Oil Production Pipelines Research Articles

Field Experimental Research on Application of Strain Special Optical Cable and Parallel Optical Cable

With the rapid development of China’s oil and gas pipeline mileage, pipeline construction will be unable to avoid crossing high-risk areas such as disaster risk areas, densely populated areas, environmentally sensitive areas. The traditional extensive pipeline patrol method has been unable to meet the requirements of fine management, which puts forward a new test for the upgrade of safety monitoring technology. In this paper, the distributed optical fiber sensing technology which has been studied intensively in recent years is introduced. Through in-depth analysis of pipeline requirements and characteristics of accompanying optical cable, a single-end BOTDA solution suitable for long-distance oil and gas pipelines is proposed. A 400-meter pipeline trench was excavated along the route of a domestic product oil pipeline. Strain special cables and GYTA53 cables were laid concurrently. Twelve strain monitoring sections were set up using vibrating wire strain sensors. The strain of two kinds of optical cables was monitored under various working conditions, such as partial backfilling, full backfilling, manual compaction and heavy mechanical compaction, as well as the monitoring values of two kinds of optical cable for soil temperature. The test results show that: 1) the strain-sensitive fiber optic cable is sensitive to strain feedback, and can produce rapid feedback to 2m3 pile soil, while the stress feedback of pipeline-accompanying fiber optic cable to soil is very small. 2) The temperature around the pipeline can be accurately reflected by the fiber optic cable, and it can be used for temperature compensation in strain monitoring.

Forecasting energy consumption of long-distance oil products pipeline based on improved fruit fly optimization algorithm and support vector regression

Predicting the energy consumption of oil pipelines is an important part of pipeline companies’ energy-saving and consumption-reduction plans and the realization of refined management. In order to predict the energy consumption of the long-distance product oil pipeline faster and better, this manuscript innovatively uses the normal distribution function to improve the search mode of the fruit fly optimization algorithm (FOA). It establishes the normal distribution fruit fly optimization algorithm (NFOA). It enhances search accuracy in the central area and effectively expands the search scope. Experimental results show that the accuracy and stability of the algorithm are improved by 100% and 900%. Then, NFOA combined with support vector regression (NFOA-SVR) is used to predict the three long-distance product pipeline data sets in China. The results show that the optimization speed and prediction accuracy of NFOA-SVR in LCY-Others set and LW-total set are significantly better than the other two algorithms. In the LCY-Pump set, NFOA-SVR has the same accuracy as the other two algorithms. Finally, experiments on random data sets show that the accuracy and stability of NFOA-SVR gradually decrease with the increase of the standard deviation of the data set.

Features of qualification of theft from an oil pipeline, gas pipeline, oil product pipeline

The article analyzes the theoretical, legal and applied problems of qualification of theft from an oil pipeline, gas pipeline, oil product pipeline by means of unauthorized tie-ins into main or production oil product pipelines and examines the features of the criminal-legal assessment of their careless damage. The high social danger of these crimes and significant material damage are noted. The results of the study allow us to reveal some contradictions in the application of measures of criminal responsibility for the same unlawful acts committed under identical circumstances.

Выбор формул для гидравлического расчета нефте- и нефтепродуктопроводов

Выбор формул для гидравлического расчета нефте- и нефтепродуктопроводов

Discussion on product oil on-line back mixing technology based on a product oil pipeline

The mixed oil treatment of Product oil is an important task of pipeline enterprises. The paperconcluded that the on-line back mixing technology was feasible, compared treatment methods from the perspective of safety and economic benefits. TheProduct oil pipeline is taken as the research object in this paper, studied the concentration distribution of mixed Product oil and amount of mixed Product oilunder operation and shutdown condition, and brief studied Product oil On-line back mixing technology. Combined with the demand and pipeline length, the mixing test is determined at CD station and CQ station. The operation process as follow: First, Product oilsamples areextracted from the pipeline. Second, the index parameters are detected after the oil samples are mixed with different proportions, and obtaining the blending potential under the theoretical situation, the result show that the mixing potential of gasoline is greater than that of diesel. Third, the field test do with arbitrarily mixed oil download scheme, which study two mixed oil surfaces. The required fund of dealing with the mixed oil is obtained combined with the download amount of mixed oil.Finally, comparing with the funds of the previous contaminated treatment methods, it is concluded that the On-line Back Mixing technology has great advantages in both safety and economic benefits.

国内在役成品油管道罐容需求和储罐设置分析

国内在役成品油管道罐容需求和储罐设置分析

Study on mixing interface of continuous large drop and U-shaped product pipeline

In the long-distance pipeline of product oil, gasoline and diesel oil are transported in batches. Due to the large difference of physical properties between the two kinds of oil products, there will be oil mixing at each interface. Because the index parameters of mixed oil do not meet the sales standard, it is necessary to track the interface accurately, so as to provide necessary reference for cutting mixed oil. The topography of southwest mountainous area is characterized by continuous large drop and U-shape, which brings difficulties to batch tracking of product oil pipeline. The previous method is not suitable for this type of pipeline. Therefore, it is necessary to re study the batch tracking method of this type of product pipeline, and use vs2019 to write batch tracking software for continuous large drop and U-shaped product pipeline based on this method. The batch tracking error of the software for this type of pipeline is within the acceptable range, which can provide more accurate reference for the operation control personnel

Применение методов неразрушающего контроля качества при обследовании состояния систем молниезащиты пожаро-взрывоопасных объектов

The issues of non-destructive testing carried out during the inspection of the state of lightning protection systems for fire and explosion hazardous facilities, are considered. Including the objects of the main oil and oil product pipelines were considered. It is indicated three types of tests have to be used: quantitative assessment of the necessary elements of the lightning protection system, visual and measuring control of the system elements using geometric and geodetic measurements, and measuring the electrical parameters of the elements of the lightning protection system. The features of control and measurements related to the calculation of protection zones against a direct lightning strike when using lightning rods of various types or their combinations are described. Examples of the estimation of the error in calculating the protection zones against a direct lightning strike are given.

New insights from probabilistic modelling of corrosion in structural reliability analysis

Infrastructure intended to contain or exclude fluids or gasses, or reinforced with glass or other fibres may be subject to failure caused by pitting corrosion of the containment system or of the reinforcement. To assess the reliability of the infrastructure then requires probabilistic models for the deterioration processes involved. Typically the critical deterioration is through localized pitting and in particular the most extreme pit depth as this governs containment capability and also fibre strength. The ‘arch-typical’ distribution for representing maximum pit depth is the Gumbel extreme value distribution, for which complying data plot linearly on a so-called Gumbel plot. However, there is increasing evidence that large, homogeneous datasets show significant deviations from linearity. This is demonstrated for steel plates continuously immersed in seawater, for the interior corrosion of water injection pipelines and for crude oil production pipelines. Further examples are given for the maximum pit depth on stainless steel rollers in the papermaking industry and for localized corrosion of glass fibre reinforcement in concrete structures. In each case the non-linear trends obtained permit a re-interpretation of, and new insights for, the underlying physico-chemical-material mechanisms. The results are important for accurate representation of deterioration processes and for best-practice structural reliability analyses.

Use of collapsible pipelines for joint work with main oil product pipelines

The paper describes development stages for dismountable pipelines to work together with the major oil pipeline. Dismountable pipelines are used for transporting refined oil volumes over great distances in any climatic and geographical conditions. A dismountable construction provides technological pipeline schemes for rapid transportation and distribution of refined oil products to storage tanks. Subsequently, these products from containers can be utilized for various purposes.

Decommissioning of subsea oil and gas production pipelines: hydrodynamic modeling for preliminary assessment of sediment resuspension and burial onto benthic organisms

Decommissioning of subsea oil and gas production pipelines: hydrodynamic modeling for preliminary assessment of sediment resuspension and burial onto benthic organisms

Разработка типоразмерного ряда неполнооборотных электроприводов

Specialists of NII Transneft LLC and TOMZEL JSC were tasked with developing a standard-size range of partturn electric drives with an electronic control unit for ball shutoff valves in order to arrange the Russian production of this type of equipment. When determining the requirements for the developed valves, the features of the operation of foreign-made part-turn electric drives were taken into account. New developments had to meet general technical requirements, safety and ergonomics requirements for electric drives operated in oil and petroleum products pipeline transport facilities. When elaborating technical solutions, an analysis of thematic publications, international and Russian regulatory documents, technical characteristics of domestic and imported drives, existing solutions for the layout of electric drives with electronic control units has been accomplished. As part of the R&D work, optimal design solutions have been found taking into account the actual operating conditions of the equipment, design documentation has been developed for the standard-size range of part-turn electric drives, prototypes have been manufactured, and their preliminary and acceptance tests have been accomplished successfully.

Study on the Law of Diesel Oil Carrying Water in Lanzhou–Chengdu–Chongqing Product Oil Pipeline Based on Large Eddy Simulation

Water accumulation at the bottom of the product oil pipeline will lead to corrosion damage to the pipeline. The study on water carrying laws of refined oil could provide a reference for the safe operation of the pipeline. In this paper, the actual size of Lanzhou–Jiangyou section of Lanzhou–Chengdu–Chongqing pipeline was taken as the pipeline size. The volume of fluid (VOF) model of oil-water two-phase flow based on large eddy simulation (LES) was established. The numerical simulation of the water-carrying behavior of the product oil in the inclined pipeline was carried out. The LES-based two-phase flow model can capture the characteristics of stratified flow, wavy stratified flow, and dispersed flow under various operating conditions. The model was applied to simulate the water carrying process under various oil inlet velocities and the inclined pipe angles. The results show that as the pipeline inclined angle is 10~20° and the oil inlet velocity is 0.66 m/s, the flow patterns in the pipeline mainly include stratified flow and wavy stratified flow. As the oil inlet velocity is 0.88~1.55 m/s, the flow patterns in the pipe are mainly stratified flow, wavy stratified flow, and dispersed flow. As the inclined angle of the pipeline is 30~40°, the flow patterns in the pipeline mainly include stratified flows, wavy stratified flows, and dispersed flows. Finally, with the increase of flow time, water can be carried completely from the pipeline through the oil. With the increase of oil inlet velocity, the water carrying capacity of oil gradually increases. With the increase of pipeline inclination, the water carrying capacity of oil firstly increases and then decreases.

Correction: Formation Mechanism of Trailing Oil in Product Oil Pipeline. Processes 2019, 7, 7

We were not aware of some errors made in the proofreading phase; therefore, we wish to make the following corrections to the mathematical equations in the text in [...]

Optimization of Application Conditions of Drag Reduction Agent in Product Oil Pipelines.

Drag reduction performance was studied with a rotating disk instrument in the laboratory, and experiments show that there is an initial rapid growth stage and stability stage for drag reduction ratio change. The higher the rotational speed, the larger the initial drag reduction ratio is; the larger the concentration, the shorter the drag reduction stabilization time is. Under high concentration and high speed, the drag reduction onset time is short. Because of the shear degradation, the Reynolds number should be taken into account during use. Through a comparison of diesel properties after adding agents with national standard, it is confirmed that drag reduction agents could be used in this pipeline.

PERSPECTIVE DIRECTIONS OF GASIFICATION OF THE REPUBLIC OF TUVA

Based on the analysis of the current situatim with gas supply in the Republic of Tuva (low gas supply to the population, lask of gas based heat generation), the article duscusses possible ways to solve the problem of gas supply to cites, towns and rural settlements of the republic in line with current trends in the development of gasification processes in the regions of Russia. The gas requirements of all categories of consumers: the population, heat generation enterprises, social and household spheres in the region are estimated. The prospects for gas supply in the centext of solving envitonmentae problems are to reduce air pollution in cities and towns. The directions of solving the problem of gasification of Tuva in the long term are substantiated, also considered option for transferring the economy of republic to the main gas supply, construction of an oil product pipeline are considered.
 The following effective ways to increase the level of gasification in Tuva are identified: the realization of the potential for gas production from coal deposits, the use of thermal energy from an underground fire and the development of autonomous gasification, which can be carried out during stage I of gasification. At the second stage, it is possible to transfer the economy and social sphere to the main gas supply though the construction of Tuva gas pipeline or the oil product pipeline.

Study on inner corrosion behavior of high strength product oil pipelines

Pipeline transportation is one of the five major modes of transportation. Inner corrosion problems in product oil pipelines are widespread but have not received attention, and high strength product oil pipelines are rarely used in China. In this paper, morphology and composition analysis and electrochemical methods were used to study the corrosion behaviors and characteristics of API 5L X65, X70 and X80 steel product oil pipelines. The feasibility of using high strength product oil pipelines in the transportation environment of product oil under the condition of inner corrosion is discussed, and the support for the safe operation of product oil pipelines is provided. The research results show that X80 pipeline steel has advantages over X65 and X70 pipeline steel. In the simulated liquid system of sediments in product oil pipeline, as the immersion time increases, the corrosion rate of X65, X70 and X80 pipeline steels shows a trend from high to low. Morphological analysis and electrochemical analysis showed that X80 pipeline steel showed better performance and adaptability to the environment, and its aerobic corrosion reaction was slower than that of X65 and X70 pipeline steel. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) results show that the three pipeline steels have the same corrosion mechanism, and all of them form Fe2O3, FeOOH, FeCO3, and FeS. The corrosion process is similar but the speed is different. This is attributed to the more corrosion-resistant trace elements in the X80 pipeline steel composition and the structure more compact. The application of high strength API 5L X80 steel in the product oil pipeline is still in its infancy, and it will be more practical to accelerate the development of API 5L X80 steel to make it more applicable to the construction of product oil pipelines.

Review on gas–liquid–liquid three–phase flow patterns, pressure drop, and liquid holdup in pipelines

Gas–liquid–liquid three–phase co-current flow commonly occurs in the oil & gas production pipelines. The dynamics of three-phase flow are more complex than single and two-phase flow. High pressure drop and liquid holdup are common flow assurance problems in the upstream oil and gas production pipelines. These problems increase the energy consumption of the flow system, especially in the process of enhanced oil recovery (EOR). Three-phase flow behavior is highly dependent on the flow patterns. For an economical and energy-efficient production process, the flow pattern with less pressure drop and liquid holdup needs to be identified. In this article, three-phase flow patterns’ classification and structures are critically reviewed and discussed in detail. Flow regime transition with the change in volumetric fractions and superficial velocities of phases are also elaborated. The prediction models for flow regime transition and stability, pressure drop, liquid holdup, and three-phase flow characteristics are presented.

Влияние экспандирования труб на перераспределение остаточных напряжений после формовки

In the factory, pipes for trunk oil and oil product pipelines are obtained by molding and welding. To ensure a cylindrical shape and reduce technological residual stresses, expansion technology is used. Pipe expansion causes a significant change in the values of residual deformations and stresses. The article presents both the calculation results and graphs regarding stress and strain distribution during bending of the stock and their redistribution after expansion. Based on the calculation results, the final total values of residual stresses and residual deformations caused by bending and expansion were stated to be important components of the stress-strain state observed in pipelines being operated under cyclic loading, as well as those used in assessing how degradation affects the ductility of the pipe material. These factors were concluded as being reasonably taken into account when performing verification calculations regarding long-running pipelines if, based on their diagnostics and analysis, their state does not meet modern strength requirements.

Calculation method for the amount of contaminant oil during sequential transportation through product oil pipelines

A considerable amount of oil contamination is caused by the presence of the trailing oil. This paper aims to simulate and analyze the influences of trailing oil on the quality of oil products in undulating sections. By studying the formation mechanism of mixed oil at inclining pipeline sections and the influences of velocity and oil batches on incline sections, as well as both ups and downs, the correlation is obtained between replacement time of different batches and velocity at various sections. By applying FLUENT 14.5, the maximum time of volume fraction of contaminant oil from 1% to 99% is simulated at cross-sections among different pipeline sections. Aiming at the relationship between oil product replacement time and change time of mixing section volume fraction and flow velocity, the mixing increment of undulating section relative to straight section is obtained. Combining with the empirical mixing length calculation equation, the equation for calculating mixing length considering terrain undulation is obtained. Combined with the actual operation data of Lan-Chengyu’s product oil pipeline, the error of the new mixed oil length calculation equation and actual oil mixing is 0.7966%. Excessive cutting amount of mixed oil will result in the waste of refined oil, and the less cutting amount will cause pollution of refined oil. The new mixed oil length calculation equation can more accurately guide the oil mixing cutting work at the oil station.