Pearson Product Research Articles

Personality traits, peer influence as a correlate of Nomophobic behaviour among undergraduate students in Obafemi Awolowo university, ILE-IFE, Nigeria.

The study investigated the prevalence of Nomophobic behaviour among undergraduate students of Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria. It also ascertained the correlate of each of students’ psychosocial factors (personality traits and peer influence) and Nomophobic behaviour among undergraduates. It examined the correlates of students’ social factor (peer influence) and Nomophobic behaviour and ascertained the correlates of psychological factor (personality traits) and Nomophobic behaviour among students in the study area. These were with a view to providing information on psychosocial factors that have relationship with Nomophobic behaviour among the students. The study adopted the descriptive survey research design. The population for the study consisted of Obafemi Awolowo University undergraduate students. A sample of 1080 undergraduate students of Obafemi Awolowo University was selected using multi-stage sampling technique. Six faculties out of 13 were selected using simple random sampling technique and two departments were selected from each of the six faculties using simple random sampling technique to give a total of 12 departments in all. Convenient sampling technique was used to select 90 (100 level to 400/500 level) students from each of the two departments selected in each faculty to make a total of 1080 respondents in all. One instrument titled Psychosocial and Nomophobic Behaviour among Undergraduate Students which contained five sections; Section A comprised item on students’ Nomophobic behaviour, Section B, contained items on students’ personality traits, and Section C comprised items on peer influence, Data collected were analyzed using percentage, Pearson Product Moment Correlation and Multiple Regression analyses. The results showed that (83.8%) of the undergraduate students exhibited moderate level of Nomophobic behaviour. Furthermore, the results established that there was a significant relationship between each students’ personality traits and Nomophobic behaviour among the students (extraversion and Nomophobic behaviour r = 0.04, agreeableness and Nomophobic behaviour r = 0.12, conscientiousness and Nomophobic behaviour r = 0.13, neuroticism and Nomophobic behaviour r = 0.26 and openness to experience and Nomophobic behaviour r = -.01p-value< 0.05). The results also showed that there was significant relationship between peer influence and Nomophobic behaviour among the students with ([r =.18, p value< 0.05). The study concluded that peer influence had the strongest relationship with Nomophobic behaviour of university undergraduates in Obafemi Awolowo University, followed by personality traits, religiousity and depression respectively.

Prognostic Factors in Patients Undergoing Physiotherapy for Chronic Low Back Pain: A Level I Systematic Review

Background: Low back pain is common. For patients with mechanic or non-specific chronic LBP (cLBP), the current guidelines suggest conservative, nonpharmacologic treatment as a first-line treatment. Among the available strategies, physiotherapy represents a common option offered to patients presenting with cLBP. The present systematic review investigates the prognostic factors of patients with mechanic or non-specific cLBP undergoing physiotherapy. Methods: In September 2024, the following databases were accessed: PubMed, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and Embase. All the randomised controlled trials (RCTs) which evaluated the efficacy of a physiotherapy programme in patients with LBP were accessed. All studies evaluating non-specific or mechanical LBP were included. Data concerning the following PROMs were collected: the pain scale, Roland Morris Disability Questionnaire (RMQ), and Oswestry Disability Index (ODI). A multiple linear model regression analysis was conducted using the Pearson Product–Moment Correlation Coefficient. Results: Data from 2773 patients were retrieved. The mean length of symptoms before the treatment was 61.2 months. Conclusions: Age and BMI might exert a limited influence on the outcomes of the physiotherapeutic management of cLBP. Pain and disability at baseline might represent important predictors of health-related quality of life at the six-month follow-up. Further studies on a larger population with a longer follow-up are required to validate these results.

Moderating Effect of Teaching Etiquette on Intercultural Sensitivity and Work Fulfillment of Teachers in Maa District, Davao City

The current study was set to evaluate whether teaching etiquette significantly moderate the relationship between intercultural sensitivity and work fulfillment of teachers. In this study, the researcher selected the 200 public elementary school teachers in Maa District, Davao City as the respondents of the study. Stratified random sampling technique was utilized in the selection of the respondents. Non-experimental quantitative research design using descriptive-correlational method was employed. The data collected were subjected on the following statistical tools: Mean, Pearson Moment Product Correlation, and Hierarchical Regression Analysis. Descriptive analysis showed that teaching etiquette and work fulfillment were described as extensive, while, intercultural sensitivity of teachers was rated as moderately extensive. Further, correlation analysis demonstrated that there is significant relationship among intercultural sensitivity, work fulfillment, and teaching etiquette of teachers in Davao Central District, Davao City. Evidently, hierarchical regression analysis proved that professional etiquette significantly moderates the interaction between intercultural sensitivity and work fulfillment of teachers in Maa District, Davao City. In other words, teaching etiquette is a significant moderator on the intercultural sensitivity and work fulfillment of teachers since it strengthens its relationship. The study, therefore, conducted for further utilization of findings through publication in reputable research journal.

An experimental study on the diagnostic advantage of dual-energy computed tomography over single-energy scan to evaluate the treatment effect following transcatheter arterial chemoembolization.

We assessed the diagnostic advantage of dual-energy computed tomography (DECT) over single-energy computed tomography (SECT) to evaluate lipiodol accumulation in target lesions following transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE). TACE was performed in 10 rabbits in whom the VX2 tumor was implanted in their left liver lobes. The miriplatin-lipiodol mixture was injected into the common hepatic artery. All rabbits were sacrificed 2 days after TACE, and the liver was harvested. CT was performed using both single-energy and dual-energy scan modes. The specimen was stained with Oil Red O to evaluate lipiodol accumulation; this was considered the reference standard. Mutual information (MI) was used to evaluate the significance of radiological-pathological correlation. Estimated iodine content values on iodine material density images were compared with actual values obtained using mass spectroscopy. Mean MI values were 0.69, 0.32, 0.83, 0.72, 0.65, and 0.58 for single-energy scan; iodine density images; and virtual monoenergetic images for energy levels of 40, 60, 80, and 100 keV, respectively. The MI value of the monochromatic image (40 keV) was the highest among all sequences. However, this was not significant compared with the single-energy scan (p = 0.81). A significant correlation was observed between the estimated and actual values of iodine content (Pearson's product moment coefficient = 0.70, p = 0.023). More accurate and quantitative lipiodol evaluation in targeted tumors after TACE can be achieved by applying DECT rather than SECT.

Pengaruh Pola Asuh Orang Tua terhadap Perilaku Keagamaan Siswa Sekolah Dasar Negeri 43 Sungai Sapiah Kota Padang

This research aims to determine the influence of parenting patterns on the religious behavior of class V students at SD N 43 Sungai Sapiah whose address is Jl. Air Paku, Kel. Sapiah River, RT.02/ RW.06, Kec. Kuranji, Padang City, West Sumatra Province. The research method used is a quantitative approach research method. The population in this study were fifth grade students at SD N 43 Sungai Sapiah. The research sampling technique used the Slovin formula. Data collection was carried out using a questionnaire. The data analysis technique used is the Pearson product moment correlation formula. The research results show that the calculated t value of variable X is 4.872 and the t table value obtained is 2.303 (4.872 > 2.303) and the significance value of variables And from the F test, the calculated F value of variable So it is concluded that partially or simultaneously there is a significant influence between parental parenting patterns and the religious behavior of class V students at SD N 43 Sungai Sapiah.

Perceptions of Education Stakeholders on the Effect of Teaching Practices on Academic Achievement in Public Secondary Schools: A Case of Kakamega County, Kenya

The purpose of this study was to determine education stakeholder’s perceptions on the effect of schools’ teaching practices on academic achievement in public secondary schools in Kakamega County, Kenya, The study was guided by School-Based Management Theory. A descriptive research design was used. The target population was 415 principals, 415 Deputy Principals, 415 directors of studies, and 33296 form four candidates of 2022. Stratified and purposive sampling technique was used. The sample comprised of; One hundred principals, 100 deputy principals, 100 directors of studies, and 400 students were chosen as the sample. The research instruments were; Questionnaires, an interview schedule, and document analysis schedule. Descriptive analysis was done using frequencies and percentages while inferential analysis was performed using Chi-square Analysis and Pearson product moment. Qualitative data was transcribed, analysed and reported according to emerging themes The Chi-square analysis indicated a significant difference between schools' teaching practices and academic achievement at a p value p < 0.05. The results indicated that there was a significant difference in their perceptions on the effect of schools’ teaching practices with regard to the effect of the academic achievement with the p value p < .001.The null hypothesis was consequently rejected. The findings indicate a notable disparity in the perceptions of education stakeholders, particularly students and deputy principals, regarding the influence of teaching practices on academic success in public secondary schools in Kakamega County. The p-value of p < .001 signifies a robust level of statistical significance, suggesting that the observed difference in perceptions is improbable to arise from random chance. As a result, the null hypothesis, which posited an absence of difference in perceptions, was dismissed. The evidence indicates a divergence in perspectives between students and deputy principals regarding the influence of teaching practices on academic performance. This may suggest that each group emphasizes or appreciates distinct facets of the pedagogical approaches, or that they possess diverse experiences and insights concerning the implementation of these practices within the educational environment. This implied that that the students and deputy principals perceived differently, the effect of the teaching practices on academic achievement. The study recommends that some teaching practices that were perceived to enhance academic achievement should be used in public secondary schools of Kakamega County.

Correlation of The Application of Teaching At The Right Level (Tarl) With Students' Basic Literacy Outcomes

This study aims to identify the correlation between the implementation of the TaRL (Teaching at the Right Level) approach and the improvement of grade I students' basic literacy learning outcomes. Using a quantitative correlational method, the study involved 25 students grouped into four ability levels: Special Intervention, Basic, Proficient and Advanced. The test results showed that 17 students were at the Special Intervention level, 1 student at the Basic level, 7 students at the Advanced level and none at the Proficient level. Meanwhile, to get data on learning outcomes, students were given multiple choice questions to measure their abilities. Data analysis using the Pearson Product Moment test showed a correlation value of 0.812, which is higher than the critical value of 0.396 at the 5% significance level. This indicates a very strong correlation between the application of TaRL and the improvement of basic literacy learning outcomes based on correlation interpretation. Thus, the null hypothesis (H0: no correlation) is rejected, and the alternative hypothesis (H1 : correlation) is accepted. In conclusion, the application of the TaRL approach is positively related to the improvement of students' basic literacy learning outcomes, demonstrating the effectiveness of this approach in literacy learning.

Reliability and utility of blood glucose levels in the periodontal pockets of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a cross-sectional study.

Several studies have measured gingival blood glucose (GBG) levels, but few have confirmed systematic bias using Bland-Altman analysis. This study compared the effectiveness of GBG levels with that of fingertip blood glucose (FTBG) levels using Bland-Altman and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses. A total of 15 healthy volunteers and 15 patients with type 2 diabetes were selected according to inclusion and exclusion criteria. Each group comprised eight male and seven female participants. The GBG and FTBG levels were measured using a self-monitoring blood glucose device after periodontal examination. Pearson's product‒moment correlation and simple linear regression analyses were performed. In addition, Bland‒Altman analysis was also performed to assess the degree of agreement between the two methods. ROC analysis was conducted to determine the sensitivity, specificity, and cutoff values for patients with diabetes. The area under the ROC curve (AUC) was used to identify significant differences. The mean GBG and FTBG levels were 120 ± 44.8 mg/dL and 137 ± 45.1, respectively, for the whole sample. The mean GBG and FTBG levels were 145 ± 47.2 mg/dL and 163 ± 49.1, respectively, in the diabetes group. The mean GBG and FTBG levels in the nondiabetes group were 95.3 ± 25.2 and 111 ± 18.8, respectively. Patients with diabetes were more likely to have a probing pocket depth (PPD) of ≥4 mm at the sampled site. Pearson's product‒moment correlation and simple linear regression analyses revealed a significant correlation between the GBG and FTBG measurements. Bland-Altman analysis revealed that GBG and FTBG measurements differed significantly among all participants; however, no significant differences were observed among the patients with diabetes (mean difference (MD) ± standard deviation (SD) = -18.1 ± 34.2, 95% confidence interval (CI) [-37.0 to 0.88]) or among the participants with a PPD of ≥4 mm (MD ± SD = -15.2 ± 30.4, 95% CI [-30.8 to 0.43]). The sensitivity, specificity, and cutoff values of the GBG measurements for detecting diabetes were 80%, 93%, and 123.5 mg/dL, respectively. The sensitivity, specificity, and cutoff values of the FTBG measurements for detecting diabetes were 73%, 87%, and 134.0 mg/dL, respectively. No significant differences were observed between the AUCs (0.078, 95% CI [-0.006 to 0.161]). The GBG measurements aligned with the FTBG measurements in the patients with diabetes and among the participants with a PPD of ≥4 mm. Patients with diabetes were more likely to have a PPD of ≥4 mm at the sampled site, GBG levels can be used to screen for type 2 diabetes in dental clinics.

Hubungan antara Stress Akademik dengan Fatigue pada Mahasiswa Universitas Negeri Padang

Fatigue is a subjective state of exhaustion associated with reduced motivation, activity, prolonged mental, or boredom that occurs in situations. Academic stress is a form of stress that occurs due to stressors in the teaching and learning process or things related to learning activities. This study aims to determine the relationship between academic stress and fatigue in students. This study uses quantitative methods with Pearson product moment analysis. The population of this research is Padang State University students from 2021 to 2023. The sampling technique for this study used stratified random sampling with a total sample of 468 people. This research instrument uses the Perceived Sources of Academic Stress scale and the Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory-Short From. Based on the results of the data obtained the value of r = 0.593 with p = 0.000 (sig. <0.05). So it can be said that there is a positive relationship between academic stress and fatigue in Padang State University students from 2021 to 2023. The results show that the high academic stress felt by students is followed by an increase in fatigue felt by students. So it is expected to improve the overall well-being of students and support in achieving optimal academic results without excessive pressure.

Translation and validation of the Indonesian version of the Nutritional Knowledge Questionnaire for Young and Adults Athletes (NUKYA)

Background. NUKYA was prepared to determine the level of sports nutrition knowledge among people teenagers and adults. Objective. This research aims to translate and validate NUKYA into Indonesian. Method. The Indonesian version of the NUKYA questionnaire was evaluated for content validity and reliability by 6 experts and 30 respondents. The content validity of the questionnaire is measured using the item content validity index and the scale content validity index. The validity and reliability of the instrument were assessed using Pearson Product Moment and Cronbach’s α value. Results. The Indonesian version of NUKYA has an I-CVI of 0.98 and an S-CVI/UA of 0.91; Cronbach’s α 0.74 Conclusions. The Indonesian version of NUKYA is valid and reliable for measuring the level of nutritional knowledge of adolescent and adult athletes in Indonesia.

Parents’ Participation and Learners’ Educational Achievement

Parents’ participation plays a great role in a child’s learning development. This study sought to determine the relationship between the parents’ participation and learners’ educational achievement. It also identified which independent variable/s singly or in combination influenced the educational achievement of learners. This study used descriptive-correlational and causal design with content analysis. It utilized an adapted and modified questionnaire which was validity and reliability tested. Mean, Standard Deviation, Pearson Product Moment Correlation and Multiple Linear Regression as the statistical tools. The study's respondents were the Grades 4,5 and 6 pupils from Naawan Elementary School, Naawan District of Misamis Oriental Division, who were elected though simple random sampling using Slovin’s Formula. Results reveal that parents are highly involved in all six dimensions namely, parenting, communicating, volunteering, learning at home, decision making and collaborating with community. Parenting as the highest and volunteering as the lowest. Pupils have the Very Satisfactory rating. Parents’ participation has low positive correlation between the pupils’ educational achievement while parenting and decision-making influence the pupils’ educational achievement. Thus, parents may continue to be involved in their children’s education and teachers may sustain parental participation by providing accessible avenues for parents to engage in their children’s academic journey

Learners’ Conduct and Educational Achievement

Learners’ conduct may be taken from several factors which may be the cause for their educational achievement. This study aimed to determine the level of learners’ conduct and educational achievement. This also determined the relationship between the learners’ conduct and educational achievement. The respondents of this study were the teachers (n=105) from the selected schools in the Division of Cagayan de Oro City. This study used descriptive correlational research design with documentary analysis and utilized an adapted and modified survey questionnaire as its instrument to gather the data from respondents. Statistical tools like frequency and percentage, mean and standard deviation, Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient were used to find out the relationships between the variables. Results showed that the learners’ conduct was at moderate level on which family has the highest mean score while teacher has the lowest mean score. Learners’ educational achievement was at a satisfactory level. Learners’ conduct was negatively correlated with educational achievement. Though negatively correlated but it can be concluded that family plays an important role in molding learners’ conduct. Thus, the school may hold parenting seminars to remind parents of the importance of family in developing the learners’ conduct. If learners have desirable conduct, they would have good study habits that would improve their educational achievement.

Relationship between Adverse Childhood Experiences and Gang Participation Among Youth in Mombasa County, Kenya: From the Perspective of Household Challenges

Purpose: Gang participation has become a universal phenomenon attracting increasing attention in both developed and developing countries. Previous research denotes strong evidence that early life adverse traumas and events heighten the risk of delinquent behaviour among young people. This study aimed to find out whether there is a relationship between household challenges and gang participation among youth gang members in Mombasa County. This study was guided by the Interactional Theory by Terrence Thornberry (1987). Methods: This study employed a correlational research design within the context of Ex-post facto research. The study population consisted of alleged, convicted, and reforming gang members in Mombasa. They were drawn from a database accessed by the Nyali District Peace Committee (DPC) which has 358 members aged between 15-31 years. Purposive, and snowball sampling techniques were used to gather data from the sample. Descriptive statistics namely, frequencies, percentages, and measures of central tendency were used. Inferential statistics namely the Pearson Product Moment correlation coefficient, linear, and regression was then employed to establish the relationship between household challenges and gang participation. Results: The findings revealed a strong positive correlation between gang participation and household challenges (r = 0.876, p < 0.01). Implication: The findings of this study will guide the formulation of programs and interventions for the rehabilitation and reintegration of these gang members. These can be of help to Civil Society Organizations, law enforcement agencies, and probation officers.

Disaster Risk Reduction Measures and Disaster Preparedness of Elementary Schools in Babak District

The study determines the level of disaster risk reduction measures (DRRM) and disaster preparedness, as well as the significant relationship between the two variables in Cogon, San Antonio, and Toril elementary schools in Babak District. A descriptive-correlational research design was employed in this study. Data analysis involved the use of the weighted average mean and the Pearson Product- Moment Correlation Coefficient. A total of forty-five school heads and teachers respondents were selected through total population sampling. The findings of the study revealed that the levels of disaster risk reduction measures (DRRM) and disaster preparedness in the selected schools are very high, suggesting successful integration and implementation of DRRM strategies. Additionally, a significant relationship was found between the two variables, indicating that increased implementation of disaster risk reduction measures (DRRM) corresponds to higher levels of disaster preparedness in the schools. Consequently, incorporating DRRM into school systems improves the readiness of school heads and teachers for unexpected disasters. The school heads and teachers possess more knowledge and skills to handle disasters, as they are responsible for guiding and protecting students during such events.

Validity and Reliability of the Peds QLᵀᴹ 4.0 Generic Core Scale in Indonesian Version in Children with Chronic Kidney Disease Undergoing Hemodialysis in the Dialysis Unit of Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital

Background: The Peds QLᵀᴹ 4.0 Generic Core Scales is a modular instrument for measuring health-related quality of life (HR-QoL) in children and adolescents aged 2 to 18 years. The Peds QLᵀᴹ 4.0 GCS consists of 23 items applicable to healthy school and community populations and populations of children with acute and chronic health conditions. The Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (Peds QLᵀᴹ 4.0 Generic Core Scales) is a modular instrument designed to measure health-related quality of life (HR-QoL) in children and adolescents aged between two and thirteen years. It measures health-related quality of life (HR-QoL) in children and adolescents with progressive chronic kidney disease (CKD), regardless of the underlying etiology, due to the need for regular follow-up visits, strict medication regimens, and dietary intake. Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate the validity and reliability of the Peds QLᵀᴹ 4.0 GCS Indonesian version in children with CKD undergoing hemodialysis (HD) in the Dialysis Unit of Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital. Methods: This type of research is analytical and observational in nature. The Peds QLᵀᴹ 4.0 GCS were administered to 30 children and 30 parents recruited from a pediatric dialysis unit. This study was conducted at a pediatric dialysis unit at Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital Jakarta, Indonesia, in Mei-Juni 2024. Validity was tested using Pearson product moment, and reliability was tested using Cronbach's alpha. Results: A total of 30 children and 30 parents undergoing hemodialysis agreed to participate. The average age of the patients was 8–18 years old. Cronbach’s alpha coefficient for the total Peds QLᵀᴹ 4.0 GCS (α child self-report 0.918; α parent proxy report 0.928). Conclusion: The Indonesian versions of The Peds QLᵀᴹ 4.0 GCS were valid and reliable instruments to measure the HR-QoL of children with CKD on hemodialysis. The Peds QLᵀᴹ 4.0 GCS can be applied to provide relevant evidence that helps the function of quality of life among Indonesian patients on hemodialysis in evaluating health programs.

Environmental Education and Pro-Environmental Behavior Among Um Peñaplata College Students

This study aimed to determine the level of environmental education, the level of pro-environmental behavior, and to examine the relationship between environmental education and pro-environmental behavior among UM Peñaplata College students. The research approach was quantitative, a descriptive-correlational design was employed. Thus, the researchers used mean, Pearson Product Moment Correlational, and regression for data analysis and interpretation. The results revealed that environmental education and students’ pro-environmental behavior is high. Further, there is a moderate correlation between environmental education and pro-environmental behavior among students. It underscored that students who applied an environmental value tends to be aware of how their behaviour affects the environment. The more the school integrates environmental education, the more it fosters pro-environmental behavior. Therefore, incorporating environmental education into schools enhances students’ sustainable actions towards the environment.

The Effect of Tourist Attractions on the Progress of the Sipinsur Geosite Tourism Object in Pearung Tourism Village, Humbang Hasundutan Regency in 2024

This study aims to determine the positive and significant influence of tourist attractions (x) on the progress of tourist attractions (y) Geosite Sipinsur in Pearung Tourism Village, Humbang Hasundutan Regency in 2024. This research uses a quantitative approach by distributing questionnaires to 96 respondents by accidential sampling. To determine the answer score on the questionnaire which will be tested for validity and reliability using a Likert scale. The data analysis technique used is descriptive statistical analysis, Pearson Product Moment correlation, determination coefficient test and simple linear regression analysis. Based on the results of descriptive statistical analysis, the influence of tourist attractions on the progress of tourist attractions is in a good category, with an average of 4.5449 at the interval of the category very advanced. The test results of the correlation coefficient (r) = 0.586 with a sufficient category and compared with r table = 0.200, where r count> r table (0.586> 0.200) it can be said to be significant and the hypothesis is accepted.

Assessment of Community Knowledge, Attitudes, and Perceptions Toward Effluent Quality Discharged from the Shirere Wastewater Treatment Plant to the Isiukhu River, Kakamega County, Kenya

For waste removal, advanced infrastructural technologies can be adopted in the drainage channels of effluents into water bodies though they are limited and scarce. The aim of the study was to asses community knowledge, attitude and perception towards effluent quality discharged from Shirere wastewater treatment plant up to river Isiukhu. Correlation and descriptive survey were the main research approaches adopted. The measurement of the knowledge, perception and attitude was limited to only the community members, as well as Kakamega County Water and Sanitation Company (KACWASCO) staff members. The study was anchored by the risk management theory to demonstrate the vulnerability of community hazards like water pollution. The social-economic sampling approaches applied were stratified for the community members and random for the KACWASCO workers. The population targeted was eighty community members and four KACWASCO staff members. The questionnaires were pretested through a pilot study to ascertain their reliability. This pre-test was conducted at a different Waste Water Treatment Plant (WWTP) at Nabongo. The Pearson coefficient (r) was used to compute the correlation coefficient between the two test scores. Data was analyzed using regression and correlation methods. For socio-economic, reliability test was administered by use test- retest method. A code book was prepared and scores of the first test correlated with scores of the second test, and Pearson product moment of correlation was computed using SPSS software version 21.0. By applying the analysis of variance (ANOVA), researcher was able to determine whether differences observed between groups are likely due to actual variations in their perceptions or simply due to chance. From the reliability test, all of the variables obtained had Cronbach's Alpha greater than 0.7, indicating that they met the necessary 0.7 for data internal consistency. The Bartlett's test for validity was examined using the chi-square test, which revealed that all of the variables were significant at the 5% (0.000) level of significance. Only 82 of the 84 questionnaires provided to the sampled respondents (KACWASCO staffs and community members) were filled out and returned in this study. From the study findings the value of R-square was 0.429. The ANOVA test indicated that in this model the independent variable namely; knowledge of the residents is important in predicting of waste water treatment as indicated by significance value=0.002 which is less than 0.05 level of significance (p=0.002 < 0.05). Additionally, the response under attitude and perception, the value of R-Square was 0.045 which implied that, 4.5% of variation of Wastewater Treatment Plant in Shirere was explained by attitude and perception of the residents within the area. The study also revealed that attitude and perception of the residents in Shirere had a significant influence on wastewater treatment at Shirere in Kakamega County (t-statistic = 25.674, p-value = ). Therefore, it was concluded that, at 5% level of significance, indicating that community knowledge, perception and attitude had a positive influence on waste water treatment at Shirere in Kakamega County. Likewise, for every unit increase in attitude of the residents there was a corresponding increase in wastewater treatment at Shirere in Kakamega County by 0.628. The study recommended that, the community members need more sensitization on matters pollution as revealed by this study.

Effectiveness of Abstract – Visual – Concrete Approach in Enhancing Students’ Level of Conceptual Understanding and Mathematical Self-Efficacy

This study was designed to transform mathematics instruction into a more engaging and practical learning experience, emphasizing real-world applications. The primary objective was to enhance conceptual understanding and mathematical self-efficacy among Grade 11 senior high school students in Statistics and Probability during the 2021-2022 academic year's second quarter. The findings demonstrated that mathematical self-efficacy positively correlates with conceptual understanding, with high-efficacy students showing greater confidence and positive attitudes toward mathematics. The Abstract-Visual Representation-Concrete (A-V-C) instructional approach proved effective in teaching Pearson product moment correlation and regression analysis. This method progresses from abstract concepts through behavioral modeling to exploratory concrete experiences, enabling students to develop comprehensive understanding through structured, hands-on learning.

Family characteristics, Basic Sanitation trought Health promotion moderating in prevention Dengue in Dom Alexo, Dili 2024

Timor-Leste is one of the countries with a high incidence of dengue fever (DHF), especially during the rainy season. Until now, there is no specific effective treatment for dengue virus, so prevention is an important step in reducing the spread of this disease. This study aims to determine the relationship between family characteristics and basic sanitation with DHF prevention through the moderating variable of health promotion in Dom-Aleixo Administrative Postu, Dili Municipality, in 2024. The research method used was descriptive quantitative with a cross-sectional approach. The study population included all heads of households in Dom-Aleixo Administrative Postu, with a total of 122,699 households, and the sample taken was 100 households. The data analysis technique used Pearson Product Moment, and took into account research ethics. The results showed that there was a moderate relationship between family characteristics and DHF incidence (r = 0.413). When moderated by health promotion, this relationship became stronger (r = 0.548). In addition, basic sanitation showed a very strong association with DHF incidence (r = 0.686), and this association remained very strong when moderated by health promotion (r = 0.545). Overall, the combination of family characteristics and basic sanitation moderated by health promotion had a very strong association with DHF incidence (r = 0.693). This study implies that health promotion plays an important role in strengthening the relationship between family characteristics and basic sanitation with DHF prevention, and that improving health promotion can be an effective strategy in reducing DHF cases in Timor-Leste.