Product Life Cycle Research Articles

Book-to-market effect and product life cycle

Book-to-market effect and product life cycle

Design methodology for the control logic of flexible production systems and related logistics

The ever-shorter product life cycle entails a shortening of the life cycle of the production site and production systems as well. One of the biggest advantages of flexible production systems is that new products can be introduced to them continuously, so that their life cycle can be significantly extended. Flexible manufacturing systems, on the other hand, also require flexible control, the logic of which must be defined already in the design phase. The main elements of the design methodology of the production and logistics layout that make up the research are the information relationship chart and the related decision tables, which are suitable for speeding up the design and later for facilitating the creation of a digital twin and control logic programming.

How to Measure the Greenness of Chemicals? A Case Study on Butadiene Production Applying Green Metrics and Life Cycle Assessment

AbstractThe greenness of naphtha‐ and bioethanol‐based butadiene was compared using green metrics (GM) and life cycle assessment (LCA). GM provide predominantly qualitative results, showing advantages for bioethanol‐based butadiene. LCA indicates benefits of bioethanol‐based butadiene in terms of global warming and fossil resource consumption, but drawbacks in acidification, eutrophication, radiation, land use, ozone depletion, particulate matter, ozone formation, metal depletion, and freshwater consumption. When comparing both assessment approaches used, LCA offers a more comprehensive environmental assessment while GM is limited to a smaller section of the value chain but address additional aspects such as safety of chemicals.

Analysis of automatic design systems

The process of designing and developing a control program begins after the previous stage of the product life cycle has been completed and it begins with the work of the design bureau. It develops new design solutions, and the technical specification for the required product is agreed with the customer. Based on this, a product drawing with technical requirements is created, which is usually transmitted to the department (technologists-programmers), which is directly involved in the design and development of process control for the product. At this stage, as a rule, the technologist consults with the developer of the drawing for the required product to obtain complete information about the product in order to eliminate any errors. Such cases are not excluded when, from this moment on, the drawing is returned for revision to the department of the design bureau due to the inability to sell the product in metal due to lack of industrial capacity or poor design solutions that make the description of the manufacturing technology impossible. After receiving the terms of reference, the next step is the development of the technological process. The technological process must be compiled technically competently in accordance with the internal standards of the enterprise (everyone may have their own, but the structure of the compilation is the same) and be informative enough at least to eliminate the high probability of defects during manufacture. As statistics show, in many enterprises, the overwhelming percentage of defects appears due to the negligent attitude of operators of CNC machines due to deviations from the technological process.

Construction Practice of Medical Device Product Life Cycle Management Platform

Medical device product life cycle management is one of the core contents of medical device quality management system construction, spanning the entire process of enterprise core business activities including market, research and development, procurement, production, and services. Building a comprehensive and efficient life cycle management system facilitates the implementation of quality management systems. Taking the example of the construction of a unified product life cycle management platform for medical device hardware and software that has been launched and operated, this article describes the general principles and practical experience of constructing a medical device life cycle management platform, including requirements collection, system design, product selection, customization development and confirmation, as well as platform trial, acceptance commissioning, and operation and maintenance management.

The Circularity of Materials from the Perspective of the Product Life Cycle: A Case Study of Secondary Fence Board, Part 2 (Scenario Analysis)

Recycling strategies demonstrate different life cycle environmental performance. In order to assess this performance, a life cycle assessment may be used. In such studies, the recycling should be linked with multifunctionality and allocation. This requires it to be modelled accordingly, especially in terms of environmental burdens and credits. The paper presents a case study of open-loop recycling. A flow of mixed post-consumer multi-material waste was reprocessed into another product with a new application—a fence board made of recycled material (secondary fence board). Although many allocation-related case studies are provided in the literature, no example of a comparison between different substitution scenarios for open-loop recycling has been found. In order to fill the gap, various hypothetical market-mix-based alternatives related to the virgin production and durability of products have been examined. The goal of the study is to assess the potential environmental impact of 1 m2 of secondary fence board modelled in different substitution scenarios. The paper is the second part of a two-part study. In Part 1, life cycle assessment results were presented for a baseline scenario (1A). Part 2 focuses strongly on allocation considerations. In order to ensure a consistency between the results of Part 1 and Part 2, the entire life cycle of the fence board has been taken into account in both calculations. The case study has shown that the results may be highly sensitive to the choice of substitutes and the choice of quality attributes impacting the reference flows (in our example, the durability of products).

Voluntary insurance for rapid growth digital banking: Seeking attentions for policy-design in Pakistan-economy

In today’s business-driven world, e-banking service is an important product in financial sectors of many countries and Pakistan is no exception. Many affect the delivery of these services, often unpredictable, factors and are fraught with serious pitfalls including those of psychological nature. The Voluntary Insurance scheme can help the country overcome existing difficulties and move closer to a cashless society, contributing to the growth of the banking sector and safety of the e-banking operations in Pakistan. The new e-banking legal products are expected to gratify consumers, make the banks stronger, and contribute to the overall social development; the proposed Voluntary Insurance is to guarantee their success. The Welfare Analyses have been used for setting the VI prices so that the customers’ efficiency-cost balance could become appealing. Once the policymakers and policy practitioners of Pakistan recognize the importance of the proposed VI product and make the necessary arrangements for its use in the e-banking services market, it may spread from bankers to their customers and thus over the whole economy. The process of life cycle of the VI product will follow the “S-curve” in progression. These developments will become drivers of economic growth and e-services will eventually replace traditional banking.

Life cycle assessment approach of silviculture and timber harvesting of Norway spruce – a case study in the Czech Republic

Compared to other sectors, the long rotation period in forest management makes it difficult to carry out a life cycle assessment (LCA). Data collection is not possible in a short time frame but would require decades. For this reason, forestry is often forced to rely on secondary data. To address this challenge, environmental impacts of the forestry sector in the Czech Republic were investigated according to the value chain corresponding to silvicultural and harvesting processes, without any further wood use options. The methodological procedure is based on the ISO 14040 and 14,044 standards, using SimaPro, an LCA software. The study was carried out in four phases of LCA in the scope of cradle-to-gate and focused on the early stages of the product life cycle. The system boundaries were set up to include seed collection, seedling production, establishment and tending of young forest stands up to 20 years of age, thinning, harvesting, maintenance of roads and extraction trails, with the endpoint is the hauling place. Three scenarios have been defined that differ in the method of harvesting. Scenario I– chainsaw felling, horse extraction. Scenario II– chainsaw (90% of hours worked) and harvester (10% of hour-worked), tractor extraction. Scenario III– chainsaw (23% of hour-worked) and harvester (77% of hour-worked), extraction by a tractor with a winch. The results show that the maintenance of the forest road network holds a significant share of the overall environmental impact of forest management. Other significant consequences are associated with timber harvesting. These impacts vary considerably depending on the mechanical equipment used. The highest impact was recorded for the third scenario, still, it is practically the most often applied, as it is the most cost-effective. The results show the need to optimize forest management practices in the future both from an economic and environmental point of view. The work on the life cycle assessment was particularly challenging because the silviculture and harvesting of raw timber involve 20 production operations. This research was based on long-term knowledge of forest typology, forest management planning, forest economics, experience with forest technologies, and regulatory measures. Thus, the findings serve for further analysis of LCA in timber production, and future analysis for other forest ecosystem services.

Considering product life cycle characteristics and industry background in environmental impact analysis and application: a case study of a television.

Life cycle assessment (LCA) is widely used to evaluate product's life cycle environmental impact and identify the environmental weaknesses. However, it is difficult for existing LCA software to perform flexible LCA analysis based on the product life cycle characteristics and industry background. Meanwhile, under the existing LCA research model, product designers and manufacturers are usually not LCA evaluators, resulting in a certain time gap between the evaluation results and product improvement. Designers with less experience in green design often find it difficult to identify high environmental impact links in products at different life cycle stages and product levels, and updated products are challenging to meet various environmental restrictions. This paper establishes a multi-module product life cycle analysis model that combines product industry background that includes basic information, assessment information, structural information, and restriction information to achieve the multi-scenario of product LCA in different dimensions in a typical domain. The calculated mechanism of the dynamic power emission factor is built according to the service time and space dimensions. The proposed method forms an integrated environmental performance evaluation of household appliance (EPEHA) system. A software assessment and an optimization method are proposed to improve the EPEHA system. The results of this study show that these proposed methods can improve the timeliness and diversity of results analysis of product LCA in the field of household appliances in China. The universal data exchange format and simple operation interface of the EPEHA system enable people related to the product to quickly understand the environmental impact of the product in different scenarios, even if they lack green design knowledge and professional software training.

Optimizing extreme manufacturing framework: a secure and efficient 3D printing integration framework

This study presents a comprehensive framework for extended manufacturing with integrated 3D printing technologies, exemplifying a paradigm shift in the manufacturing landscape. The Digital Thread Integration establishes a dynamic foundation, enabling real-time collaboration and data flow throughout the product lifecycle. Leveraging advanced AI-driven optimization, Digital Design Platforms streamline designs, processing 1,000 iterations per hour, and recommending materials based on component requirements. On-Demand Manufacturing Hubs strategically placed globally achieve substantial reductions in lead times (48 h) and material waste (15%). The Cybersecurity Infrastructure ensures the sanctity of the digital environment, employing secure communication protocols and an Intrusion Detection System (IDS) responding to threats in milliseconds. The Data Analytics Hub contributes to continual improvement by analysing 100 GB of 3D printing data daily, generating 50 actionable insights weekly. User Interface and Accessibility initiatives empower the workforce through intuitive training modules and responsive help desks. In conclusion, this framework exemplifies secure, efficient, and data-driven extended manufacturing, positioning the industry at the forefront of technological advancement.

Maximizing the Value of Real-World Data and Real-World Evidence to Accelerate Healthcare Transformation in China: Summary of External Advisory Committee Meetings.

Use of real-world data (RWD) is gaining wide attention. To bridge the gap between diverse healthcare stakeholders and to leverage the impact of Chinese real-world evidence (RWE) globally, a multi-stakeholder External Advisory Committee (EAC) and EAC meetings were initiated, aiming to elucidate the current and evolving RWD landscape in China, articulate the values of RWE in ensuring Chinese patients' equitable access to affordable medicines and solutions, and identify strategic opportunities and partnerships for expansion of RWE generation in China. Chinese and international experts who are clinicians and academic researchers were selected as EAC members based on their professional background and familiarity with RWD/RWE. Three EAC meetings were held quarterly in 2023. Various topics were presented and discussed for insights and suggestions. Nine experts from China, one from South Korea, and two from Europe were selected as EAC members and attended these meetings. Experts' presentations were summarized by theme, including the RWD landscape and RWE enablement in China, as well as global development of a patient-centric ecosystem. Experts' insights and suggestions on maximizing the RWD/RWE value to accelerate healthcare transformation in China were collected. We concluded that though data access, sharing, and quality are still challenging, RWD is developing to support evidence generation in the medicinal product lifecycle, inform clinical practice, and empower patient management in China. RWD/RWE creates value, accelerates healthcare transformation, and improves patient outcomes. Fostering a patient-centric ecosystem across healthcare stakeholders and maintaining global partnerships and collaboration are essential for unlocking the power of RWD/RWE.

ІНСТРУМЕНТИ ПРИЙНЯТТЯ СТРАТЕГІЧНИХ РІШЕНЬ В УПРАВЛІННІ ВИТРАТАМИ ПІДПРИЄМСТВА

Traditional cost accounting is aimed at identifying costs that are incurred on an ongoing basis in connection with operating activities. The concept that supports the decision-making process in the long term is strategic cost management. The purpose of the article is to identify the tools for strategic decision-making in cost management focused on the corporate strategy of an enterprise.
 It is determined that strategic cost management is a process of making decisions on specific cost drivers in the context of the company's development strategy and value chain. An enterprise should evaluate its value chain in comparison with similar chains of competitors. The article presents a methodology for such an assessment.
 It is proved that strategic management is based on the following assumptions: connection with the value chain, strategic positioning of the enterprise, analysis of cost drivers, the client is the starting point for decision-making and activities, which results in the adoption of the market price as the basis for cost planning and product development, implementation of cost management in the early stages of the product life cycle, since the cost is largely determined by the product features determined at the stage of its design and development. A key element of targeted analysis is cost estimation in terms of the impact of specific factors (drivers). Strategic cost drivers are determined based on the implementation of the development strategy and its connection with the value chain. There are two main types of them: structural cost drivers and implementation cost drivers.
 It is substantiated that strategic cost management involves the use of product life cycle costing. Depending on the phases of the product life cycle, various management methods based on basic models are used: "ABC-Costing, Target-Costing. Strategic positioning of the company in terms of costs incurred should be carried out by means of cost benchmarking, which is aimed at comparing the costs incurred by the company and its competitors. The subject of comparisons is the cost of processes that allow achieving a competitive advantage.

CPV Monitoring - Optimization of Control Chart Design by Reducing the False Alarm Rate and Nuisance Signal

The Food and Drug Administration’s 2011 Process Validation Guidance and International Council for Harmonization Quality Guidelines recommend continued process verification (CPV) as a mandatory requirement for pharmaceutical, biopharmaceutical, and other regulated industries. As a part of product life cycle management, after process characterization in stage 1 and process qualification and validation in stage-2, CPV is performed as stage-3 validation during commercial manufacturing. CPV ensures that the process continues to remain within a validated state. CPV requires the collection and analysis of data related to critical quality attributes, critical material attributes, and critical process parameters on a minimum basis. Data is then used to elucidate process control regarding the capability to meet predefined specifications and stability via statistical process control (SPC) tools. In SPC, the control charts and Nelson rules are commonly used throughout the industry to monitor and trend data to ensure that a process remains in control. However, basic control charts are susceptible to false alarms and nuisance alarms. Therefore, it is imperative to understand the assumptions behind control charts and the inherent false alarm rates for different Nelson rules. In this article, the authors have detailed the assumptions behind the usage of control charts, the rate of false alarms for different Nelson rules, the impact of skewness and kurtosis of a data distribution on the false alarm rate, and methods for optimizing control chart design by reducing false alarm rates and nuisance signals.

A basket of materials for 3D printed prostheses in digital dentistry

Objective: This literature review's objective is to identify feasible materials that can be 3D printed and is utilised to create removable dentures. The review includes an overview of the properties, advantages, and limitations of different 3D printing materials, including polymers, metals, resins, ceramics, and composites. Methods: In the era of digital dentistry, additive manufacturing, or 3D printing, is taking the place of subtractive manufacturing, or milling. For example, pre polymerised PMMA (polymethylmethacrylate) used for subtractive manufacturing leads to more wastage of material (block) compared to additive manufacturing. Traditionally 3D printing has its roots in rapid prototyping (RP), which the name is given to the rapid production of models using additive layer manufacturing. Result: The study showed that the addition of CNCs and AgNPs to the PMMA resin resulted in a significant improvement in the mechanical properties of the printed parts. The flexural strength of the composite resin increased by up to 31.6% with the addition of 0.1 wt% AgNPs and 1 wt% CNCs. The impact strength of the composite resin also increased by up to 24.2% with the addition of 0.1 wt% AgNPs and 1 wt% CNCs. The researchers attributed the improvement in mechanical properties to the synergistic effect of CNCs and AgNPs, which enhanced the interfacial adhesion between the polymer matrix and the reinforcement particles. Conclusion: Additive manufacturing describes technologies that can be used anywhere throughout the product life cycle from pre-production (i.e. rapid prototyping) to full scale production (also known as mass production).

Near-Optimal Scheduling for IC Packaging Operations Considering Processing-Time Variations and Factory Practices

Due to the short life cycles of electronic products, trial run lots of new products are crucial in IC packaging for production verification and engineering adjustments. The processing time of trial run lots may differ significantly from production lots due to engineering adjustments and is difficult to predict without sufficient historical data. The purpose of this paper is to develop a framework for near-optimal scheduling of IC packaging considering processing time variations and factory practices. Using an orthogonal greedy algorithm and recurrent neural network, this framework extracts key features and predicts the processing times of trial run lots and production lots for each operation using these algorithms. After formulating the scheduling problem in an integer linear programming form, an ordinal optimization method is embedded within the decomposition and coordination framework to obtain dynamic and near-optimal schedules in a computationally efficient manner. This approach can improve the efficiency of IC packaging and potentially other operations by optimizing lot scheduling, reducing production tardiness, and increasing productivity in the factory, paving the way for self-optimizing factories in the future.

Life cycle assessment and product carbon footprint for SHG zinc production

The industry’s environmental impact has moved into focus at global level. Regulators, supply chains, and the financial sector need credible, standardized, and transparent information for multiple reasons. These include regulatory targets for limiting emissions, downstream user optimizations, and developing science-based emission reduction strategies. By characterizing environmental impacts, companies can satisfy stakeholder demands and measure progress towards goals. In this paper, an introduction to life cycle assessment (LCA) for reporting on environmental impacts, including the product carbon footprint as global warming potential is given. Average results from the most recent global LCA update for special high-grade zinc production are summarized. Resulting carbon footprint information is then used to derive the zinc industry’s baseline carbon footprint as the starting point for the decarbonization roadmap for the global zinc industry.

ЦИРКУЛЯРНА СТІЙКІСТЬ ПІДПРИЄМСТВА ЯК ІНДИКАТОР ОЦІНКИ ЕФЕКТИВНОСТІ ТЕХНОЛОГІЙ РЕЦИКЛІНГУ

The concepts of circular economy and sustainable development are recognized as the biggest challenges of today. Under such conditions, the issue of expanding the focus of the circular economy to the micro level, encouraging enterprises to transition from a linear model of the economy to circular (circular) one in conditions of economic uncertainty, is becoming actualized. Thus, the development of the theoretical basis of the concept of the circular economy of the enterprise and the formation of the definition «circular sustainability of the enterprise» as an indicator of the evaluation of the efficiency of recycling technologies. To solve the set goal, the main criteria of the circular economy were revealed in the course of the study, the differences between the circular sustainability of the enterprise, the circularity of the enterprise and the circular economy of the enterprise were characterized, the concept of the circular sustainability of the enterprise was developed, and the relationship of economic theories underlying the concept of circular sustainability was characterized enterprises. For greater thoroughness, the author investigated the following close categories: «circular economy of the enterprise», «circularity of the enterprise» and proposed a new category «circular sustainability of the enterprise». It is justified that these concepts are closely related, but not identical. The similarity between the categories is that they all aim to optimize the use of resources, reduce waste and increase efficiency in terms of environmental sustainability. The differences between the studied categories are determined by the level of application and concentration on specific aspects of management and strategy. It is substantiated that the «circular economy of the enterprise» focuses more on internal processes, the «circularity of the enterprise» covers interaction with the external environment, and the «circular sustainability of the enterprise» focuses on the long-term perspective and the inclusion of circular practices in the overall sustainability strategy. The theoretical basis of the circular sustainability of the enterprise as a symbiosis of economic theories was studied: systems theory, supply chain theory, product life cycle concepts, sustainability theory, closed loop economy theory, social responsibility theory, and innovation theory. Based on the results of the research, the author's concept of «circular sustainability of the enterprise» was developed

Использование биологических рабочих агентов для снижения углеродного следа

Introduction. Chemical compounds related to greenhouse gases (CO2, CH4, N2O, some fluorinated F-gases), capturing the energy of the Sun and absorbing infrared radiation, create a greenhouse effect above the Earth’s surface. In order to assess the impact of humanity on the climate system, the carbon footprint indicator is used, which takes into account greenhouse gas emissions from anthropogenic human activities. This indicator is used to estimate direct emissions from technological processes that can be controlled and from indirect emissions that occur during the product lifecycle. One of the promising areas for reducing greenhouse gases can be considered the use of biological working agents. The purpose of the research. Conducting an assessment of the possibilities of using biological working agents to reduce the carbon footprint in mining enterprises. Methodology. The research was conducted on the basis of analyses of literary data from Russian and foreign sources, specific preventive and compensatory initiatives for the absorption of greenhouse gases from the atmosphere based on the participation of biological working agents were considered. Results and discussion. As a result of the research, various technologies for reducing the carbon footprint using biological working agents were considered. Dependences of the carbon footprint on changes in the natural gas content of coal seams for coalmines were obtained. The carbon footprint was calculated when obtaining energy resources for the extraction of 1 ton of coal using various types of fuels, during the burning of rock dumps. It is proposed to use biological working agents to reduce the carbon footprint using various technologies to reduce direct and indirect emissions, as well as to recycle greenhouse gases to obtain alternative energy. The results of the study of the applicability of biological working agents in mining enterprises in order to reduce the carbon footprint are shown. Conclusions. 1. Research has been conducted on the use of various technologies to reduce the carbon footprint using biological working agents in relation to mining enterprises. 2. It has been determined that biological working agents, when used in mining enterprises, can reduce the carbon footprint from direct greenhouse gas emissions by many times, as well as deposit carbon for many years by extracting CO2 and other gases directly from the air, growing trees and plants with high biological productivity capable of sequestering carbon dioxide. 3. It has been found, that biological working agents are able to process CO2 to produce various useful products, as well as utilize greenhouse gases to produce alternative energy.

Digital Transformation of Construction Production Management

Digital Transformation of Construction Production Management

Impact of Target Costing System on Product Life Cycle Cost Reduction: A Case Study of Yemeni Food Industries

يهدف البحث إلى بيان اثر تطبيق نظام التكاليف المستهدفة على دورة حياة المنتج ,وبيان العلاقة بينهما .وقد استعمل الباحث المنهج الوصفي التحليلي وقد اشتمل البحث على المحاور التالية : أولا : المقدمة : مشكلة البحث,وأهميته – أهداف البحث- الدراسات السابقة – فرضيات البحث – منهج البحث. ثانيا : التكاليف المستهدفة : مفهومها وأهميتها – مراحل تطبيق أسلوب التكاليف المستهدفة –تحقيق التكلفة المستهدفة .ثالثا: مدخل مقترح لأثر التكاليف المستهدفة على خفض تكاليف دورة حياة المنتج . رابعا الدراسة التطبيقية .وقد توصل البحث إلى مجموعة من النتائج أهمها : أن تطبيق نظام التكاليف المستهدفة يؤدي إلى تخفيض تكلفة دورة حياة المنتج ويعكس تقدما في قيمة الشركة وسمعتها . وان هناك علاقة قوية بين تطبيق التكلفة وتخفيضها ,بسبب مساهمة التكاليف المستهدفة في خفض التكلفة في مراحل التصميم والتخطيط للمنتج ومراقبته في ضل مراحل سلسلة القيمة .