities undertaken by producers to fight information pollution. Data were collected from companies that are members of BESD-BİR (Turkish Poultry Meat Producers and Breeders Association), which brings together the largest chicken producing companies in Turkey and account for 91% of all poultry production in Turkey. Basic statistical techniques and procedures such as frequency distributions, percentages, and arithmetic means were used to conduct descriptive statistical analysis. Likert-type questions were also included in the study for various purposes. Descriptive analysis method was used to analyze the suggestions made by the poultry producers to reduce information pollution in the sector. The results show that information pollution problem is an important problem for poultry producing companies in Turkey. Since a significant part of the companies are affected by the problem of information pollution, they have various activities aimed at solving this problem and informing consumers. The problem has slight to moderate effects on the sales, production decisions, marketing decisions, and investment decisions. It has been found that sales and production decisions are affected to a slightly larger extent compared to marketing and investment decisions. Poultry producing companies consider it important to carry out successful information campaigns and increase cooperation in the sector in order to solve information pollution problems.

Theoretical Exergoenvironmental Analysis of a Tunnel Furnace and Drying System in a Brick Production

The performance of a tunnel furnace and a tunnel dryer in a brick production was exergoenvironmentally assessed. The real production data of a brick factory in Turkey with a daily production capacity of 392 tons of fired bricks were used in the analysis. The exergoenvironmental factor of the control volume was calculated as 0.87. The specific exergoenvironmental cost of the control volume was determined to be 559.55 €/h, 3.39 €cent/ kg fired brick and 1.94 €cent/MJ. The specific exergoeconomic cost and the environmental damage prevention cost were obtained to be 0.41 € cent/MJ and 1.53 € cent/MJ, respectively. Because the ratio of exergoenvironmental cost to sales price of 2.41 € cent / kg fired brick was 1.41 (above 1), it was concluded that the brick production in Turkey was not sustainable in terms of exergoenvironmental analysis.

The Screening of Black Point in Commercial Bread Wheat Cultivars Grown in Turkey, and The Effect of Black Point on Thousand Grain Weight

The black point is a discoloration that shows up on the embryos of wheat and barley, and it is becoming an important problem in many wheat-growing areas. In this study, 200 commercially important bread wheat varieties that were cultivated between 1931 and 2017 in Turkey were screened in terms of black point, and the effect of black point was observed on thousand grain weight in all cultivars. The trials were conducted in accordance with the augmented block trial design in three environments during the 2016-17 growing season. A high variation was observed among the cultivars for black point and thousand grain weight. Twelve varieties (6% of populations) showed no discoloration (0.00%) in any environment, whereas 44 varieties (22% of population) showed discoloration rate more than 10.00%. The first three most susceptible cultivars showed black point percentages of 38.76, 32.08, and 27.5, respectively. In the remaining cultivars, eighty-eight showed discolorations up to 5.00%, whereas the rest demonstrated discoloration from 5.00% to 24.00%. Interestingly, a positive correlation was observed between black point damage and thousand grain weight (r=0.32). The reasonable interpretation is that the larger seed surfaces may have increased the effect of black point causes, such as pathogens and oxidative reactions. This screening enabled us to determine black point susceptible and tolerant cultivars in well-known bread wheat cultivars growing in Turkey. Hence, the results will be useful for wheat production and wheat breeding approaches in Turkey and around the world.

Psychological Determinants of Turkish Farmers’ Health and Safety Behaviors: An Application of the Extended Theory of Planned Behavior

Background: Structural and behavioral factors are among the causes of occupational accidents in agriculture. The SACURIMA Cost network developed a questionnaire to measure the determinants of farmers’ safety behavior based on the extended theory of planned behavior (TPB). Extended TPB adds subjective norms, subjective control, physical barriers and safety culture to TPB. Objective: The aim of this study is to test the psychometric properties of the “Farmers Safety Behaviors questionnaire” developed by the SACURIMA Cost network. Methods: A Turkish version of the questionnaire was applied to 305 farmers producing six different agricultural products in Turkey. The tool consists of 64 items measuring the determinants of four risk-related behaviors (fall prevention, machine handling, chemical-pesticide use, and animal handling) in a single extended TPB model. Results: The alpha values for the six dimensions ranged from 0.69 to 0.89. The confirmatory factor analysis results for all dimensions were at acceptable levels (CFI range = 0.93–0.99; RMSEA range = 0.03–0.09). Four path models were used to test the behaviors and their predictors, and the results were found to be predictive. The criterion and known groups’ validity analyses results were sufficient. Conclusion: The “Farmers Safety Behaviors Questionnaire” is a valid and reliable tool to measure the determinants of occupational safety behaviors in Turkish farmers.

Investigations of Histomonosis-Favouring Conditions: A Hypotheses-Generating Case-Series-Study.

Since the ban of effective feed additives and therapeutics, histomonosis has become an important disease and, subsequently, a welfare issue for turkey production. We conducted an interview-based case series study to generate hypotheses about possible disease-favouring conditions in 31 H. meleagridis-infected flocks. The determined parameters were related to the general farm (flock management, biosecurity measures, etc.) as well as the histomonosis-specific disease management. Some inadequate biosecurity measures were observed. An inappropriate usage of the hygiene lock and cleaning as well as the disinfection frequency of equipment, clothes, and the hygiene lock could possibly be histomonosis-favouring conditions. These factors could increase the risk for the introduction of H. meleagridis and the risk of a pathogen spread on an affected farm. Insects, wild birds, litter materials, and contaminated dung could be potential vectors of H. meleagridis. Predisposing gastrointestinal diseases were observed in 71% of the affected flocks. Additionally, stress events related to higher temperature, movement of birds, and vaccination were documented in association with clinical histomonosis. The results emphasise the need for both good disease control and health management to ensure sustainable animal health and welfare.

Analysis of Energy Use Efficiency and Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Lemon (Citrus lemonL.) Production in Turkey.

The purpose of this study was to determine the energy use efficiency and greenhouse gas emissions of lemon production. It was performed during the 2019-2020 production period in Turkey. The agricultural inputs and outputs used in lemon production were calculated to determine the energy use efficiency and greenhouse gas emissions. According to study findings, the energy inputs in lemon production were calculated respectively as 16,046.98 MJha-1 (55.43%) chemical fertilizers energy, 4168.93 MJha-1 (14.40%) chemicals energy, 2815.20 MJha-1 (9.72%) electricity energy, 2740.42 MJha-1 (9.47%) diesel fuel energy, 1864.80 MJha-1 (6.44%) irrigation water energy, 705.67 MJha-1 (2.44%) machinery energy and 610.20 MJha-1 (2.11%) human labour energy. Total input energy and output energy were calculated as 28,952.20 MJha-1 and 60,165.40 MJha-1, respectively. Energy use efficiency, specific energy, energy productivity and net energy values were calculated respectively as 2.08, 0.91 MJkg-1, 1.09 kgMJ-1 and 31,213.20 MJha-1. The consumed total energy inputs in lemon production can be categorized as 27.74% direct, 72.26% indirect, 8.55% renewable and 91.45% non-renewable. Total greenhouse gas emissions were calculated as 2650.96 kgCO2‑eqha-1 for lemon production, with the greatest share for nitrogen 950.62 kgCO2‑eqha-1 (35.86%). Based on the study findings, it was concluded that lemon production in 2019-2020 production season was profitable in terms of energy use efficiency (2.08). Greenhouse gas emission ratio (per kg) was calculated as 0.08. This study is important since there is no study on the energy balance and greenhouse gas emissions in lemon production in Muğla province, Turkey.

The influence of halal awareness, halal certificate, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, attitude and trust on purchase intention of culinary products among Muslim costumers in Turkey

Muslims are expected to consume halal foods and beverages (culinary) due to their religion. It is important to know the factors affecting the consumption behaviors of Muslims. It is aimed in that study to empirically analyze factors affecting Muslim buying intentions of halal culinary products by applying the extended theory of reasoned action(TRA) in Bingöl, Turkey. The purchase intention of halal costumers is to be affected by the subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, religiosity, halal certificate, trust regarded to the halal status of products, awareness about the halalness of products and attitudes of Muslim customers. The survey method was applied in that study to test hypotheses so that 363 suitable questionnaires were collected during August 2022 at the city center of Bingöl city, Turkey. Descriptive statistics, factor analysis and discriminant and convergent validity methods were carried out to check the validity and reliability of the study. Structural equation modelling was used to test hypotheses of the model by IBM AMOS software. Religiosity, subjective norms and halal awareness significantly impact buying intention for halal foods and beverages, while perceived behavioral control, trust and attitude have insignificant impacts on purchase intention of culinary products in Turkey. Having a halal certification on culinary products has a strong impact on the trust of Muslim costumers. Muslims halal buying products intention can be increased through high halal knowledge and awareness. It is recommended that the policy makers, food authorities and health institutions should conduct regular inspections on culinary products so that producers obey Islamic principles in order to improve the trust of Muslim customers in halal products.

Spoilage Pseudomonas survive common thermal processing schedules and grow in emulsified meat during extended vacuum storage

Some Pseudomonas species are common meat spoilage bacteria that are often associated with the spoilage of fresh meat. The recently reported ability of these bacteria to also spoil cooked and vacuum packaged meat products has created the need to investigate all potential routes of spoilage they may be able to utilize. The objective of this experiment was to determine if spoilage Pseudomonas spp. survive thermal processing and grow during refrigerated storage under vacuum. Pseudomonas spp. isolates collected from spoiled turkey products were inoculated into a salted and seasoned meat emulsion that was vacuum sealed and thermally treated to final temperatures of 54.4 and 71.1°C to mimic thermal processes commonly used in the meat industry. Samples were stored for a total of 294 days at 4 and 10°C and plated using Pseudomonas spp. specific agar plates. Pseudomonas spp. concentrations were below the detection limit (0.18 log10 CFU/g) immediately after thermal processing and were first recovered from thermally processed samples after 14 days of storage. The final concentration was greater than 2 log10 CFU/g (p<0.05 compared to post-thermal processing) in thermally processed treatment groups at the end of storage, indicating that these Pseudomonas spp. isolates were able to survive thermal processing and grow during extended vacuum storage. This raises concerns about the ability of spoilage bacteria to survive the thermal processing schedules commonly used in the meat industry and confirms that some Pseudomonas spp. are capable of thriving in products other than aerobically stored fresh meat. Practical Application: Spoilage Pseudomonas spp. can survive traditional thermal processing schedules. Heat resistance should be evaluated for commensal and spoilage bacteria to better understand possible ways spoilage of food products may occur.

Green Marketing and Attitude Affect the Consumer Buying Behavior of Green Product in Turkey

Consumers are increasingly looking for natural goods to live more sustainably and healthily in recent years. As a result, firms have begun aligning their strategies with sustainability by emphasizing their production of natural products that are both beneficial for health and environmentally sustainable. However, there is a risk of deceptive claims being made. This is study focuses on determining consumer buying behavior regarding green products in Turkey, with an emphasis on the effect of green marketing and attitude on consumer buying behavior. The study integrates fundamental theoretical approaches to consumer buying, such as the theory of planned behavior (TPB), in a modified conceptual framework. A survey of 385 Turkish consumers knowledgeable about environmentally friendly green products was used to gather data, which was then analyzed using the SPSS 26 software. The results show that green marketing and attitudes have a significant influence on Turkish customers' consumer buying behavior.The findings of this study offer insight into theoretical approaches to consumer buying behavior for researchers and academicians and provide guidance for marketers in devising green marketing strategies to achieve optimal competitive advantage.

Performance of Turkeys Under Extensive and Semi - intensive Systems of Management in Khartoum State

An experiment was carried out to determine and compare theperformance traits of turkeys under semi-intensive and extensive systemsof management in Khartoum State, Sudan. A commercial breed of turkey(BUT Big 6) was used. Birds were kept in an open-sided, deep litterpoultry house (semi intensive system) and fenced enclosures (extensivesystem) from week 17 to weeks 24 and 28 and fed on turkey finisher andsupplement diets, respectively. Parameters assessed were feed intake,body weight, body weight gain, feed conversion ratio (for each feed),mortality and cost and profit. Results of feed intake indicated a consistentincrease with increase in age in both systems of management up to week22 followed by a consistent decrease in feed intake up to the end of theexperiment at week 28. Body weight increased with increase in age inboth systems of management up to week 24 followed by a slight increaseup to week 28. Turkeys kept under semi-intensive system of managementconsumed higher amounts of feed, gave heavier finishing weight, averageweight gain, heavier carcass weight and higher profit than those keptunder extensive system up to week 24 and lower mortality percentage andprofit from week 25 to week 28. No difference between treatments wasfound in dressing percentage and wholesale cuts. The study concludedthat the semi- intensive system is better for turkey production up to week24.

Climate change and spatial agricultural development in Turkey

AbstractThis paper investigates the impact of climate change on the spatial distribution of agricultural production in Turkey between 2004 and 2019. Our findings show that climate change has a pervasive impact on agricultural development. The empirical results show that the average temperature is negatively associated with agricultural land use, grain, and legume production. Moreover, regional variability analyses reveal the nonmonotonic relationships between climatic factors and agricultural output. Climate change hurts agricultural production in northern and central regions the most. This finding points out the ineffectiveness of one‐size‐fits‐all‐type policies for mitigating the adverse effects of climate change in topography with sizeable spatial dissimilarities. Overall, our results suggest that climate change will significantly threaten the evolution of agricultural activities that are critical for regional development. In addition, findings show that spatial spillovers and heterogeneity will be crucial for designing climate change policies for rural and agricultural development.