Integration Of Production Data Research Articles

Data-driven visual model development and 3D visual analytics framework for underground mining

Data-driven visual model development and 3D visual analytics framework for underground mining

A novel formulation of RNN-based neural network with real-time updating – An application for dynamic hydraulic fractured shale gas production forecasting

A novel formulation of RNN-based neural network with real-time updating – An application for dynamic hydraulic fractured shale gas production forecasting

Integration of 3D seismic and production data: methodology and results by the example of Jar oilfield

Integration of 3D seismic and production data: methodology and results by the example of Jar oilfield

Geoscience Poster G9: Optimising value in the mature Turrum Field: integrating modern seismic, high-resolution sequence stratigraphy and production data in a 3D geological model

Poster G9 The Turrum Field in the offshore Gippsland Basin has been a significant producing field since first development in 2004 and remains a keystone gas resource for the future as many of the Gippsland assets continue to deplete. The Turrum Field is a faulted anticlinal structure with multiple, stacked, Paleocene-aged fluvial to lagoonal reservoirs that stratigraphically sit below the overlying Marlin Field gas cap. This field was developed in two phases with drilling campaigns in 2004 and 2015 and includes a dedicated platform (Marlin B) for the higher pressure, higher CO2 gas. Leveraging the 2018 reprocessed Northern Margins 3D seismic survey with a modern broadband processing workflow and wider bandwidth and higher signal-to-noise ratio has led to a seismic image with greater resolution and allowed improved reservoir characterisation. The uplift in seismic data together with the colour blending capabilities in GeoTeric®, has led to the seismic identification of large-scale fluvial reservoir systems. These products have been integrated with a revised field-wide sequence stratigraphic framework, petrophysical analysis and incorporated into a full-field 3D geological model of the Turrum Field. The resultant geological model has improved our understanding of reservoir connectivity and will enable rapid integration of production and surveillance data to optimise gas deliverability. This will also provide increased confidence for future field depletion planning including the identification of potential bypassed gas opportunities prior to end of field life. To access the poster click the link on the right. To read the full paper click here

Optimising value in the mature Turrum Field: integrating modern seismic, high-resolution sequence stratigraphy and production data in a 3D geological model

The Turrum Field in the offshore Gippsland Basin has been a significant producing field since first development in 2004 and remains a keystone gas resource for the future as many of the Gippsland assets continue to deplete. The Turrum Field is a faulted anticlinal structure with multiple, stacked, Paleocene-aged fluvial to lagoonal reservoirs that stratigraphically sit below the overlying Marlin Field gas cap. This field was developed in two phases with drilling campaigns in 2004 and 2015 and includes a dedicated platform (Marlin B) for the higher pressure, higher CO2 gas. Leveraging the 2018 reprocessed Northern Margins 3D seismic survey with a modern broadband processing workflow and wider bandwidth and higher signal-to-noise ratio has led to a seismic image with greater resolution and allowed improved reservoir characterisation. The uplift in seismic data together with the colour blending capabilities in GeoTeric®, has led to the seismic identification of large-scale fluvial reservoir systems. These products have been integrated with a revised field-wide sequence stratigraphic framework, petrophysical analysis and incorporated into a full-field 3D geological model of the Turrum Field. The resultant geological model has improved our understanding of reservoir connectivity and will enable rapid integration of production and surveillance data to optimise gas deliverability. This will also provide increased confidence for future field depletion planning including the identification of potential bypassed gas opportunities prior to end of field life.

Application of intelligent energy management and control system in industrial enterprises

Under the background of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality, the efficient use of energy has become the focus of research in the energy field. The article first analyzes the challenges in the energy management and control system based on the development status and trends of the intelligent energy management and control system of industrial enterprises; then proposes the system architecture and design of the intelligent energy management and control system of industrial enterprises, from energy monitoring, energy management, energy forecasting, energy analysis, energy diagnosis, energy optimization and other aspects provide comprehensive and strong support for the energy management of industrial enterprises, and realize the integration and automation of energy and production data.

Integration of Harvester Production Data in German Wood Supply Chains: Legal, Social and Economic Requirements

Digitalization and its associated technology are shaping the world economy and society. Data collection, data exchange, and connection throughout the wood supply chain have become increasingly important. There exist many technologies for the implementation of Industry 4.0 applications in forestry. For example, the integration of harvester production data throughout the wood supply chain seems to have strong optimization potential but it is faced with several challenges due to the high number of stakeholders involved. Therefore, the objective of this article is to analyze the legal, social, and economic conditions surrounding the integration of harvester production data integration in Germany. For analysis of the legal and economic conditions, a narrative literature analysis was performed with special consideration of the relevant German and European legal references. For determination of the social conditions, a qualitative content analysis of 27 expert interviews was performed. Results showed that legal ownership of harvester production data cannot be clearly defined in Germany, but there exist several protection rights against misuse, which can define an ownership-similar data sovereignty. Furthermore, harvester data use can be restricted in the case where personal data are traceable, based on European data protection law. From a social perspective, the stakeholders interviewed in the study had different opinions on data ownership. Stakeholders require specific criteria on the data (interfaces) and other factors for the acceptance of new structures to allow successful harvester data integration. From an economic perspective, harvester production data are tradeable through varying transaction forms but, generally, there is no accepted and valid formula in existence for calculating the value or price of harvester data. Therefore, the authors advise discussing these issues with key stakeholders to negotiate and agree on data ownership and use in order to find a suitable solution to realize optimization potentials in the German wood supply chain.

Integration of Time-Lapse Seismic and Production Data: Analysis of Spatial Resolution

An analysis of spatial resolution is incorporated into an efficient model calibration approach with multi-scale data integration to examine the reliability of the estimated solution. The resolution is a measure of the degree of averaging of the local-scale (grid block) permeabilities during parameter estimation via inverse modeling. For a given set of data, it indicates the regions where our estimate is well constrained. By examining the spatial resolution in time-lapse seismic data integration, we can quantitatively evaluate the relative contribution of pressure and saturation changes on the calibrated permeability field. We illustrate this concept using synthetic and field applications. The synthetic example is a 5 spot pattern, where the time-lapse seismic data are incorporated as inferred pressure and saturation changes. The field example involves waterflooding of a North Sea reservoir with multiple seismic surveys. The results demonstrate that the analysis of spatial resolution provides quantitative information on our ability to estimate the subsurface heterogeneity. It is found that integration of seismic data based on inferred pressure changes better determine the barriers to the flow (e.g., low permeability areas), while calibrating the model based on saturation changes provides complementary information to identify the channels (e.g., high permeability regions).

Application of Flow Diagnostics to Rapid Production Data Integration in Complex Grids and Dual-Permeability Models

SummaryStreamline-based methods, as repeatedly demonstrated in multiple applications, offer a robust and elegant framework for reconciling high-resolution geologic models with observed field responses. However, significant challenges persist with the application of streamline-based methods in complex grids and dual-permeability media due to the difficulty with streamline tracing in these systems. In this work, we propose a novel and efficient framework that circumvents these challenges by avoiding explicit tracing of streamlines but exploits the inherent desirable features of streamline-based production data integration in high-resolution geologic models.Our approach features the application of flow diagnostics to inverse problems involving the integration of multiphase production data in reservoir models. Here, time-of-flight as well as numerical tracer concentrations for each well, on the basis of a defined flux field, are computed on the native finite-volume grid. The information embedded in these metrics are used in the dynamic definition of stream-bundles and, eventually, in the computation of analytical water arrival-time sensitivities with respect to model properties. This calculation mimics the streamline-derived analytical sensitivity computation used in the well-established generalized travel-time inversion (GTTI) technique but precludes explicit streamline tracing. The reservoir model property field is updated iteratively by solving the LSQR (sparse least-squares with QR factorization) system composed of the computed analytical sensitivity and the optimal water travel-time shift, augmented with regularization and smoothness constraints.The power and efficacy of our approach are demonstrated using synthetic model and field applications. We first validate our approach by benchmarking with the streamline-based GTTI algorithm involving a single-permeability medium. The flow-diagnostics-derived analytical sensitivities were observed to show good agreement with the streamline-derived sensitivities in terms of correctly capturing relevant spatiotemporal trends. Furthermore, the desirable quasilinear behavior characteristic of the traditional streamline-based GTTI technique was preserved. The flow-diagnostics-based inversion technique is then applied to a field-scale problem involving the integration of multiphase production data into a dual-permeability model of a large naturally fractured reservoir. The results clearly demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach in overcoming the limitations of classical streamline-based methods with dual-permeability systems. By construction, this approach finds direct application in single/multicontinuum models with generic grid designs, both in structured and fully unstructured formats, thereby aiding well-level history matching and high-resolution updates of modern geologic models.This work presents, for the first time, an application of the GTTI to dual-permeability models of naturally fractured reservoirs. This is facilitated by a simplified, yet effective approach to travel-time sensitivity computations directly on finite-volume grids. The proposed approach can be easily applied to subsurface models at levels of complexity identified as challenging for classical streamline-based methods.

The Gryphon, Maclure, Tullich and Ballindalloch fields, Blocks 9/18b, 9/18c, 9/19a, 9/23d and 9/24e, UK North Sea

Abstract The Gryphon Field was discovered in 1987 in Quadrant 9 in the Beryl Embayment. Oil was encountered in a thick Balder Formation sandstone, and the reservoir was interpreted as lobes of a submarine fan system, such as many of the prolific early Tertiary fields in the North Sea. After an extensive appraisal phase, oil production started in 1993 through the Gryphon floating production, storage and offloading vessel. After a successful initial development phase, the integration of production data, improved and regularly acquired seismic data, and a better geological understanding resulted in the identification of sandstone intrusions. These have since been interpreted to form a volumetrically significant part of the Gryphon reservoir. The drilling of further infill wells, and the development of satellite fields Maclure, Tullich and the future Ballindalloch, ensued from this change to the geological model. To date, the Gryphon, Maclure and Tullich fields have produced more than 200 MMbbl of oil compared to an initial reserve estimate of 151 MMbbl. Although the current and mid-term focus remains on maximizing oil production, the final phase of the wider Gryphon area fields’ development should see the production of the regional gas cap.

A strategic and data production frameworks for the development of business statistics

This paper highlights the key characteristics and implications of the strategic and data production frameworks designed and progressively implemented by the United Nations Committee of Experts on Business and Trade Statistics (UNCEBTS) to enhance the relevance, accuracy and coverage of business statistics, according to an internationally comparable, result-oriented and sustainable approach. The strategic framework aims to expand the traditional scope of official business statistics by including all relevant environmental and social related issues. NSOs may achieve relevant improvements by focusing their efforts upon specific global goals consistent with their national ones, and sourcing from knowledge sharing with other countries and international coordination. It also highlights the relevance of an enterprise-centered approach for a better understanding of emerging phenomena by official statisticians, and for priority setting in improving the quality of business statistics. The data production framework is dominated by the crucial role of the Statistical Business Register (SBR) as the backbone of any current and future improvements in the relevance and accuracy of business statistics. Its implications, both in terms of sustainability of production lines, data integration and production of new indicators that exploit the variability dimension of business statistics are further investigated in the paper.

Fracture inference and optimal well placement using a multiscale history matching in a HPHT tight gas reservoir, Tarim Basin, China

Fractures play an important role in well placement by influencing the well productivity and dominating the fluid flow underground. Though seismic data is often used to identify fracture swarms, the conductivities of fractures can be hard to evaluate, and data quality of seismic surveys typically decreases as the reservoir becomes deeper. In terms of inferring complex fracture patterns, dynamic production data integration can play a vital role. This paper presents a hierarchical multi-scale history matching approach that combines evolutionary algorithm and streamline method to calibrate fracture permeabilities in a HPHT tight gas reservoir using dual porosity models. The reservoir is located in the Tarim basin, China, and has a depth of more than 7500 m with high pressure (18000 psi) and high temperature (340 °F). The fracture properties of the dual porosity model are initially derived from seismic attributes and further calibrated with dynamic data using the proposed multi-scale history matching. The calibrated fracture model can detect the fracture swarm locations underground. The streamlines generated from the history matched model in conjunction with reservoir properties are used to define a ‘depletion capacity map’ which is then used for optimal infill well placement. Most of the previous streamline-based field applications are limited to incompressible or slightly compressible flow. In this paper streamline-based analytical sensitivities are extended to highly compressible flow. To our knowledge, this is the first-time streamlines have been used to facilitate history matching and optimal well placement for gas reservoirs.

Research on Product Service Marketing Model of Environmental Protection Enterprises from the Perspective of Big Data

Nowadays, the information revolution of “big data” is approaching. “Big Data” is self-evident for the marketing of environmentally friendly products. It can optimize the integration of production and distribution data of environmentally friendly products to guide the production and management activities of environmental protection enterprises. Studying the impact of “Big Data” on the marketing of environmental protection products has important practical significance for promoting the development of environmental protection industry. Using the theory of big data management and marketing, the paper selects a company that produces air purifiers to analyze the internal and external environment, and obtains the development opportunities and development threats of the product. By combing the advantages and disadvantages of the air purifier products. Develop a corresponding marketing strategy and achieve strategic goals.

Integration and evaluation of aircraft power plant production and operational data

The paper focuses on identification of the limits of data collection based on data analyses in GE Aviation Czech, Ltd. to improve current system for data collection pertaining non-conforming products which are collected during the process of the product reconciliation. The paper contains a description of non-conformity product, data collection as well as their analysis and evaluation. Paper describes development of conceptual model of data integration about non-conformity products regarding aircraft power plant production and operation data, by the means of UFO upper level ontology. It shows the importance for building a system for collecting and evaluating data about non-conformity products in GE Aviation Czech, Ltd.

Gradient-based Pareto optimal history matching for noisy data of multiple types

The advantages of the simultaneous integration of production and time-lapse seismic data for history matching have been demonstrated in a number of previous studies. Production data provide accurate observations at particular spatial locations (wells), while seismic data enable global, though filtered/noisy, estimates of state variables. In this work, we present an efficient computational tool for bi-objective history matching, in which data misfits for both production and seismic measurements are minimized using an adjoint-gradient approach. This enables us to obtain a set of Pareto optimal solutions defining the optimal trade-off between production and seismic data misfits (which are, to some extent, conflicting). The impact of noise structure and noise level on Pareto optimal solutions is investigated in detail. We discuss the existence of the “best” trade-off solution, or least-conflicting posterior model, which corresponds to the history-matched model that is expected to provide the least-conflicting forecast of future reservoir performance. The overall framework is successfully applied in 2D and 3D compositional simulation problems to provide a single least-conflicting posterior model and, for the 2D case, multiple samples from the posterior distribution using the randomized maximum likelihood method.

Integration of microseismic data, completion data, and production data to characterize fracture geometry in the Permian Basin

Abstract Understanding how fractures propagate during multi-stage hydraulic fracturing enables better prediction for production and increases reserves. Fracture complexity due to fracture interaction makes it challenging to accurately quantify fracture geometry. Some solutions like proppant tracers and microseismic data acquisition may give a rough representation of fracture geometry, but they cannot provide complete information for fracture geometry without separate model verification. Through data synthesis from microseismicity, stimulation treatment, and production, calibrated models increase reliability in determining fracture geometry. The Permian Basin's unique lithology contains a high degree of vertical heterogeneity, accentuating the complexity that makes fracture modeling difficult. Microseismic data give gross fracture dimensions, including fracture height, length, and azimuth, and the direction of maximum horizontal stress while also providing a baseline for calibrating stimulation and reservoir simulators. Our stimulation model indicates that initiating fractures inside the Wolfcamp B2 formation results in propped height growth being contained by the Wolfcamp B1 and Wolfcamp B3 layers. Furthermore, the reservoir model also suggests that contributing reservoir volume comes mainly from the Wolfcamp B2 formation. In addition, from the microseismic analysis, the slurry stages initiated more events closer to the heel of the wellbore than the toe, which mimics the results from the fracture propagation simulator, where the fracture closest to the heel is wider since more fluid enters during the treatment than the other fractures.

Deepwater slope valley reservoir architecture and connectivity, Brazil

A detailed interpretation was undertaken to improve the description of connectivity and reservoir distribution for a field in the Campos Basin, Brazil. The Miocene reservoir was deposited in a deepwater, channelized turbidite fairway in a slope valley setting. Static pressure data acquired after production start-up indicated communication across the reservoir, but the values varied significantly, implying that the efficiency of communication varies. High-quality 3D seismic in combination with production and well data led to a hierarchical interpretation, from channel element to complex-set scale, which defined key stratigraphic and pressure surfaces. Integration of a high-repeatability 4D monitor survey showed that the 4D response changed at stratigraphic boundaries. The 4D data tied to production indicate that an aquifer is traveling along the base of the reservoir in discrete channels. The use of 4D depth shift data increased confidence in the waterfront interpretation in areas without production data. Aggradational channel complexes in the upper part of the reservoir show baffling at the margins of channel complexes down to the channel element scale. The channel elements are also likely baffled on the margins with greater connectivity downward into the lower, amalgamated unit. The lower unit shows greater lateral continuity in 4D signal, consistent with pressure data that indicate larger depletion over greater distances than the overlying aggradational complexes where producer wells are located. In summary, mapping of reservoir architecture and identification of key stratigraphic surfaces from 3D have reduced uncertainty in reservoir distribution and connectivity. Integration of 4D seismic and production data has provided confirmation of connectivity through the identification of waterfronts and unswept areas of the reservoir.

Enhanced gas recovery of an ageing field utilizing N 2 displacement: De Wijk Field, The Netherlands

Abstract Enhancing recovery of the remaining gas in ageing fields presents a commercial opportunity. As such, NAM took the decision to apply on-site generated N 2 injection for the first time. The De Wijk gas field was selected based on size and geological setting, allowing the demonstration of N 2 flooding of depleted gas in diverse reservoir types, as well as testing the efficiency of residual gas sweeping in the watered-out reservoir. De Wijk is one of the oldest onshore natural gas fields in The Netherlands, having produced c. 15 Bcm (billion cubic metres) of high calorific gas with a natural N 2 content of 5–11% for more than 60 years, bringing it close to the end of field life. Enhanced gas recovery in this field would extend the field life and that of the Ten Arlo gas-processing system, thereby also lengthening tail-end production of other connected fields. In De Wijk, the existing 35 wells were used as dedicated injectors and producers. The production rates from the latter are used to help better understand reservoir flow behaviour. Integration of geological analysis and available production data helped to implement the N 2 enhanced gas recovery technology in this mature field. Two processes of enhanced gas recovery were tested: a gas–gas displacement in the depleted gas leg (Nitrogen Assisted Depletion Drive: NADD); and gas displacing residual gas in the water leg (Nitrogen Enhanced Residual Gas: NERG). Observations after 1 year of N 2 injection showed that planned v. actual performance of the NADD technology is comparable with an increase in production of 100 000–160 000 Nm 3 /day (normal cubic metre per day). NERG application restored a watered-out well; however, further investigation of this application is required. It is demonstrated that a detailed geological understanding of, for example, permeable Rogenstein oolite intervals and the lateral connectivity of internal high-permeability streaks in Volpriehausen sandstones is crucial to the successful application of enhanced gas recovery techniques in such ageing fields.

Automated production data integration for energy-oriented process chain design

Energy efficiency is an important aspect in automotive industry. While energy demand occurs during the operation phase of a production system, it is determined during the planning process. To enable a forecast of energy consumption during process chain design and a demand specific dimensioning of machine components, a modular framework consisting of specialized planning tools and an integrated database is developed. A seamless information flow based on OPC UA and AutomationML connects shop floor and planning environment and ensures data consistency. A database integrates available data sources and condenses acquired raw data to relevant reference data. The concept is prototypically implemented in a crank shaft production line.

Identifying influence areas with connectivity analysis – application to the local perturbation of heterogeneity distribution for history matching

Numerical representations of a target reservoir can help to assess the potential of different development plans. To be as predictive as possible, these representations or models must reproduce the data (static, dynamic) collected on the field. However, constraining reservoir models to dynamic data – the history-matching process – can be very time consuming. Many uncertain parameters need to be taken into account, such as the spatial distribution of petrophysical properties. This distribution is mostly unknown and usually represented by millions of values populating the reservoir grid. Dedicated parameterization techniques make it possible to investigate many spatial distributions from a small number of parameters. The efficiency of the matching process can be improved from the perturbation of specific regions of the reservoir. Distinct approaches can be considered to define such regions. For instance, one can refer to streamlines. The leading idea is to identify areas that influence the production behavior where the data are poorly reproduced. Here, we propose alternative methods based on connectivity analysis to easily provide approximate influence areas for any fluid-flow simulation. The reservoir is viewed as a set of nodes connected by weighted links that characterize the distance between two nodes. The path between nodes (or grid blocks) with the lowest cumulative weight yields an approximate flow path used to define influence areas. The potential of the approach is demonstrated on the basis of 2D synthetic cases for the joint integration of production and 4D saturation data, considering several formulations for the weights attributed to the links.