Production In Bangladesh Research Articles

Isolation, Identification and Genetic Characterization of Antibiotic Resistant Escherichia coli from Frozen Chicken Meat Obtained from Supermarkets at Dhaka City in Bangladesh.

Antimicrobials have been used to improve animal welfare, food security, and food safety that promote the emergence, selection, and dissemination of antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) bacteria. In this study, 50 E. coli were isolated from frozen chicken meat samples in Dhaka city. Antibiotic sensitivity patterns were assessed through the disk diffusion method and finally screened for the presence of antimicrobial resistance genes (ARG) using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Among the 160 samples, the prevalence of E. coli was observed in fifty samples (31.25%). All of these isolates were found resistant to at least one antimicrobial agent, and 52.0% of the isolates were resistant against 4-7 different antimicrobials. High resistance was shown to tetracycline (66.0%), followed by resistance to erythromycin (42.0%), ampicillin and streptomycin (38.0%), and sulfonamide (28.0%). In addition, the most prevalent ARGs were tet(A) (66.0%), ereA (64.0%), tet(B) (60.0%), aadA1 and sulI (56.0%), blaCITM (48.0%) and blaSHV (40.0%). About 90.0% of isolates were multidrug resistant. This study reveals for the first time the current situation of E. coli AMR in broilers, which is helpful for the clinical control of disease as well as for the development of policies and guidelines to reduce AMR in broilers production in Bangladesh.

Recent trends and scenario of antibiotic use in veterinary practices for livestock production in Bangladesh: a review

Antibiotics are used for the treatment and control of diseases as well as a growth promoter in livestock production in Bangladesh. The frequent use of these antibiotics in veterinary practices may lead to residue and creates some potential problems not only in livestock but also in public health issues. The presence of residues of antibiotics in animal-derived foodstuffs may induce carcinogenic and mutagenic effects and leads to the condition of an allergic reaction, and the development of antibiotic resistance in human gut bacteria. Although misuse of antibiotics in human medicine is the principal cause of the problems, some antibiotic-resistant bacteria originating in animals may also be the contributory factors to the resistance. However, some of the antibiotic resistance problems can be attributed to the transfer of resistant bacteria from animals to humans and resistance genes from animal pathogens and commensal bacteria to human pathogens. Even though the antibiotics and their residues in feed and food products of animal origin cause serious public health problems but little is known by society due to the lack of proper information. So, this is important to review the uses of antibiotics in food animals and insight their public health significance in Bangladesh. However, the safety levels of animal feeds and food of animal origin must be strictly observed and the antibiotics should be used in accordance with the labeled directions public awareness should be developed about the indiscriminate use of antibiotics in animals and their hazardous residual impacts on the human body. Therefore, the present review focuses on the aspects of antibiotic use in the livestock production of Bangladesh. Asian Australas. J. Biosci. Biotechnol. 2022, 7 (3), 90-106

Problems and Prospects of Soybean Production in Bangladesh

A study was conducted to assess the challenges and prospects of soybean production in Bangladesh. Data were collected from 55 soybean-growing farmers of 5 districts through interview and focus group discussions (FGDs). The data indicated that there are great opportunities to expand soybean production areas due to high profitability, availability of suitable land, mechanized management practices, the comparative advantage and interest of farmers in soybean cultivation. The challenges of soybean production include better suited soybean varieties between boro and amon rice, the incidence of insects, climatic variability, publicity for soybean production, unwillingness of industrialists, soybean oil extraction facilities, attack of diseases, instable market price and network, fund and technical knowledge. Ultimately, result indicated that the opportunities of soybean production outweigh than challenges in Bangladesh. Such results could also contribute to increase soybean production in Bangladesh. Ann. Bangladesh Agric. (2021) 25 (2) : 97-104

TIME SERIES ANALYSIS OF AQUACULTURE AND CAPTURE FISH PRODUCTION AND PROJECTION OF FUTURE TREND IN BANGLADESH

This study is conducted to identify the trends in aquaculture and capture fish production in Bangladesh from 1960 to 2018 using Sen’s slope estimator and Mann Kendall test and apply time series modeling to forecast aquaculture and capture fish production (in metric tons). The data is retrieved from World Bank (WB). To forecast, ARIMA models are used and optimum models are selected by simulating several candidate models with AIC, BIC, mean squared error, and white noise error as selection criteria. Co-integration between two time series (aquaculture and capture fish) had been tested to establish a vector error correction model (VECM). Sen’s slopes for both aquaculture and capture fish production are positive and significant (p-value<0.01). This study found that the ARIMA (1,2,1) and ARIMA(1,1,0) are the best models to forecast aquaculture fish production and capture fish production in Bangladesh. The estimated aquaculture fish production will be 47,17,014 metric tonnes, and capture fish production will be 25,15,141 metric tonnes in the year 2028. The co-integration test confirms that there is no long-run association between aquaculture and capture fish production. Since increasing fish production will mitigate the necessity of adequate food and nutrition for the growing population, this study will assist policymakers in setting a sustainable and prospective hunger-free Bangladesh.

Measuring the impact of climate change on potato production in Bangladesh using Bayesian Hierarchical Spatial-temporal modeling.

Potato is a staple food and a main crop of Bangladesh. Climate plays an important role in different crop production all over the world. Potato production is influenced by climate change, which is occurring at a rapid pace according to time and space. The main objective of this research is to observe the variation in potato production based on the discrepancy of the variability in the spatial and temporal domains. The research is based on secondary data on potato production from different parts of Bangladesh and five major climate variables for the last 17 years ending with 2020. Bayesian Spatial-temporal modelling for linear, analysis of variance (ANOVA), and auto-Regressive models were used to find the best-fitted model compared with the independent Error Bayesian model. The Watanabe-Akaike information criterion (WAIC) and Deviance Information Criterion (DIC) were used as the model choice criteria and the Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) method was implemented to generate information about the prior and posterior realizations. Findings revealed that the ANOVA model under the Spatial-temporal framework was the best model for all model choice and validation criteria. Results depict that there is a significant impact of spatial and temporal variation on potato yield rate. Besides, the windspeed does not show any influence on potato production, however, temperature, humidity, rainfall, and sunshine are important components of potato yield rate in Bangladesh. It is evident that there is a potential impact of climate change on potato production in Bangladesh. Therefore, the authors believed that the findings will be helpful to the policymakers or farmers in developing potato varieties that are resilient to climate change to ensure the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal of zero hunger.

Farmers’ knowledge, attitudes, and practices towards the adoption of hybrid rice production in Bangladesh: an PLS-SEM approach

ABSTRACT Although the government policy supports the adoption of hybrid rice in Bangladesh but there is no significant progress has been made over the last decades. The study aimed to determine farmers’ knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAPs) of hybrid rice adoption, and the causal relationship between them in Bangladesh. Using a stratified random sampling technique, 244 cross-sectional surveys were done from the Sherpur district of Bangladesh. The descriptive statistics, two-round Delphi method, and partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) were used to estimate latent variables and identify the causal relationship between KAPs. The results revealed that farmers’ knowledge and attitudes were directly and significantly associated with the adoption of hybrid rice. This implies that farmers who are well informed about the usage of hybrid rice and are likely to embrace it and raise their revenue, can be influenced by knowledge. The study found a significant positive role for knowledge about hybrid rice, attitudes, and practices in adopting hybrid rice. This study provides a primary understanding of the relationship between psychological factors and the adoption of hybrid rice technology to increase rice farm productivity. The findings suggest that policymakers, researchers and development agencies should focus on farmers’ psychological factors in improving the adoption of hybrid rice in Bangladesh.

Hardcore use of smoked and smokeless tobacco products among men and women in Bangladesh: data from two rounds of the global adult tobacco survey

This study examines the prevalence of and factors associated with “hardcore” use of smoked and smokeless tobacco (SLT) products in Bangladesh and the variation in the ages people started using them daily. Data from the 2009 and 2017 rounds of the Global Adult Tobacco Survey for Bangladesh were analyzed using multilevel logistic regression. The prevalence of “hardcore” use of smoked tobacco among current smokers decreased from 15.5% in 2009 to 13.1% in 2017. Almost all hardcore smokers were male in both rounds. Among the current users of SLT, 7.0% were “hardcore” users in 2009, with a higher proportion of females (8.9%) than males (4.8%) and these percentages remained similar in 2017. The current smokers in the age-group 25-64 and the current SLT users in the age-group 45-65+ were more likely than their counterparts to be “hardcore” users. The earlier the participants started using daily, the more likely they were to become “hardcore” users. There was regional variation in the prevalence of “hardcore” use. Coordinated preventive interventions and comprehensive treatment programmes and their equitable geographical distribution are needed.

Farmers’ Perceptions and Knowledge of Country Bean (Lablab purpureus L.) Insect Pests, and Diseases, and Their Management Practices, in Bangladesh

Country bean (Lablab purpureus L.), a popular vegetable in Bangladesh, is severely affected by insect pests and diseases. Farmers’ perceptions of insect pests, diseases, and their management are critical constraints to the establishment of an effective and sustainable pest management approach for this crop. A comprehensive survey was conducted with 300 country bean farmers from six districts of Bangladesh to assess farmers’ perceptions and knowledge of the insect pests and diseases of country bean, and their management practices. The survey results show that country bean farmers have been facing varying pest problems for more than ten years. They could identify eight pests and only one beneficial insect species in their fields, including thrips and jute weevil, as new pests. Among the pests, aphids and pod borers were common in all surveyed areas. More than 80% of farmers said their bean plants were severely affected by bean yellow mosaic virus and white mold diseases. Farmers also mentioned that insect pests and diseases together caused 30–40% yield losses of this crop. About 76% of the farmers solely depended on different chemical pesticides for the production of country bean. Growers frequently used insecticides from the organophosphorus and neonicotinoid groups, and fungicides from the triazole group, to manage pests associated with this crop. Farmers start applying pesticides from the seedling stages, at three-day intervals, maintaining only two- to four-day pre-harvest intervals (PHI). Our findings provide insight into the importance of developing sustainable pest management approaches for country bean production in Bangladesh.

Antibiotic usage practices and its drivers in commercial chicken production in Bangladesh.

Irrational and inappropriate use of antibiotics in commercial chicken production can contribute to the development of antimicrobial resistance. We aimed to assess antibiotic usage in commercial chicken production in Bangladesh, and identify factors associated with this practice. We conducted a large-scale cross-sectional study to collect information on antibiotic usage in commercial chickens from January to May 2021. Structured interviews were conducted with 288 broiler, 288 layer and 192 Sonali (locally-produced cross-bred) farmers in 20 sub-districts across Bangladesh. The frequency of antibiotic usage, the types of antibiotics and purpose of usage were estimated for each production type. Adjusted odds ratios (aOR) were calculated to measure the association between antibiotic usage and factors related to the characteristics of the farms and farmers using multivariable logistic regression models. The proportion of farms, irrespective of their production type, reporting usage of antibiotics in the 24 hours preceding the interview was 41% (n = 314, 95% CI: 37-44%). Forty-five percent (n = 344, 41-48%) reported antibiotic usage in the last 72 hours, 86% (n = 658, 83-88%) in the last 14 days, and almost all farms, 98% (n = 753, 97-99%), had used antibiotics since the start of their production cycle. Use of antibiotics in the 24 hours preceding an interview was more frequently reported in broiler (OR 1.91, 95% CI: 1.36-2.69) and Sonali (OR 1.94, 95% CI: 1.33-2.33) than layer farms. Oxytetracycline (23-31%, depending on production type), doxycycline (18-25%), ciprofloxacin (16-26%) and amoxicillin (16-44%) were the most frequently used antibiotics. Antibiotics were reported to be used for both treatment and prophylactic purposes on most farms (57-67%). Usage of antibiotics in the 24h preceding an interview was significantly associated with the occurrence of any illnesses in chickens (aOR broiler: 41.22 [95% CI:13.63-124.62], layer: aOR 36.45[9.52-139.43], Sonali: aOR 28.47[4.97-162.97]). Antibiotic usage was mainly advised by veterinary practitioners (45-71%, depending on production type), followed by feed dealers (21-40%) and farmers (7-13%). Improvement of chicken health through good farming practices along with changes in key stakeholders (feed dealers and practitioners) attitudes towards antibiotic recommendations to farmers, may help to reduce the levels of antibiotic usage and thus contribute to mitigate antimicrobial resistance.

Morphometric features and performances of Black Bengal goat in Bangladesh.

Black Bengal goat (BBG) is the most adaptable, widely distributed, and prominent goat breed in Bangladesh, well known in the world for its high prolificacy, low demand of feed, tolerance to harsh weather conditions, and disease resistance with remarkably good quality red meat and skin. A large number of indiscriminate research reports on BBG have been published; however, the review on the productive and reproductive performances with different physiological features of BBG in Bangladesh is scarce. This review was conducted to investigate and summarize the available research reports on BBGs to highlight the gaps and provide coherent recommendations for the future research plan for sustainable BBG production in Bangladesh. It covers research works in morphometric features, feeding and nutrition, reproduction, diseases and health management, husbandry practices, and production performances of BBG under local conditions. Due to the contemporary increased demand for animal protein (meat and milk), the scope of small ruminants, especially goat farming, increases with other large ruminants farming. The key constraints of BBG production in Bangladesh include higher disease prevalence with low or no management practices, kid mortality, inadequate feeds and fodder supply, and poor marketing channel with some other stumpy genetic potentialities (slower body weight gain, low milk production) of this goat. Future research would be required to assess the contribution of BBG to household economies and food securities throughout the year and evaluate the constraints, adaptation and extension of artificial insemination (AI), and genetic improvement of economically important traits using molecular techniques and the selective breeding program.

Forecasting of Potato Production in Bangladesh using ARIMA and Mixed Model Approach

A time series model is used to forecast future values by identifying patterns of historical movement of a variable. This study attempted to develop the best potato predicting model in Bangladesh using BBS provided secondary annual data on area and production of potatoes in Bangladesh from 1970–71 to 2019–20, using the most recent accessible criteria for selecting a model, such as AIC, BIC, RMSE and others. The ARIMA (0, 2, 2) model is the box-Jenkins ARIMA model with the best selection for forecasting potato output throughout Bangladesh. When considering the area of the potato, the mixed model, i.e., ARIMA (0, 2, 3), beats the univariate ARIMA (0, 2, 2) model. The mixed model's 95 percent confidence interval of the prediction value is shorter than that of the ARIMA model. As a result, the forecasting performance of the mixed model outperforms that of econometric models such as ARIMA; this might be due to the inclusion of explanatory factors such as area. The comparison of the real and predicted series demonstrates that the model used to estimate potato production in Bangladesh is statistically sound. The models forecast well at acceptable levels. As a result, depending on Bangladesh's expected potato production, these models can be used for policy objectives.

Applying DPSIR framework on Mango Farming

Mango is viewed as the ruler of organic products in Bangladesh. It is seen as the most popular fruit in this region. Regardless of being just a regular organic product accessible for three months out of the year, the nation's million-dollar mango area is developing around 4 percent every year with development rates in the southern delta as high as 20 percent. Mango makers in the south appreciate a near favorable position by developing early-regular assortments and offering them available when costs are at their most elevated. While purchaser interest for mangoes keeps on being solid, there are challenges in reacting to advertise progression and purchaser inclinations. This is clear from the poor reaction by producers to the risk postured by the hazardous utilization of chemicals and maturing operators. Buyers fear eating mangoes matured falsely with calcium carbide since it ruins the nature of the foods grown from the ground perilous to well-being. This research tries to see farming through the lens of a specific framework. DPSIR framework is applied in mango farming to make the background actors visible and interconnections between all the components of this farming. The framework will lead us to the responses we should do to increase and develop the yield of farming.

Identify Problems and Suggest Possible Solutions for Safe Pineapple Production in Madhupur Tract

The aim of this study was to ascertain the current problems faced by pineapple growers and suggest possible solutions. A total of 300 pineapple growers of the Madhupur tract were selected as samples following the proportionate random sampling technique. Primary data were collected using a pre-designed and pre-tested interview schedule. Findings indicate that majority of the respondents were middle and young aged (71.4%), and having medium family size (61.9%). The highest proportion (42.9%) of the respondents were illiterate, had high annual income (48.6%), medium farming experience (53.3%), contact with fertilizer dealer (68.67%), medium to small farm size (88.6%), also having medium to small pineapple farm size (89.5%), and majorities production cost and net return was also low which is (42.6%) and (40.0%) respectively. Major constraints reported by pineapple growers were ineffective extension services, high value or unavailability of agrochemicals, infestation of Bengal Monitors in mature fruit, high value or unavailability of labor and so on. Effective extension services, establishment of farmers' association with processing company, making pineapple processing factory, provide training in processing to local small entrepreneurs were some of the major suggestions by the pineapple growers. Multiple regression analysis result indicated that respondents’ education, farm size, pineapple farm size and total income were the contributing factors that influenced their problem facing. These findings will be helpful to the policy maker for developing a sustainable framework and relevant guidelines for increasing pineapple production in Bangladesh.

Perceptions of the Impact of Climate Change on Performance of Fish Hatcheries in Bangladesh: An Empirical Study

The impacts of climate change (CC) on all spheres of human life are evident worldwide. Fish is the premier protein source, and its production in Bangladesh is mainly dependent on hatchery-based seed production. However, hatchery productivity is disrupted every year due to CC. This study assesses the impacts of CC on fish seed production in hatcheries from the perspective of hatchery owners. A semi-structured questionnaire survey was conducted with 60 hatchery owners in five sub-districts (Trishal, Mymensingh Sadar, Gouripur, Fulbaria, and Muktagacha) of the Mymensingh district, the highest aquaculture-producing zone in Bangladesh. Characteristically, hatchery owners are middle-aged and highly educated, with over a decade of experience in fish hatchery management. Likert scale results showed that hatchery owners concur with the evidence of CC, as seen by changes in air and water temperatures, rainfall, and sunlight intensity, as well as frequent natural disasters. Regression analysis showed that erratic rainfall, high temperature, and high solar radiation significantly influenced the hatchery owners’ perceptions of CC. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to divide the impact of CC into 12 components. Maximum variance (>70%) observed could be explained by problems related to embryonic and physiological development of fish fry, environmental changes, disease outbreaks, and poor growth of broodfish. The first PCA explained over 50% of the variances, with significantly higher factor loadings, comprising poor gonadal maturation, low hatching rate, poor egg and seed quality, low fecundity, and poor sperm quality of broodfish. The first PCA confirmed that the impacts of CC on fish hatchery operations were severe. Planting trees on the hatchery premises, aeration of brood ponds, increased water supply, and temperature control can be implemented to address the negative impacts on fish hatcheries. Further research in the laboratory and hatchery environments is needed.

Assessing the factors and constraints for value chain development of dairy food products in Bangladesh

The dairy sector in Bangladesh has shifted from subsistence to commercial and enterprise-driven due to the increasing demand of milk and milk products. In this context, this study was conducted to explore the different participants in dairy value chains and their role in the production, processing and marketing of dairy products. This study addresses the constraints faced by these participants and the factors influencing the value chain efficiency as a case study from Bogura districts of Bangladesh. The Bogura district was selected purposively considering the most potential geographical area of dairy farming. Face-to-face surveys were conducted to collect data during January to April 2019 using two sets of well-designed questionnaires. Multiple regression models were analyzed for the factors affecting the value addition of selected dairy food products. Moreover, Kendall's coefficient of concordance was applied for identifying the constraints faced by dairy products value chain actors. The empirical findings showed that processors of dairy food products added the highest value among all the actors involved in the value chain. Furthermore, the findings revealed that gender, education, purchase price, and sale price significantly influenced the value addition of processed dairy products (yogurt and ghee) value chain. The findings also revealed that the most untiring constraints faced by the market actors were the lack of capital and credit facilities, insufficient storage facilities, lack of processing center, and lack of proper transportation facilities. The findings of this study can help the stakeholders to improve the policy measures towards developing a new market for the dairy food products which might result in high value added, domestic, and export oriented dairy industry.

Physicochemical Properties and Sensory Attributes of Homemade Bakery Products from Two Local Varieties of Pineapple Compared with the Locally Available Market Products in Bangladesh

Pineapples (Ananas comosus L. Merr) contain beneficial properties and the object of the study is to compare the physical and chemical properties of two local varieties of pineapples and their prepared bakery products such as jelly and biscuit using flesh of pineapple as one of the raw materials and compare those with the locally available market products. Physico – chemical properties such as fruit weight, diameter, length, edible portion %, pH, Vitamin C, Titratable acidity, sugar content, total soluble solids, lipid content, crude protein, phenolic compound and sensory attributes (Firmness, sweetness, tartness, colour, and overall acceptability) of fresh pineapple fruit of Honey Queen (HQ) and Giant Kew (GK) were studied. Both the varieties contained high amount of moisture, GK 84.42% and HQ 83.95%. Further, HQ variety showed more than GK variety in almost all of the properties. The phenolic contents of the extracts as caffeic acid equivalents were found to be highest in methanol HQ (12.45%), GK (9.8%) while in water extract HQ (5.4%), and GK (5.3%). In terms of prepared bakery product from pineapple, Sample H (Home prepared) was more preferable than the locally market available brand in consideration of the physico-chemical properties that affected the sensory attributes acceptability having the overall acceptability score of 7 in a 9-point hedonic scale.

A Brief Review on the Present Status, Problems And Prospects of Maize Production in Bangladesh

Maize is one of the promising crops for foods, green forage and industrial uses. There is lot of research about maize regarding various aspects in Bangladesh. However, no published review report on the present status, problems and prospects of maize production in Bangladesh has been found. In this review, we provided intensive information to increase maize production and profitability in Bangladesh from all the available resources i.e., journal article, book, proceeding and electronic sources. This paper showed that maize cultivation was more profitable in Bangladesh and indicated some problems with maize cultivation as well as suggested some recommendations to improve maize production. Understanding all the facts about this paper will boost to maize production in Bangladesh and assist to researchers to choose advance topics about the improvement of maize cultivation.
 Vol. 9, No. 2, August 2022: 89-96

Indigenous beef cattle production scenario in Bangladesh

The study was carried out with the interest of investigate the beef cattle production system. A baseline survey was conducted on beef cattle production in Bangladesh from two districts of each division. The study was conducted to up-date knowledge on the state of beef fatteners in their own environment. The findings of the baseline survey revealed that major beef fatteners (90%) in Rajshahi division started their cattle fattening using own money, followed by 50%, 40%, 50%, 40%, 50% and 55% in Dhaka, Khulna, Barishal, Chattogram, Sylhet and Rangpur, respectively. The average size (4.93) of livestock holding per farm in Barishal division was considerably higher than that of Dhaka (4.35), Khulna (4.71), Rajshahi (3.83), Chattogram (3.35), Sylhet (4.29) and Rangpur (3.69), respectively. In the study area, the average size (2.14, 2.63 and 2.77) of indigenous cattle per farm in the division of Khulna, Barishal and Rangpur, respectively was considerably lower than those (3.47, 3.27, 3.40 and 3.93) of Dhaka, Rajshahi, Chattogram and Sylhet division, respectively. The average duration (18.6 month) of the fattening program was considerably higher in Dhaka division than that (11.6 month) of Rangpur division. Majority of the farmers followed semi-intensive feeding system. The amount of rice straw/h/d supplied to the beef cattle is remarkably lower (3.57 and 3.72 kg) in Rajshahi and Rangpur division than those (4.38, 4.57, 4.82, 4.32 and 4.32) in the division of Dhaka, Khulna, Barishal, Chattogram and Sylhet, respectively. The amount of concentrates supplied (817.86, 814.71 and 887.50 g) to their beef cattle in Barishal, Sylhet and Rangpur, respectively was considerably higher than those (758.82, 721.43, 772.22 and 739.71 g) of Dhaka, Khulna, Rajshahi and Chattogram division, respectively. In conclusion, there were differences in demographic information, source of capitals for fattening, herd size, duration of fattening, production system and feeding system among the divisions of Bangladesh.

Net-metering and Feed-in-Tariff policies for the optimum billing scheme for future industrial PV systems in Bangladesh

In this paper, the economic sustainability of net billing and feed-in-tariff (all energy buy/sell) method is analyzed in comparison with the current net-metering for the industrial PV systems in Bangladesh. Three billing methods are compared according to plant capacity factor, excess energy transfer, levelized cost of energy (LCOE), net present value (NPV), payback period, and profitability index (PI) for the analysis of optimum billing scheme. The highest plant capacity factor and minimum LCOE are found for the large PV system in Chattogram. Out of three methods, all energy buy/sell exhibits the NPV which is USD 5.85 million and PI of 2.54 at the minimum 4.9 years discounted payback time for the large PV system in Chattogram. The sensitivity analysis of solar irradiation at six other regional areas, bill escalation rate, and discount factor is performed to observe the impact on annual energy production and NPV. For both systems, all three assessed methods are found economically feasible, but the net metering is attained as the least profitable in comparison with net billing and all energy buy/sell schemes. From various analyses, it is found that the adaption of these two schemes in the present guideline can enhance industrial PV production in Bangladesh.

Forecast, Trend, Growth, and Instability of Potato Production in Bangladesh

Although Bangladesh is known as a rice-eating country, enormous amounts of potatoes are produced and consumed each year. Potato has gradually acquired popularity in Bangladesh. Potato is grown as a food crop and a vegetable by both the rich and the poor. This study attempts to measure the trend, growth, and instability of potato production. Besides, here is an attempt to forecast the potato production of the coming years. This secondary data was gathered from the website https://www.potatopro.com/bangladesh/potato-statistics. Here, different statistical tools including t-test, correlation, simple linear regression, semi-log growth model, ARIMA (0,2,1) model, simple exponential smoothing, and Holts Damped trend method were used. Potato production is increasing in Bangladesh. It seems that the production of potatoes will continue to increase in the coming years. The growth rates of potato production in the whole period, period-1 and period-2 are 6.7, 2.7, and 9.3 respectively and CV’s around the trend line are 40.28, 7.43, and 10.46 respectively. Therefore, potato production in Bangladesh is showing an increasing trend. It seems that the production of potatoes will continue to increase in the coming years. Potato production in Bangladesh is increasing and it is unstable. The government and numerous non-governmental organizations (NGOs) must work together to increase potato production. Keywords : Forecast, Trend, Growth, Instability, Potato, Production DOI: 10.7176/RJFA/13-15-03 Publication date: August 31 st 2022