Russian Production Research Articles

РАЗРАБОТКА БЕЗЗОЛЬНЫХ ПРОТИВОЗАДИРНЫХ ПРИСАДОК

The physicochemical and tribological parameters of the ash-free additives obtained in the laboratory are given. It is shown that they have high extreme pressure properties and low ash content. The results of comparative laboratory tests of tribo-engineering characteristics of new additives of Russian and foreign production are presented. It is found out that the new additives in terms of maximum load capacity are not worse than imported analogues and can be used to increase the extreme pressure properties of lubricants for various purposes (including ash-free ones) instead of their imported analogues. A pilot batch of additives containing 45% sulfur is prepared and tested.

Pharmacoeconomic analysis of costs for radiopaque agents and a method to minimize them

The aim of the work is to minimize the costs of a multidisciplinary hospital in the city of Volgograd for radiopaque substances.
 Materials and research methods: In the first part, the costs of the hospital for the purchase of x-ray contrast medications were studied and the average cost of direct costs for radiopaque agents for one coronary angiography procedure was determined. In the second part, a comparative analysis of the cost of radiopaque agents presented on the Russian market was carried out on the basis of the State Register of Selling Prices.
 Results of the study and their discussion: A retrospective analysis of 147 case histories of patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention showed that the average volume of radiopaque drug during coronary angiography was (126.19 36.35) ml. In 66 (44.9 %) patients, more than 100 ml was used per procedure. For one coronary angiography procedure, on average (126 ml of contrast), 1927.8 rubles were spent for a radiopaque preparation. Among the radiopaque drugs recommended for coronary angiography, according to the state register of maximum ex-works prices, Iohexol preparations 350 mg/ml of Russian production had the lowest cost.
 Conclusions: Procurement of domestic preparations Iohexol 350 mg/ml, 100 ml bottles will reduce the cost of percutaneous coronary intervention.

STRATEGIC VECTOR OF DEVELOPMENT OF THE AGRO-INDUSTRIAL COMPLEX OF RUSSIA ON THE FOREIGN ECONOMIC COURSE

The article presents the results of a study of trends and prospects of foreign economic activity, priorities of export of agro-industrial products in Russia and the Altai Territory in the conditions of sanctions foreign policy restrictions using methods of strategic economic analysis and expert assessments. The prospects for the development of foreign economic activity in the field of agriculture, taking into account the diversification of foreign markets, are revealed. The agro-industrial business is offered the appropriate resources and ways to find solutions for changing the orientation in foreign markets. In order to maintain the achieved level of exports of agricultural products and its further development, it is necessary to intensify measures to support all market participants. The favorable geographical location of the country, its productive resources and the previously planned course for the development of exports are the foundation for the further development of the foreign economic course in difficult modern conditions. The constraining factors are: the lack of knowledge of new markets, which affects the efficiency of changing the direction of exports by agricultural enterprises; the culture of consumption and the peculiarities of trade in Africa, Southeast Asia, India; the formation of new logical chains, the insufficiency of innovative industries in terms of technological sovereignty, the production of organic agricultural and food products.

Russian industrial production development

The study assesses main factors affecting successful processes of industrial production in Russian regions in recent times. It considers the unfavorable effects of the pandemic and sanctions on industrial enterprises production. The discussion centers on the examination of industrial production in modern Russia and forecasting its further development. The introduction presents a review of scientific literature of financial experts and researchers studying the phenomena of industrial production. The purpose of the study is to examine the state of industrial production development in Russia considering regional economic evolution under sanctions. An exhaustive assessment of the factors determining industrial development, as well as main economic indicators of industrial companies’ performance, has been carried out. The article also includes a study of the works of scientists who participated in assessing this issue from both domestic and foreign points of view. Special attention has been paid to the factors that characterize the industrial production cycle in Russia and its regions. In conclusion, the author summarized the results of the conducted research and review of scientific materials. The essence of this generalization is to endorse continuous transformation of regional industrial production management in the future. Proposals for sustainable development of industrial production in the long term have also been put forward.

Consumption of Dairy Products in the Russian Federation: A Retrospective Analysis

Introduction: The article presents the results of analyzing the dynamics of consumption of milk and dairy products in the Russian Federation in 1990–2022 and their role in nutrition as a source of essential nutrients. Objective: To analyze the dynamics and past trends in the consumption of milk and dairy products in Russia. Materials and methods: We analyzed patterns of milk and dairy product consumption based on data of the following surveys: annual sample surveys of household budgets conducted by the Federal State Statistics Service (Rosstat) in 1990–2022; sample observations of diets carried out by Rosstat in the years 2013 and 2018, and the Russian monitoring of the socio-economic situation and health status of the population in 1994–2012. Results: We have noted a positive upward trend in the frequency of consumption of milk and dairy products by the population; yet, in general, their consumption remains below the recommended rational values. The greatest increase in consumption was noted for fermented milk products, yogurt, sour cream and cream, cottage cheese and curd mass, cheese and feta cheese. At the same time, we established that only 74.5 % of adults and children over a year old include milk and fermented milk products, 47.6 % – cottage cheese and curd products, and 54.5 % – cheese in their diet daily or several times a week. A decrease in the consumption of milk and dairy products by the population, especially children, can be considered as a serious risk factor for the development of deficiencies of the most important essential nutrients (calcium and vitamins) and such related diseases as osteopenia and osteoporosis. Conclusion: The necessity of developing and implementing targeted educational programs for various population groups on healthy eating with an emphasis on the role of dairy products in nutrition, their contribution to supply of macro- and micronutrients, as well as recommendations on including at least 2 to 3 servings of dairy products in the daily diet, both for children and adults, is substantiated.

The Main Trends in the Development of Agricultural Production in the World and Russia

The article examines the trends in the production of the main types of agricultural products in the world based on the analysis of the OECD-FAO forecast for the next decade 2023–2032. According to this forecast, by 2032, world agricultural production in value terms will increase by 17 %. The strengthening of the role of developing countries in the production of agricultural products is the main trend in the development of world agricultural production, which is based on population growth, the need to ensure food security in connection with the sanctions policy of Western countries, which led to a change in trade relations and disruption of logistics supply chains of products. According to the OECD-FAO forecast, the countries of the Asia-Pacific region, as well as the countries of Africa, will provide more than 70 % growth in crop production. Developing countries will account for about 60 % of livestock production by the end of the decade. The main growth factor will be an increase in crop yields and animaproductivity based on the intensification of production and an increase in the level of scientific and technological support for the industry. The article also examines the main trends in the development of production and consumption of agricultural products in Russia for the next decade and determines the level of self-sufficiency in basic food products, which Russia will reach by 2032.

ТРАДИЦИОННЫЕ ФОРМЫ МОЛОЧНОГО ПРОИЗВОДСТВА НЕОБХОДИМО СОХРАНЯТЬ И РАЗВИВАТЬ

The developed market of milk and dairy products is one of the indicators of the economic well-being of the region. It is designed to provide the population of the region with dairy products of its own production in volume and assortment, regardless of imports. Despite the fact that the largest producer of milk and dairy products in Russia are megafarms, traditional forms of dairy production have a number of undeniable advantages over them. In this regard, such forms of dairy production should be preserved and developed.
 The methodological basis of the study was the scientific works of researchers in the field of milk production and the dairy market. During the research, methods and techniques were used: abstract-logical, economic-statistical, monographic.
 The study made it possible to determine the dynamics of the number of cattle in agricultural organizations, households of the population, peasant (farmer) farms and individual entrepreneurs for 2010-2022. The study presents trends in milk production and consumption in Russia.
 According to the results of the scientific research, the basic principles of the organization of milk and dairy production, the advantages and disadvantages of milk production in megafarms and with traditional forms of dairy production are determined. The ways of applying cognitive and marketing approaches to the development of traditional forms of dairy production are proposed.

О потреблении рыбной продукции населением России

The article analyzes the history of fishing, production of food fish products and its per capita consumption by the population of Russia, as well as their significance for the implementation of the Doctrine of Food Security. The domestic method of calculating the consumption of fish products by the population is considered, compared with the methods of other countries and international intergovernmental organizations. The data on the average per capita consumption of fish and fish products in Russia and in a number of countries with developed fisheries and market economy are presented. Measures aimed at increasing the consumption of fish products by the population of Russia are proposed.

Analysis of the state and development prospects of medicinal plant cultivation in The Republic of Belarus and Russia in the context of low-carbon agriculture

The article is devoted to the analysis of one of the types of organic products — medicinal herbs in order to develop recommendations for improving this area of agricultural business in the Republic of Belarus and Russia. The dynamics of indicators characterizing medicinal plant growing is presented. A project has been proposed for the cultivation of medicinal herbs on the territory of private farms in the Republic of Belarus. The results of a study on the analysis of production indicators of medicinal crops in the context of regions of states are presented. Recommendations for the development of medicinal plant production in Russia and Belarus are proposed. The results obtained can be used to substantiate reserves for increasing the efficiency of medicinal plant production, to justify management decisions, as well as to develop a strategy for the sustainable development of agricultural enterprises.

Digitalization of Russian industry: the state and prospects of development in the conditions of sanctions and restrictions

The article presents an assessment of the main statistical indicators related to the efficiency of industrial production growth in various regions of Russia over the past few years. The inclusion of digital achievements in the context of the negative consequences of the recent pandemic and sanctions on the production of industrial enterprises is also considered. The research is devoted to the application of digital technologies in industrial production in Russia in several regions under current circumstances and the potential of their future development. The introduction contains an overview of the scientific literature of economists and researchers dealing with industrial production and digitalization. This section also outlines the goals and objectives of the study. The purpose of the study is to study the current state of industrial production growth in Russian regions, depending on the development of the regional economy under sanctions. The assessment of industrial growth indicators of the main economic indicators of industrial enterprises is carried out. There was also a study of methods and researchers who contributed to the consideration of this issue both at the national and international level. The article considered indicators illustrating the growth of Russian industrial production and its regional variations, as well as evaluating the use of digital technologies in industrial production. At the conclusion of the article, based on the scientific work carried out and a review of the literature of researchers who studied this issue, the result was summed up. The essence of this conclusion suggests that the reorganization of industrial production at the level of regional management should continue in the foreseeable future. Additionally, a long-term forecast for the development of industrial production has been compiled.

Integral Assessment of Water Quality in the Volga River Basin According to Monitoring Data in the 21st Century

The Volga River has been the main Russian river for several centuries. The river, originating on the Valdai Hills, crosses several natural and climatic zones on its way to the Caspian Sea: from the southern taiga to the dry steppes of the Caspian Lowland. According to the latest data, 45% of industrial enterprises and 50% of agricultural production in Russia are concentrated in the river basin. The anthropogenic load on the river with its tributaries and their basins significantly exceeds the load on other large Russian rivers. The largest contaminated wastewater volumes fall on the share of Moscow, Samara, Nizhny Novgorod, Yaroslavl, Saratov, Ufa, Volgograd, Balakhna, Tolyatti, Ulyanovsk, Cherepovets, Naberezhnye Chelny and other large cities. All these negative processes occur against the background of ongoing climate change. The article analyzes the Roshydromet hydrochemical monitoring data of river waters in the Volga River basin for the 2000–2021 period by water bodies and federal subjects. Regardless of the year water content, almost 70% of hydrochemical monitoring stations in the Volga River basin correspond to the third quality class (“polluted”). An integral assessment of the water quality in the Volga River basin shows that the situation has not changed significantly since the end of the last century. To improve the ecological condition of the Volga River basin, it is necessary to implement a set of measures for the protection and reproduction of water resources in catchment areas, rationalize water use systems, and reduce the volume of freshwater intake. Reducing water consumption is a necessary condition for reducing the wastewater volume discharged and, consequently, the number of pollutants contained in it. One of the problems is that almost all types of water use harm the surface waters’ natural quality, including the Volga River basin.

Protective and Tribological Properties of Sulfonate Greases

The protective properties and temperature resistance of sulfonate greases based on petroleum oil KS-19 have been assessed. Highly alkaline calcium sulfonates of Russian and foreign production are used as thickeners for such greases. Sulfonate greases have been shown to have good protective properties. It has been established that the ability of sulfonate greases to prevent corrosion depends on the protective properties of calcium sulfonate used as a thickener. Based on the totality of the indicators obtained, the grease based on the Russian-made K-314 thickener has the best properties; in temperature resistance, it is superior to the sample on the foreign thickener Lubrizol 86 GR, and in terms of protective properties, it is on the same level with it.

CURRENT TRENDS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF HIGH-ENERGY LASERS

Current trends in developing high-energy lasers with pulse energies in the tens and hundreds of joules are considered. Active media are analyzed for their use in such lasers. Yb:YAG active crystalline and ceramic elements (AE) of Russian production are experimentally investigated at temperatures from 100 K to 295 K. The data of the AE cryogenic cooling system are presented. A diode pumping system for AE and a homogenizer of its radiation are described. The physical and technical characteristics of the pumping system are given. Fresnel losses, absorption losses, and losses due to amplified spontaneous emission (ASE), which reduce the energy stored in an inverted population, are experimentally measured. The results of measuring the gain in multipass circuits with different sets of AEs are presented.

Analysis of Russian and foreign research on rabbits feeding (review)

Rabbit farming being a well-developed and highly profi table area of livestock farming is one of the indicators of the state of economic development of the country. In Russia despite the fact that 78,5 % of rabbit meat is produced on household farms industrial rabbit breeding is gaining momentum. The basis of any area of animal husbandry is the organization of feeding, since feeding costs account for 60–70 % of the cost of production, and more than 90 % of animal diseases are associated with errors in their feeding. At the end of 2020 rabbit meat production in Russia amounted to 19,6 thousand tons. Total for the period 2016–2020 rabbit meat production increased by 8 %. Scientists from different countries pay special attention to studying the nutritional and energy needs of replacement young animals, pregnant and lactating doe rabbits, since the reproduction process and the volume of production depend on them. The results of scientifi c research on feeding doe rabbits during the reproductive period with complete granulated feed with diff erent ratios of nutrients and energy have been analyzed in the review. The authors note that the content of digestible energy and protein in the diets used to feed pregnant doe rabbits in Russian and foreign studies are the same, while the fiber content differs significantly. Since researchers around the world are concerned about the same problems of optimizing the feeding of doe rabbits, a joint discussion of research results especially by scientists belonging to different scientific schools opens up new horizons for achieving purposes and practical use of the new knowledge obtained.

Current state of equipment for phototherapy in institutions of dermatovenereologic profile

Background. The use of phototherapy for the treatment of dermatoses and lymphoproliferative disease is determined by the Procedure for rendering assistance in the field of "dermatovenereology" and clinical guidelines approved by the Scientific and Practical Council of the Ministry of Health of Russia. Foreign-made medical equipment for phototherapy occupies a key position in Russia, the equipment of medical organizations with it is more than 75%. However, in the current reality, foreign companies not only raise prices for the export of medical equipment, but also stop its supply and service in Russia, which may adversely affect the quality of medical care.
 Aims. To assess the current state of the technical support of medical organizations of the dermatovenereological profile with equipment for phototherapy of dermatoses.
 Materials and methods. Information about the availability of equipment for phototherapy of dermatosis and/or the need to purchase it, the intensity of use of the available equipment for various nosologies, as well as problems related to its service, obtained from 64 medical organizations of the dermatovenerological profile in 62 constituent entities of the Russian Federation. The initial data collected as a result of the survey were structured, unified and brought to a general form using the functionality of the Microsoft Excel program. Further processing of information was carried out using descriptive statistics methods.
 Results. 8 (12%) specialized medical organizations are currently not equipped with phototherapy equipment. In 56 medical organizations using phototherapy equipment, the share of foreign-made medical equipment is 84%. Of the 22 models of medical equipment, only 12 (54%) are included in the State Register of Medical Devices and have a valid registration certificate. 192 (75%) pieces of equipment of medical organizations are intended for local phototherapy in the medium-wave (UVB) or long-wave (UFA) ultraviolet radiation mode, and only 63 (25%) units are represented by ultraviolet cabins (57 UVA (PUVA) and UVB-311 cabins). and 6 UVA (PUVA) and UVB (SFT) booths). Out of 57 UV cabins, only 18 (32%) are simultaneously equipped with UVA and UVB-311 radiation sources. Half of the medical organizations of the dermatovenereological profile (50%) experience difficulties with servicing the installed devices, 43 (67%) medical organizations reported the need for equipment for phototherapy of dermatosis.
 Conclusions. Due to the instability of logistics and sanctions for the supply of medical equipment to the country, the development and registration of a medical device for phototherapy of dermatosis and T-cell lymphomas of the skin, and its further production in Russia, is relevant.

Анализ факторов продвижения эффективной органической аквакультуры семиаридного климата России, Китая и Казахстана

This overview report provides insights intothe internal reserves of aquaculture production in Russia, China and Kazakhstan, highlighting their potential in ensuring sustainable production of environmentally friendly commer-cial fish products. China, for instance, currently produces 72 million tons of hydrobionts annually, accounting for 56.7% of the global aquaculture production in 2022. On the other hand, Russia’s current production level remains modest, representing only 0.53% of China’s output. The report emphasizes the importance of implementing a conservation strategy that promotes organic aquaculture practices within inland waters. This approach aims to ensure compliance with environmental regulations while transitioning towards fish production. It emphasizes the need for common approaches and self-regulating technologies in balanced and sustainable aquaculture, prioritizing the conservation and restoration of natural resources. Furthermore, the report delves into the specific challenges and prospects of semiarid aquaculture in southeastern China, as well as the Caspian regions of Russia and Kazakhstan. These are as share similar agro-climatic conditions f for inland reservoirs. The report underscores the potential of utilizing agricultural lands for the development of organic aquaculture, emphasizing environmentally friendly production practices and high fish productivity. Organic aquaculture is portrayed as an adaptive and sustainable form of nature management. It aims to enhance agricultural production, increase productivity, and preserve the ecological balance of water resources in semiarid territories. Moreover, it highlights the economic feasibility of organic aquaculture, making it accessible to fish farmers and fisheries industry professionals alike.

Technological adequacy of sugar beet products used in the food industry

Beet sugar production in Russia annually gives about 6 million tons of white sugar and 1.5 million tons of beet molasses, which must have technological adequacy, when used as raw materials. The purpose of the work was to substantiate the concept of technological adequacy of beet sugar production, its indicator markers and their threshold values, to assess the actual technological adequacy of white sugar and molasses, to verify the hypothesis about the relationship between individual indicators of white sugar and empirical knowledge about an increase in the content of micronutrients with a decrease in the category. The objects of the study were terminology related to the characteristics of food products and raw materials in terms of consumer expectations and indicators of their assessment. Technological adequacy was evaluated for 230 samples of white sugar and 134 samples of beet molasses. Indicator markers were determined according to standardized and known methods. Technological adequacy of white sugar and beet molasses is the compliance of their specific functional properties with the requirements of the production of a particular food product, in which they are raw ingredients. A measure of compliance is indicator markers in the form of physicochemical parameters of the composition. Indicators of white sugar for three food technologies and indicators of beet molasses for two technologies and storage were substantiated; their technological adequacy was assessed. Empirical knowledge about an increase in the content of micronutrients with a decrease in the category and the hypothesis about the relationship between individual indicators of white sugar were confirmed. It is shown that all white sugar of extra and TC1 categories has technological adequacy for the use in food production, while only 62% of TC2 sugar and some batches of beet molasses have the necessary technological suitability. The results obtained will be a tool for regulating the production of competitive products and developing a control scheme for the technological flow of sugar production.

Histological characteristics and functional properties of red and white parts of <i>m. semitendinosus</i> of slaughter pigs

A unique muscle of pigs (Sus scrofa domesticus) is m. semitendinosus, which contains the “red” (dark) part located mainly in the depth of the leg cut and the “white” (light) part located in the close proximity to the subcutaneous fat layer. Differences in the characteristics of its “red” and “white” parts can exert a significant effect on quality and economic indicators of meat products. The aim of this research was to study histological features of the microstructure and technological properties of muscle tissue from different parts of m. semitendinosus, obtained from slaughter pigs of Russian production. M. semitendinosus was excised from chilled porcine carcasses (N=20) 24 hours after slaughter in the process of deboning. Histological examination showed that the dark part of the muscle was characterized by a higher package density of fibers, higher number of capillaries and higher sarcomere length. On the contrary, the light part was characterized by a higher diameter of muscle fibers. Analysis of muscle fiber types showed that the proportion of type I, intermediate and type IIb fibers was higher by 9.3, 5.2 and 4.1%, respectively, in the dark part. Significant differences between the dark and light parts of m. semitendinosus were revealed in terms of the number and size of giant fibers: the light part was characterized by a larger number (by more than 5 times) of giant fibers with the fibers of a larger size (almost by 11%). The samples of minced meat from the dark and light parts showed significant (р<0.05) differences in the mean values of lightness, redness and yellowness (L*, a* and b*) by 6.00, 4.68 and 3.01 units, respectively, in raw samples, and by 6.53, 2.99 and 1.81, respectively, after curing with the nitrite mixture and cooking (р<0.05). The dark part of m. semitendinosus had higher pH values (р<0.05) both for raw and cooked samples. The consistency of the samples from the light part was less elastic, looser and more crumbly than that in the samples produced from the dark part of m. semitendinosus, which was confirmed by the structural-mechanical investigations. Therefore, this study showed significant differences between the dark and light parts of m. semitendinosus by microstructural and functional-technological characteristics. Significant variability by muscle fiber diameter, which was observed in the light part of this muscle, apparently should be taken into account in breeding work and quality assessment of pork from slaughter animals.

The Use of Alcohol for Chemical and Technical Needs in Excise Russia (1863 – 1896)

Relevance. The article highlights the process of using alcohol for the production of chemical and technical products. The relevance of the study is due to the weak representation of this aspect in the scientific literature, as well as its unconditional significance in the formation of the general concept of the development of the Russian economy.The purpose is to highlight the changes in the use of alcohol for chemical and technical needs that occurred during the period of the excise system in Russia.The objectives of the study are determined by the goal and are to substantiate the development of legislation on the exciseless use of alcohol for chemical and technical needs, to establish the relationship and interdependence of the benefits introduced by the government and the size of the production of relevant products, to assess the success of the measures taken to expand the scope of alcohol.Methodology. The methodological basis of the article is the principles of historicism, consistency, scientific objectivity, supplemented by such special methods as the method of interpretation, the method of content analysis and the statistical method.Results. During the excise period, alcohol began to be used not only as a drink, but also as a main or auxiliary component in the manufacture of chemical and technical products. Excise legislation has changed in this regard. Temporary legal provisions exempting alcohol from excise duty sent to chemical and technical plants were finally summarized in the Law of March 18, 1896. Under his influence, the size of production in Russia increased, which allowed Russian manufacturers to compete with foreigners.Conclusion. The use of alcohol for chemical plants and technical productions in excise Russia looked like a dynamic process. A decisive role in the success was played by government acts that expanded the scope of application of exciseless alcohol.

You’re a murderer: Critical discourse analysis of conversations around abortions in the Russian talk show

Today in Russia, there is a growing number of anti-abortion policies even though the birth rate is not a key factor affecting the demographic situation in the country. In this article, I investigate how the anti-abortion discourse is constructed in the media. For this purpose, I analyse a dataset of 5 hour-long episodes of the tabloid talk show Pust’ Govoriat. More specifically, the aim of this article is twofold. I seek to demonstrate to what extent the discourse displayed in the show is shaped and shapes by the Russian government’s family policies and, consequently, public opinion. On the other side, I aim to understand how speakers verbally and non-verbally negotiate morality, norms, gender roles and identities to negotiate if abortion is acceptable or not. I advocate that the tabloid talk show, like many other state-funded media products in Russia, is utilised as a government’s tool for anti-abortion propaganda and depoliticisation of social problems.