Turkey Production Research Articles

Corruption and Total Factor Productivity in the Long-Run: Evidence from Post-WW2 Turkey

ABSTRACT In this study, we investigate the relationship between corruption and total factor productivity (TFP) in Turkey. Our study contributes to the literature in several ways in terms of data, empirical specification, and method. First, we use a new and novel index of corruption for Turkey between the years 1950 and 2014. Second, we estimate the long-run cointegrating relationship between corruption and TFP in Turkey. Finally, we not only investigate how corruption affects TFP, but also if this effect is conditional on government size. We find that corruption decreases TFP in the long-run and its adverse effects on TFP increases with government size.

Development and evaluation of a multi-epitope subunit vaccine against Mycoplasma synoviae infection

Mycoplasma synoviae is an extremely significant avian pathogen, causing substantial financial harm to poultry farmers worldwide, and impacting both chicken and turkey production. Multi-epitope vaccines offer higher immunity and lower allergenicity compared to conventional vaccines. In this study, our objective is to develop a multi-epitope vaccine for M. synoviae (MSMV) and to evaluate the immune responses and protective efficacy of MSMV in chickens. We successfully identified a total of 14 B-cell, 5 MHC-I, and 16 MHC-II binding epitopes from the immunodominant proteins RS01790, BMP, GrpE, RS00900, and RS00275. Subsequently, we synthesized the multi-epitope vaccine by connecting all conserved epitopes using appropriate linkers. The resulting MSMV demonstrated notable antigenicity, non-allergenic properties, and stability. Notably, the MSMV effectively stimulated high levels of antibody production in chickens. Furthermore, MSMV the vaccine elicited a robust cellular immune response in chickens, characterized by a well-balanced Th1/Th2-type cytokine profile and enhanced lymphocyte proliferation. In immune protection experiments, the vaccinated chickens exhibited reduced air sac lesion scores and tracheal mucosal thickness compared to their non-vaccinated chickens. Additionally, vaccinated chickens displayed lower M. synoviae loads in throat swabs. These findings collectively suggested that the MSMV holds significant potential as a promising vaccine candidate for managing M. synoviae infections.

Listeria Occurrence in Conventional and Alternative Egg Production Systems.

Listeria continues to be a persistent foodborne pathogen that is responsible for human cases of listeriosis when contaminated food products are consumed. Human subjects considered to be most susceptible include the elderly, immunocompromised, and pregnant women. Listeria is characterized as a saprophytic organism with the capability of responding and adapting to constantly changing environments because it possesses multiple stress response mechanisms to overcome varying temperatures, salt concentrations, and pH, among others. Primary foods and food products associated with listeriosis include dairy products and ready-to-eat meats such as turkey products. Historically, chicken eggs have not been identified as a primary source of Listeria, but the potential for contamination during egg production and processing does exist. Listeria species have been isolated from egg-processing plant equipment and are presumed to occur in egg-processing plant environments. Whether Listeria is consistently disseminated onto eggs beyond the egg-processing plant is a risk factor that remains to be determined. However, research has been conducted over the years to develop egg wash solutions that generate combinations of pH and other properties that would be considered inhibitory to Listeria. Even less is known regarding the association of Listeria with alternative egg production systems, but Listeria has been isolated from pasture flock broilers, so it is conceivable, given the nature of the outdoor environments, that layer birds under these conditions would also be exposed to Listeria and their eggs become contaminated. This review focuses on the possibility of Listeria occurring in conventional and alternative egg-laying production and processing systems.

Examining the impacts of military expenditures on economic productivity: a system dynamics approach

The relationship between military expenditures and economic productivity has taken the attention of many researchers and there exist an important number of studies approaching the topic through several techniques. However, there is no consensus among the scholars whether military expenditures trigger economic growth, productivity, and other macroeconomic indicators. Such arguments are mainly due to unclear results obtained from the existing studies, in which the complex relationships between military expenditures and macroeconomics are not fully incorporated. Considering the bidirectional and nonlinear relationships among macroeconomic indicators and complex feedback mechanisms, a system dynamics (SD) model for examining the impacts of military expenditures on economic productivity in Turkey is proposed. The proposed SD model aims to reflect the complex environment surrounding the military spending–economic productivity nexus and to analyze the feedback structures that lead to miscellaneous consequences with delays. A stock–flow model is developed to represent the complex nonlinear relationships and causalities between the variables. Data from SIPRI, the World Bank, and several local statistical sources covering the years 2009–2018 are utilized to simulate the existing case, warfare in neighbors, economic shrinkage scenarios, and the combination of the latter two. The results obtained from the scenarios suggest that short fixes such as importing military products instead of national investments give rise to chronic issues like continual dependence on foreign supply, hence, leading to decrease in overall economic growth. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first attempt to integrate SD methodology with military expenditure and economic productivity analysis.

Green product consumption behaviour, green economic growth and sustainable development: unveiling the main determinants

PurposeThe purpose of the current study is to help remove the obstacles to sustainable production and consumption by revealing the determinants of green consumption behaviour, which is one of the precursors of sustainable economic growth. This study aims to expand the theory of planned behaviour (TPB) model and contribute to the relevant literature by investigating the factors of social media usage, social media marketing and digital marketing interactions that have not been investigated before in relation to green product purchasing behaviour.Design/methodology/approachThis study examines the effect of the extended TPB model on consumers’ intention to buy green products in Turkey, which has a Middle Eastern culture and is a developing economy. In the study, data collected from 409 participants with the questionnaire method were analysed using SmartPLS 4.0 and IBM SPSS 26 statistical programs.FindingsThe study findings revealed that all the structural elements of TPB (attitude, subjective norms, personal behaviour controls) and social media marketing and digital marketing interactions contribute to consumers’ green product purchasing behaviour. The study findings also demonstrated that the use of social media is not effective in the purchasing of green products.Originality/valueUnderstanding consumers’ perspective on purchasing green products is crucial for policymakers, businesses and marketers, as it helps formulate appropriate strategies to support sustainable economic growth. In this respect, this study has important implications for sustainable consumption and production. In addition, to the best of the authors’ knowledge, the study is the first to examine consumers’ green product purchasing behaviour in the context of sustainable economy.

Screening of immunogenic proteins and evaluation of vaccine candidates against Mycoplasma synoviae

Mycoplasma synoviae (M. synoviae) is a serious avian pathogen that causes significant economic losses to chicken and turkey producers worldwide. The currently available live attenuated and inactivated vaccines provide limited protection. The objective of this study was to identify potential subunit vaccine candidates using immunoproteomics and reverse vaccinology analyses and to evaluate their preliminary protection. Twenty-four candidate antigens were identified, and five of them, namely RS01790 (a putative sugar ABC transporter lipoprotein), BMP (a substrate-binding protein of the BMP family ABC transporter), GrpE (a nucleotide exchange factor), RS00900 (a putative nuclease), and RS00275 (an uncharacterized protein), were selected to evaluate their immunogenicity and preliminary protection. The results showed that all five antigens had good immunogenicity, and they were localized on the M. synoviae cell membrane. The antigens induced specific humoral and cellular immune responses, and the vaccinated chickens exhibited significantly greater body weight gain and lower air sac lesion scores and tracheal mucosal thicknesses. Additionally, the vaccinated chickens had lower M. synoviae loads in throat swabs than non-vaccinated chickens. The protective effect of the RS01790, BMP, GrpE, and RS00900 vaccines was better than that of the RS00275 vaccine. In conclusion, our study demonstrates the potential of subunit vaccines as a new approach to developing M. synoviae vaccines, providing new ideas for controlling the spread of M. synoviae worldwide.

Detection of some registered barley varieties reactions to barley leaf stripe disease

Cereals are a significant agricultural product group with the highest cultivation area and production in Turkey. Among these cereals, barley is an important cereal used in human and animal nutrition, and the most widelycultivated plant after wheat. There are biotic and abiotic factors which affect the yield and quality parameters of barley. Of the biotic factors, barley leaf stripe (agent: Pyrenophora graminea (anamorph: Drechslera graminea) is an important fungal disease. Infections can occur in diseased seeds and in the presence of suitable environmental conditions. Hence, the use of disease-free seeds and resistant cultivars (cvs.) against this pathogen are crucial. With this in mind, this study was carried out with a highly virulent isolate of Pyrenophora graminea, obtained from the Disease and Pest Resistance Unit culture collection in 57 registered barley cultivars in the greenhouses of the Central Research Institute of Field Crops (TARM) in 2021. The experiments were conducted in 3 replications in a randomized block design. Of 57 registered barley cultivars 62%, 15% and 36% of these barley cultivars expressed resistance, moderate resistance, and susceptible reactions, respectively. As a result of the analysis of variance performed on the results obtained, it was concluded that the difference between the mean values of 57 varieties was statistically significant at 1% level (P

Bibliometric Approach to Total Hip Arthroplasty Literature Originating from Turkey

Objectives: The aim of this study is to analyze research productivity in Turkey using published articles on total hip arthroplasty.
 Material and methods: All scientific articles published in English in the Science Citation Index Expanded and the Emerging Sources Citation Index between 1970 and 2023 were analyzed using "Web of Science". The number of articles, authors, institutions, and the 30 most frequently cited articles were analyzed. In addition, the Scopus database was also analyzed with the same method for making comparisons. Visualization was also done with Vosviewer tool. 
 Results: As a result of the study, we found 190 articles in the WOS database and 485 articles in the Scopus database, until the end of March 2023. according to the WOS database (journals published in ESCI and SCIE indexes), Turkey ranked 15th among 108 countries. According to the Scopus database, Turkey ranked 22nd.
 Conclusion: Scholars can help clarify the history of Turkish literature on THA by using the study's data summary. We discovered 190 articles in the WOS database and 485 articles in the Scopus database as a consequence of the research up until the end of March 2023. In comparison to other countries, the quantity of articles was remarkably low.

Exploration of potential geothermal fields using MAXENT and AHP: A case study of the Büyük Menderes Graben

In today's world, geothermal energy is essential as one of the alternative energy sources because it is renewable and does not harm the environment or the atmosphere. Büyük Menderes Graben (BMG) has significant geothermal potential in the Aegean Region of Turkey. The Maximum Entropy (MaxEnt) Method and Multi-criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) were used in this study to define potential geothermal areas. The Geographical Information Systems (GIS) Based Maxent Method is the machine learning method. The decision analysis stage of the MCDA employed the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). A geothermal favorability map was produced by combining weighted layers of standardized data according to the AHP. The Maxent Method created the other geothermal favorability map that self-estimates the weight of criteria. The Natural Breaks Jenks Method was used to categorize both maps. The findings of our study were compared with the locations of the geothermal resources in BMG. Both methods result in high accuracy, but the MaxEnt method has a high sensitivity to the geological parameters (cap rock geology and fault) of the geothermal system. So, the high gain values ensured the target was determined more precisely in the Maxent method. The MaxEnt method in our study is a guide for the exploration of new geothermal fields. Further geothermal explorations in the BMG will increase the potential of thermal tourism, housing heating, greenhouse, and balneological applications and contribute to renewable energy production in Turkey.

Decrease in the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in Escherichia coli isolates of Canadian turkey flocks driven by the implementation of an antimicrobial stewardship program.

The emergence of antimicrobial-resistant organisms at the human-animal-environment interface has raised global concern prompting governments and various stakeholders to take action. As a part of the stewardship initiative, Canadian turkey producers have implemented an antimicrobial use (AMU) strategy to manage antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in their sector. This study evaluated farm-level AMU and AMR data collected between 2016 and 2021 in major turkey-producing provinces/regions through the Canadian Integrated Program for Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance to assess the progress of the strategy by characterizing the prevalence of homologous and multidrug resistance (MDR) in Escherichia coli isolated from turkeys. Multivariable mixed-effect logistic regression models assessed temporal and provincial/regional variations in AMR and MDR. Negative binomial regression models examined the temporal and regional variations in the total AMU. The total AMU (measured in mg/kg turkey biomass) significantly decreased in all provinces/regions in 2020 and 2021. Escherichia coli isolates from turkey flocks showed a significant decrease in resistance to gentamicin, sulfisoxazole, and tetracyclines during the six-year study period, consistent with the timing of the AMU reduction strategy. The prevalence of MDR isolates was significantly lower in 2020 and 2021 compared to 2016. Higher prevalence was observed in the Western region compared to Québec and Ontario. Two common AMR patterns were identified: ampicillin-streptomycin-tetracyclines and streptomycin-sulfisoxazole-tetracyclines. These AMR patterns indicate possible cross-resistances (same class), co-selection (unrelated classes) for resistance, or potential carryover of resistance determinants from previous production cycles. The decreasing prevalence of resistance to homologous antimicrobials, MDR, and AMU quantity are suggestive that the turkey sector's AMU strategy is achieving its desired impact. However, antimicrobials previously eliminated for preventive use in turkey flocks and the use of highly important antimicrobials in human medicine suggest that the AMU reduction strategy should be monitored and re-evaluated periodically to mitigate the emergence of MDR bacteria and safeguard animal and public health.

A Comparative Analysis of the Relationship between Renewable Energy Production and Economic Growth

World relied heavily on non-renewable sources in energy production for a long time.
 Although renewable energy investment is costly, especially for developing countries, the energy continuity provided by these sustainable sources can lower investment costs dramatically in the long run. Improvement of factors like economic growth and social welfare are believed to increase awareness of sustainable energy production. In this context, this paper examines the relationship between renewable energy production and the economic growth of Germany, France, which are low energy-dependent countries, and Turkey, which is heavily dependent on external sources in terms of energy. The paper uses annual data between 1970-2018. The stationarity of variables was tested with methods developed by Zivot and Andrews (1992), and Enders and Lee (2012). Cointegration analysis with structural breaks developed by Gregory and Hansen (1996) was used to evaluate the relationship between variables. The results from the regime shift model indicate that structural reforms caused a big regime shift in the relationship between energy production and economic growth in Germany and Turkey whereas the reforms did not lead to such a shift in France. The results of the causality analysis indicate a unidirectional causality from GDP to RN for Turkey and Germany.

A comprehensive analysis on radiation shielding characteristics of borogypsum (boron waste) by Phy-X/PSD code

In the present study, radiation shielding characteristics of the borogypsum, which is a waste generated during the boric acid production in Turkey, was analyzed. For this purpose, we used recently developed Phy-X/PSD software, which is provided to calculate shielding parameters such as mass attenuation coefficient, linear attenuation coefficient, half-value layer, tenth-value layer, effective atomic number, total atomic cross section, total electronic cross section, effective conductivity, effective electron number, buildup factors and fast neutron removal cross section in a wide photon energy range. Additionally, mass attenuation coefficients of borogypsum were compared with those of other radiation shielding materials (ordinary concrete, obsidian, pumice, clay) in order to give a significant evaluation about the radiation shielding capability of borogypsum. Half value layer and fast neutron removal cross section values are also evaluated by other materials. It is noticed that borogypsum has higher shielding potential than other reported shielding materials.

Investigation of powdery & downy mildew segregation in Bogazkere hybrids of Turkish wine grape

Powdery mildew (Erysiphe necator syn. Uncinula necator) and downy mildew (Plasmapora viticola) are the most harmful diseases to grapevine production in Turkey. The aim of this study was to generate hybrids between the susceptible Turkish wine grape variety ‘Bogazkere’ and powdery and downy mildew resistant microvine breeding lines and evaluate their resistance to these important diseases. Marker Assisted Selection (MAS) was used to determine the inheritance of powdery and downy mildew resistance and flower sex loci of the 36 F1 progeny plants obtained by cross-pollination at genotypic level. Based on the PCR results, phenotyping and leaf bioassay were performed to validate initial MAS for 11 and 9 representative progeny with four resistant and susceptible controls. As a result, two tall powdery and downy mildew-resistant vines, three powdery mildew-resistant microvines and two downy mildew-resistant microvines were obtained. The MAS results were also validated by leaf bioassays, which confirmed that resistance genes segregated to the F1 progeny are functional and provide resistance. To the best of our knowledge, this research provides the first photographic validation of the powdery and downy mildew resistance of the Turkish variety ‘Bogazkere’. Our findings could potentially provide the wine industry with a resistant wine grape cultivar and an addition to the wine grape germplasm, which could contribute to future breeding programs. Most importantly, the success of the resistance genes segregated into the candidate progeny could help significantly reduce the use of chemicals against grapevine pathogens.

Evaluation of dietary spray-dried bovine plasma fed to turkeys during brooding on performance to market age

Commercial turkey production can experience an economic loss due to exposure of birds to stress. Turkeys can undergo various levels of stress, including, but not limited to, hatching, brooding/growing, and transport. Temperature, climate, heat, and cold stress are major livestock stressors associated with economic losses. Exposure to stress also causes an increased probability of infections and diseases that have a negative financial impact on production. In this study, Large White commercial turkey hens were reared for 12 weeks (wk) to evaluate their stress responses and performance alterations due to induced stress through a mimic of brooder house to grow-out transition. Parameters for performance, blood, and meat yield were recorded. Spray-dried bovine plasma (SDBP) was formulated iso-nutritionally into the diets. SDBP has been shown to be an ingredient in animal diets that may help support immune health and positively affect performance. This ingredient was used for a total of 6 wk in the starter and grower-1 diets at different inclusion percentages. Treatments included a control diet (0% SDBP), 1.0% (SDBP1), and 2.0% (SDBP2) inclusion. At 6 wk, common diets were fed (grower-2 and finisher-1). At 5 wk management-based stressors were applied for 24 hours (h): feed and water restriction and reduced house temperature. Previously used pine shavings were used for bedding. No significant variances were noted in body weight, weight gain, or feed consumption as a result of the different feed treatments. However, during the sixth week, the feed conversion ratio (FCR) was improved due to SDBP inclusion. The FCR for SDBP1 (1.90) and SDBP2 (1.97) birds was lower than that of the control diet-fed birds (2.04). No difference in FCR was observed at 12 wk. A significant difference was observed for corticosterone levels post-stress: SDBP1 (23.81 ng/mL) and SDBP2 (19.17 ng/mL) were higher than that of the control birds (16.40 ng/mL). Further research is needed to ascertain the impact of SDBP on the immune function and production of turkeys.

Ayçiçeğinde Üretim ve Fiyat Arasındaki İlişkinin Koyck Modeli ile Analizi

Purpose: it is aimed to explain the relationship between sunflower production and price in Turkey with the Koyck model.
 Design/Methodology/Approach: Distributed Lagged Koyck Model was applied to reveal the relationship between sunflower production and price. At this stage, data for the period 2000-2020 (21 years) were used. A model was developed by Koyck in order to eliminate drawbacks in distributed lag models. Based on the assumption that the independent variable lags affect the dependent variable with a certain weight and that the lag weights decrease geometrically in the Koyck model, the regression equation is estimated by making the model reduced.
 Findings: The 10% increase in the sunflower price in the current year is expected to increase the production amount one year later by 2.06% and the production amount two years later by 1.22%. The results show that the change in the lagged values of prices has a positive effect on production and this effect is gradually decreasing.
 Originality/Value: Sunflower production is also affected by the lagged value of the average price in the market. The Koyck model is a suitable model to reveal these lagged values. Thanks to this model, which is used to measure the lagged effects of the price variable in successive periods in terms of production, it will be able to shed light on the effective policies that can be applied for sunflower production.

Profitability and Cost Analysis for Contract Broiler Production in Turkey

This study uses the data obtained from 63 broiler farms engaged in contract farming in Akhisar, Turkey. The average feed conversion ratio in the broiler farms is 1.75, the average live weight 2.25 kg, and the mean market age 38.9 days. The feed conversion rate and the income generated are highly correlated (r = −0.76). The production index is 313.4. According to this production index value, 47.6% of the enterprises are below the average production index. It is highest when the marketing age is greater than 38 days, less than and equal to 40. In other words, it is the optimum market age range where carcass yield is at maximum. The average mortality rate is 4.68%. In 52.4% of the enterprises, the mortality rate is above 5%. There is a low level of correlation between the mortality rate and income (r = −0.26). In broiler farming, mortality rate, and feed conversion ratio are factors that directly affect the success and income of the breeder. In broiler farming, the heating cost has the largest share of the total cost, followed by the litter cost. They are followed by labor, electricity, and pesticide costs. Variable costs account for three-quarters of the total operating costs. The farms have a mean gross value of production of $23.797 per m2 and $1.400 per broiler in a breeding period. The profit margin is 0.572 $/kg per broiler. The mean enterprise net income in the breeding period is $9.197 per m2 and $0.541 per broiler. These findings suggest that broiler farming is a profitable venture.

Güncel Sorunlara “Klasik” Bir Çözüm: İstanbul, Beykoz’da Enformel Cami Üretiminden Örnekler

Through examples from Beykoz, this study questions and investigates informality as a substantial phenomenon in the architectural and spatial formation of mosque buildings in Istanbul's informally developed neighbourhoods. The goal is to provide a new theoretical perspective on this legitimate yet illegal/informal form of socio-spatial practice in relation to the specific dynamics of Istanbul's informal urbanity and architectural production. As for methodology, following a theoretical and historical survey on the informal urbanity and procedures of mosque production in Turkey, the architectural and spatial features of three mosque complexes are analysed, evaluated, and discussed. The data was obtained through site surveys and interviews with the primary actors involved in their constructions. This data was processed into scaled drawings for a comparative analysis of their formal and spatial configurations. The study concentrated on gathering first-hand information from the producers of these mosques and the buildings themselves. The results showed that the builders, who were also the future users, followed an imprecise classical mosque scheme during their building processes. Their participatory and spontaneous construction processes also brought innovation in the spatial and formal organization, employing improvisation. The architectural and spatial aspects of these building complexes also presented considerable problems. Finally, the research aims to contribute new studies for developing new strategies and legal frames, engaging the will and the energy of the users to shape their social and physical environments in the urban context.

Impact of Teacher Self-Efficacy on Elementary STEM-Based Agricultural Curriculum

Teachers may be hesitant to implement STEM-based agriculture programs due to their perceived low self-efficacy in the subject area. More deliberate professional development resources for educators can be refined by understanding how their beliefs impact students’ learning and interest. The objective of this study was to determine how teachers’ previous knowledge and self-efficacy in agriculture impacted student interest in the turkey industry. Four hundred eighty-two students enrolled in the POULT program across 23 [STATE] classrooms (17 teachers) in the fall of 2021. Students completed the program (online modules, interactive notebook, and class project) over six consecutive school days. Student situational interest was measured two times throughout the program. Teacher self-efficacy, previous agricultural experience, and knowledge of turkey industry were assessed at the start of the program (70.59% response rate). Teachers showed low self-efficacy in poultry content knowledge and high self-efficacy in engagement. Their agriculture experience positively increased their self-efficacy to motivate students to learn about turkey production. Additionally, teachers’ instructional self-efficacy impacted students’ situational interest. Overall, teachers found the program to be a positive way to engage students in agriculture. However, time commitments and technology issues may prevent them from implementing the program again in the future.

On-farm antimicrobial usage in commercial turkey production in the United States, 2013-2021.

A key component of antimicrobial stewardship is the ability to collect antimicrobial use data and ultimately use this information to ensure that administrations are necessary and effective. National antimicrobial sales data cannot help in this capacity because the data lack context, for example, details concerning target species and disease indication. The objective of this study was to continue the development of a system for collecting flock-level on-farm antimicrobial use data from the U.S. turkey industry and to have it be representative of national turkey production in the U.S. This study utilized a public-private partnership to enable collection and protection of sensitive flock-level data from an extremely large industry while releasing deidentified and aggregated information regarding the details of antimicrobial use on U.S. turkey farms over time. Participation was voluntary. Data were collected for the period 2013 through 2021 and are reported on a calendar year basis. Using production statistics from USDA:NASS as a denominator, the data supplied by participating companies represented approximately 67.3% of turkey production in the U.S. in 2013, approximately 69.1% in 2017, and approximately 71.4% in 2021. The data that were submitted for 2021 are based on approximately 149,000,192 turkeys slaughtered and 4,929,773,506 pounds liveweight produced. Detailed prescription records representing approximately 60-70% of the birds were available for the 2018-2021 dataset. The estimated percentage of turkey poults placed that received hatchery antimicrobials decreased from 96.9% in 2013 to 40.5% in 2021. The use of in-feed antimicrobials was practically eliminated, with in-feed tetracycline being the only medically important antimicrobial used in 2021. Use of in-feed tetracyclines decreased approximately 80% between 2013 and 2021. Water-soluble antimicrobial use declined over the study period. Between 2013 and 2021, water-soluble penicillin use decreased approximately 41% but water-soluble tetracycline use increased approximately 22%. Key diseases that were treated with water-soluble antimicrobials included bacterial poult enteritis and clostridial dermatitis. Efforts to reduce the incidence of these diseases would reduce the need for antimicrobial therapy, thereby enabling continued decreases in antimicrobial use without sacrificing animal welfare. However, this will require an investment in research to find efficacious and cost-effective mitigation strategies.

Türkiye’de Kobi Kredileri ve Büyüme İlişkisi (2007-2021)

"SMEs" are economic units or enterprises that employ less than 250 people and have a net revenue or balance sheet of less than 250 billion TL. According to the data for 2020, 99.76% of all firms operating in Turkey are SMEs. Moreover, 72% of all workers in Turkey work there, and they produce 42.75% of all production. This means that SMEs are an engine of the production and economy of Turkey. This study considers the relationship between SME loans and economic growth with the quarterly data from 2007 - 2021. GDP was employed as the dependent variable, while total SME loans in the banking sector in Turkey, other loans, the weighted average interest rate for banks' TL commercial loans, and the financial development rate were employed as independent variables. The method employed in the study is the Robust Least Square Method S-Estimation, as extreme conditions and outliers exist during the study period (e.g., the Global Crisis and COVID-19 Pandemic). A dummy variable was added to the model for these conditions. The analysis results show a positive and statistically meaningful relationship between SME loans and economic growth. Similarly, the relationship between GDP and other loans is positive and statistically meaningful. Moreover, the financial development's relationship with GDP is also statistically meaningful but in a negative direction. These argumentative findings are also reflected in the literature as well. The relationship between GDP and credit interest rate is negative and statistically meaningful. While the negative relationship between the dummy variable and GDP indicates that Global Crisis and COVID-19 Pandemic influenced the economy negatively, the positive relationship between GDP and SME loans indicates that SMEs need to be supported, and it is useful and productive for the Turkish economy.