Introduction Of Products Research Articles

Product Introduction with Parallel Importation

The aim of this paper is to investigate the manufacturer’s product introduction decision when entering a foreign market by considering parallel importation. This paper considers a situation where a manufacturer already sells an original product directly in the domestic market and decides to introduce an original product, a new product, or both through a retailer in a foreign market, and a parallel importer may divert the original product across markets due to price gap (we call it parallel importation). This paper shows that when consumers perceive gray products as perfect substitutes for authorized products, the manufacturer switches from introducing two products to introducing a new product and still maintains the quality of the new product in the presence of parallel importation. Furthermore, in response to parallel importation, the manufacturer not only narrows the price gap for original products between two markets but also reduces the wholesale price of new products in the foreign market. In addition, parallel importation always hurts the retailer but may benefit the manufacturer. Counterintuitively, parallel importation always improves social welfare in the domestic market but may damage social welfare in the foreign market.

The real impacts of public short campaigns: Evidence from stakeholders

Using a novel dataset of firm product introductions, we examine whether public short campaigns (PSCs) have real impacts on targets. Targets introduce fewer new products and experience declines in productivity and product quality relative to matched firms following PSCs. These declines in product outcomes are partly attributed to the withdrawal of support from key stakeholders, resulting in reduced access to external capital, decreased employee commitment, and weakened customer relationships. Our results suggest that the public nature of PSCs has distinctive impacts on target firms compared to traditional short selling, primarily through their impact on the firm's stakeholders.

Efficiency of nitrogen fertilizers and biological preparations for winter rye on soddy-podzolic soil of different cultivation status

There was studied the influence of soddy-podzolic light loamy soil of different cultivation status on the agronomic efficiency of mineral fertilizers application with varying doses of nitrogen and biological preparations applied against the mineral background, in Pskov region. On moderately cultivated soil the linear dependence of grain yield on nitrogen rates was established. An increase in nitrogen doses from 20 to 80 kg a. i./ha resulted in obtaining an additional yield compared to the control variant, which is dependent on soil pH: yield growth by 6% to 42% was recorded on soil with pH of 5.6; from 8% to 73% – on soil with pH of 5.3; from 32% to 69% – on soil with pH of 5.2; from 66% to 175% – on soil with pH of 4.8. Payback from applied fertilizers rose with increasing doses of nitrogen. Soil properties also influenced the payback value. The maximum payback, 12 kg of grain per 1 kg of NPK, was recorded when N80P40K70 with split nitrogen fertilizing was applied to the soil with pH = 4.8. The introduction of biological products to the variant with mineral fertilizers (N20P40K70 + N20) contributed to an increase in grain yield : the introduction of microbiological preparation Bisolbifitis provided additional 7.55%; spraying of foliar fertilizers – 3.67%–8.78%. On the soil with long-term cultivation status the dependence of yield on the doses of applied nitrogen in the range from 20 to 80 kg a. i./ha looked like a polynomial. Maximum yield was obtained in different years when nitrogen was applied at rates from 40 and 60 kg a. i./ha. An increase in the dose of nitrogen from 20 to 40 kg was accompanied in 2019 by an increase in the yield of grain from 11.2% to 22.6%. An increase in nitrogen rates from 20 to 60 kg in 2020 and 2021 resulted in the growth of grain yield from 20% to 65%. Respectively. When the most effective doses of nitrogen were applied the payback from fertilizers was 5 kg of grain per 1 kg of NPK in 2019; 7 kg of grain per 1 kg of NPK in 2020; and 10 kg of grain per 1 kg of NPK in 2021. On the soil cultivated and improved for a long-term the effect of foliar fertilizers with biological preparations Kodamine B-Mo and K-Humate-Na was less significant (3–3.5%).

Innovative development of water transport enterprises as a branch of high-tech industry

The article is devoted to the innovative development of enterprises of high-tech products on the example of water transport. Water transport refers to high-tech products and in this regard, its production has a rather complex production logistics (intellectual, supply, organizational, financial, information, personnel, innovation, etc.) [2-3]. In this regard, the search for promising directions in the development of high-tech products becomes particularly relevant and important: a real opportunity to implement research and innovation and investment projects, the implementation of which will bring enterprises of the high-tech industry for the production of water transport to leading positions not only in the national economy, but also in the world [4-6]. This determines the importance of monitoring research projects as a vector for the development of innovative production at two levels: product (high-tech products) and technological (innovative technologies) [7]. The innovative vector of development of enterprises of high-tech products allows the actual efficiency of high-tech production to be brought closer to full potential efficiency, other things being equal, production factors in a short time of the stage of research and scientific and technical development of the life cycle of products of shipbuilding products, which is given the main attention in the article [6-7]. At the same time, an innovative approach, introducing products into industrial circulation, naturally provides conditions for further scientific and technical (innovative) development of both the products themselves and technologies (in other words, early introduction of products ensures its early withdrawal: the speed of the wheel of economic efficiency of production activities). When the actual efficiency of the limit of the potential efficiency of technological production is reached, in accordance with the laws of synergy, there is a leap, an innovative transition to a new (next, subsequent) level of potential efficiency of production of high-tech products, which naturally puts forward new requirements of an innovative nature to production. Otherwise, production due to the (law) moral aging of industrial products is doomed to bankruptcy due to the so-called factor of technological flexibility of production (TG). Which (TG), if organizationally taken into account in the economic activities of enterprises as forecasting, planning and management (design and innovation management), forms (economically ensures) the sustainable functioning and development of enterprises of high-tech products in modern conditions (the wheel of economic efficiency of production activities is the human factor): in the market model of the state transformation of a product (product) into a commodity and contracting.

Issues pertaining to posology in ancient Greek, Roman and Byzantine medical texts

Researching medical texts of the past reveals that the preparation of a therapeutic recipe usually involved the use of several active ingredients. There are many detailed reports on the ratio of the ingredients in a recipe, but also on the dosage administered to the patient. In this article, we recorded the use of units of weight and volume in therapeutic recipes from antiquity, the Hellenistic era, the Roman Empire, Byzantium, and also empirical medical texts of the 19th century. The changes emerging over time from the growing trade in the wider Mediterranean area, with the introduction of both new products and new units of measurement, did not affect the basic principles of the therapeutic methods. Through the centuries, the main concern of physicians was to fight the disease without burdening the patient with any unwanted effects. In this context, we observe even dosage modifications when it comes to special vulnerable population groups, such as children, the elderly and pregnant women. The period covered is very large, which means that the approach is impressionistic not aiming to the philologists. We hope that this does not pose a problem to the interested historians of medicine.

თანამედროვე მიდგომები საბანკო რეგულირებისადმი ციფრული ტექნოლოგიების განვითარების პირობებში

The development of digital technologies has a great impact on traditional channels for providing banking services. The speed of introduction of innovative products and services, technological changes require great flexibility from banking regulators. Also, the active participation of the government in the development of digital technologies is one of the main factors of successful digitalization. In modern conditions, in order to ensure the development of innovation in the banking sector, new mechanisms and instruments for regulating innovative financial technologies, products and services are being created. The article specifies that the effective, safe operation and development of the digital financial space requires coordinated actions from all its participants, as well as the establishment of requirements for the assessment and monitoring of potential risks caused by innovations, timely improvement and refinement of regulatory requirements. This allows to maintain the stability of the financial system and protect the rights of consumers, and to promote the development and introduction of innovative financial products and services.

Effectiveness of cell therapy of acute radiation syndrome in mice with intravenous and intraperitoneal administration of a cellular product

The therapeutic effect of fibroblast-like cells obtained from the stromal vascular fraction of subcutaneous adipose tissue of mice and cultured for the treatment of bone marrow form of acute radiation syndrome was studied on a mouse experimental model. The cells were identified as multipotent mesenchymal stem (stromal) cells, owing to adhesion to plastic, confluent monolayer formation during cultivation, and the fact that osteogenic differentiation in vitro resulted in osteoblast maturation and calcium deposit formation, which indicated their multipotent nature. Irradiation of laboratory rodents was conducted using theX-ray therapy unit “RUM-17”. Stromal cells were obtained from subcutaneous adipose tissue of a mouse and grown in a culture of 3–4 passages and used as a cell product. Cell transplantation was performed 24 h after uniformX-ray irradiation of mice at a dose of 7.8 Gy. This is the first study to compare the therapeutic efficacy of allogeneic transplantation of multipotent mesenchymal stem cells with the different routes (intravenous and intraperitoneal) of cell suspension administration. A significant increase was found in the survival rate of mice during the 30-day follow-up period after lethal dose irradiation, which depended on the number of injected cells and delivery method of the biomedical cell product. Thus, with intravenous administration of 30 and 60 × 103multipotent mesenchymal stem cells, the 30-day survival rate of mice after irradiation at a dose of 7.8 Gy increased by 54.5% and 40%, respectively, compared with that of untreated animals (p= 0.03). An increase in the number of cells in the cell product to 120 × 103/mouse led to a decrease in therapy effectiveness. In intraperitoneal administration, the protection of animals from death was 57% after transplantation of 30 and 60 × 103cells (p= 0.039) and 50% after application of 120 × 103cells. On day 30 after irradiation, in the introduction of a cellular product in different schemes, 70%–80% of animals showed restoration of the values of the main indicators of the hematopoiesis system to initial levels. Thus, cell therapy using multipotent mesenchymal stem cells isolated from adipose tissue with intravenous and intraperitoneal delivery routes of the cellular product to the irradiated body protects mice from death after exposure toX-ray radiation in lethal doses, decreasing the severity of radiation damage to the hematopoietic system in mice, and provides prospects for further research as an effective and safe treatment for acute radiation sickness.

Cross-Border E-commerce Product Introduction: Needs and Characteristics for Localized Machine Translation

With the development of science and technology and the rise of international trade, cross-border e-commerce platforms play an important role in international trade. While machine translation plays a crucial role in the introduction of goods in cross-border e-commerce, many machine translations have limitations, such as inaccurate descriptions and not conforming to Internet trends and cultural conflicts. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the characteristics of localization translation and apply them to the establishment of a machine translation corpus. By conducting questionnaires, this paper analyses the translation characteristics and user needs of cross-border e-commerce product introductions. The results found that product introduction translation needs to have the following characteristics: accurate description, comprehensive description, vivid description, concise description, and cross-cultural homogeneity. Based on the analysis, this study raises credible and valid suggestions and provides insights into building a machine translation corpus.

Penerapan Metode User Centered Design pada Aplikasi UMKM Berbasis Android (Studi Kasus : UMKM Kenyot Susu Boyolali)

MSME Kenyot Susu is one of the MSMEs in Boyolali that sells various processed foods and drinks made from colostrum milk. Currently, product introduction activities only involve participating in events and bazaars so that the community reach is not wide enough. Reseller registration is currently still done manually by coming directly to the location. This research focuses on developing Android-based MSME applications using the User Centered Design method which was built using the PHP, Javascript, and Dart programming languages and using the Flutter framework. The testing method uses a usability test with a questionnaire and is measured using a Likert Scale. This research succeeded in developing an Android application as an MSME information system that displays MSME profiles, products sold, reseller data but does not include buying and selling transactions. From the test results, an average score of 79% was obtained in the category (agree/good/like), which shows that the application design that was built was in accordance with user expectations.

INVESTIGACIÓN BIOMÉDICA EN CHILE: APRENDIZAJE EN 48 AÑOS DE DIÁLOGO CON LAS PLAQUETAS

Biomedical research in Chile is necessary, it positions us at the limit of knowledge and improves the quality, accreditation and ranking of the academic institutions where it is developed. Its financing requires the political commitment regarding its importance for our country and of academic institutions to create a protective microenvironment for its flourishment. Private companies have consistently increased their contribution to R&D, but understandably, with a smaller presence in biomedicine. Specific competencies of the investigators may be highly useful and decisions regarding introduction of new products and technologies in clinical and laboratory grounds. Despite the remoteness of the major research centers, our work will be relevant if we overcome our objective limitations with creativity and extra effort. These include available resources, considering that the fraction of GDP budget for R&Din OCDE countries is 8 times higher than ours; proficiency in English language is a major problem for many of us; establishing trusting relationships with leading researchers in the field is a pre-requisite to grant our insertion in major scientific societies and for creating international collaborations; eagerly evaluate and use the transiently open windows for research; use the benefits of comparative advantages or unique conditions in Chile that enhance the originality of our studies; as phy­sicians, we have privileged access to patients for descriptive or mechanistic studies, including technical advantages, lower cost, and higher appraisal in scientific journals. We will expand on these considerations in our presentation.

An optimal advertising model with carryover effect and mean field terms

We consider a class of optimal advertising problems under uncertainty for the introduction of a new product into the market, on the line of the seminal papers of Vidale and Wolfe (Oper Res 5:370–381, 1957) and Nerlove and Arrow (Economica 29:129–142, 1962). The main features of our model are that, on one side, we assume a carryover effect (i.e. the advertisement spending affects the goodwill with some delay); on the other side we introduce, in the state equation and in the objective, some mean field terms that take into account the presence of other agents. We take the point of view of a planner who optimizes the average profit of all agents, hence we fall into the family of the so-called “Mean Field Control” problems. The simultaneous presence of the carryover effect makes the problem infinite dimensional hence belonging to a family of problems which are very difficult in general and whose study started only very recently, see Cosso et al. [Ann Appl Probab 33(4):2863–2918, 2023]. Here we consider, as a first step, a simple version of the problem providing the solutions in a simple case through a suitable auxiliary problem.

Study of Bacterization of Medicago sativa L. and Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. During the Process of Phytoremediation of Oil-contaminated Soils

Recultivation of oil-contaminated soils on the Absheron Peninsula is one of the most important environmental and social problems for this region. One of the promising ways to solve the problem of soil pollution with petroleum hydrocarbons is the development of methods and approaches for their purification and detoxification in situ, and above all, biodetoxification and bioremediation. In a model vegetation experiment using complex systems of a mixture of plants and microorganisms, phytoremediation of soil contaminated with crude oil at a concentration of 15 g/kg was investigated. It has been established that the inoculation of plants with the modified Fermi-Start biological product affects the number of rhizosphere microorganisms that stimulate plant growth, as well as the degree of purification of gray-brown soil from oil. Cynodon dactylon is an effective biosystem for the remediation of oil-contaminated gray-brown soils as it is modified by a culture of an oil-oxidizing microorganism of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa, isolated from oil-contaminated gray-brown soil, the Fermi-Start biological product and belongs to the group of “effective microorganisms”, associated with plants — Medicago sativa. The joint introduction of the Fermi-Start biological product and the culture of P. aeruginosa had the greatest protective effect on seedlings from exposure to crude oil. The height of the shoots increased by 71% compared with the negative control, in parallel, the degree of oil degradation increased to 24%. A significant role of alfalfa in stimulating the number of rhizosphere microorganisms capable of hydrocarbon degradation has been revealed. This is confirmed by data showing that the number of microorganisms in the plant rhizoplane was 1–2 orders of magnitude higher (about 1.1×107 on average) than in the rhizosphere (about 1.4×105 on average), which may be due to secretion of plant root exudates. The results of the research allow us to recommend the use of a plant-microbial biosystem consisting of Medicago sativa and Cynodon dactylon, together with a Fermi-Start modified biological product for phytoremediation of gray-brown soil contaminated with crude oil.

The long-term effects of R&D subsidies on firm performance: evidence from a regression discontinuity design

ABSTRACT Innovation is the most important factor for economic growth, but the government’s ability to affect innovation outcome is contested. This paper presents quasi-experimental evidence on the long-term effects of R&D subsidies for small businesses. We use firm level data on Swedish applicants of the Eurostars R&D program during the period 2008–2019. We find that R&D subsidy has a positive and significant effect on turnover, employment and the number of scientific and technology workers. We also find positive effects on export but with some time lags. The effect is stronger on firms that are expected to be financially constrained, such as small and younger firms. We find that the subsidy effect on turnover, employment and export last for more than 7 years after the end of the project, which is consistent with explanations based on long-term channels such as improved competitiveness through the market introduction of innovative products.

Revision of pharmaceutical legislation in the context of antimicrobial resistance and challenges facing the introduction of innovative antimicrobial medical products in Europe

The presented article provides a systematic review of the pharmaceutical legislation (EU Pharmaceutical Package) – the current proposal of the European Commission for a new Directive, repealing and replacing Directives and modifying Regulations of the European Parliament and of the Council, incorporating the relevant parts of the Regulation concerning medicinal products for pediatrics, Regulation for orphan drugs and others, aiming at revision of the pharmaceutical legislation in the context of antimicrobial resistance and challenges facing the introduction of innovative antimicrobial medicines in Europe. It outlines a critical analysis on the impact of the changes in the context of introduction of innovative antimicrobial medicinal products with an emphasis on unsatisfied medical demands of the European population. The revision of the pharmaceutical legislation provides an argument to consider that the proposed Pharmaceutical Package could resolve some of the issues associated with the access to novel antibiotic medicines. It is necessary to find a consensus and a balance between, on the one hand, meeting the need for antibiotics for the citizens of the European Union and, on the other hand, providing timely access to generic medicines to meet the needs of the population.

Problems of legal regulation of thin capitalization in Ukraine

The proliferation of multinational companies is lengthening global value chains, and the development of the digital economy is giving them even more opportunities to shift profits. Intra-group loans are often used to shift profits to a jurisdiction with low tax rates to minimize overall tax liability. In order to combat the illegal transfer of profits, most countries introduce thin capitalization rules. Ukraine joined the BEPS plan, action 4 of which summarized the best practices for regulating debt obligations to non-residents. Most countries limit the total amount of loans, interest payments on which are deducted from the corporate tax base. The Tax Code of Ukraine establishes a double tax barrier - it limits both the amount of debt and the share of profit before deduction. However, the established barriers not only do not prevent profit shifting, but encourage the widespread use of this method to reduce tax liabilities due to profit shifting. The main drawback of thin capitalization rules is that allowed excessive amounts of loans from non-residents do not oblige the borrower to improve the financial results of the enterprise. Instead, they provide an opportunity to reduce the corporate tax base by 30% indefinitely and move them to jurisdictions with low tax rates. The method of regulation provided for by the Tax Code of Ukraine can be considered as an incentive for the misuse of State budget funds. In order to eliminate these shortcomings, it is proposed to significantly reduce both barriers and to oblige the borrower to ensure the effective use of loans to stimulate the socio-economic development of the country, i.e. to deduct interest from taxable profit only if there is an actual increase in the produced added value, the introduction of new products and/or processes. Existing shortcomings in the legal regulation of debt obligations prevent legal resolution of the case in court. New criteria for identification of the resident with regard to individuals and legal entities and the beneficial owner of income have been proposed.

Perceptions of Tobacco Price Policy among Students from Sapienza University of Rome: Can This Policy Mitigate Smoking Addiction and Its Health Impacts?

Tobacco use is one of the main risk factors for non-communicable diseases. Avoiding youth initiation and treating addiction are fundamental public health issues to ensure better health. Among tobacco control policies, increasing tobacco price is the single most effective intervention. It reduces tobacco consumption, especially among youths, while representing a government financing source. This study aimed to assess the agreement with the proposal of a one-euro increase in tobacco price earmarked to health issues among students at Sapienza University. Two convenience samples were surveyed, five years apart, on World No Tobacco Days. Smoking habits, agreement with the proposal and reasons for it were collected. Results from the 208 questionnaires (107 in 2014, 101 in 2019) showed 46.6% of agreement with the proposal (53.3% in 2014, 39.2% in 2019, p = 0.044). Main predictive factor for agreement was being a non-smoker (OR = 6.33 p < 0.001), main reason (64.8%) was it could trigger smokers to quit or reduce consumption. Several factors might have influenced this finding, including the introduction of novel tobacco products and their increased advertisement on social media. In 2024, European Union is planning to update the Tobacco Taxation Directive which could greatly contribute to the reduction of non-communicable diseases and premature deaths.

Product portfolio adjustments and the bullwhip effect: The impact of product introduction and retirement

Many manufacturers frequently tweak their product portfolios by introducing new products and retiring low performers. In this paper, we study how the demand shock caused by portfolio adjustments impacts the bullwhip effect (BWE) of existing products. With the help of two approximations, we provide a closed-form expression for the BWE as a function of the time (number of periods) remaining until the shock, which enables us to obtain novel insights. When products are retired, the market share of the remaining product varieties often increases. We prove that the product experiencing the most significant market share increase also encounters the highest BWE surge in the periods leading up to the portfolio change. On the other hand, the introduction of new products does not consistently lead to a higher BWE for existing products. The impact on the BWE depends on several parameters, particularly the uncertainty surrounding the market share of existing products after the portfolio change. When this uncertainty is low for an existing product, its BWE reduces when new varieties are introduced.

Updated‐generation product introduction decisions under trade‐in programs and different pricing strategies

AbstractManufacturers introduce updated‐generation products to meet intensified competition under trade‐in programs. Based on this phenomenon, we built a two‐period game‐theoretic model, in which the manufacturer sells the old‐generation product during both periods and considers whether to introduce the updated‐generation product in the second period. We find that under a static pricing strategy, if the costs of both products are low, the updated‐generation product's entry increases the old‐generation product's retail price. The manufacturer cannot benefit from introducing the updated‐generation product if the updated‐generation product's cost is high. Under a dynamic pricing strategy, the updated‐generation product entry benefits both the manufacturer and the consumer.

ІННОВАЦІЙНИЙ РОЗВИТОК ПРОМИСЛОВИХ ПІДПРИЄМСТВ В УМОВАХ УПРАВЛІННЯ ПРОЕКТАМИ ТА СМАРТ-ЕКОНОМІКИ

The article examines the issues of innovative development of industrial enterprises in terms of project management and smart economy. Researched scientific works on selected issues. The expediency of using a taxonomic index in the analysis of innovative development of industrial enterprises in terms of project management and smart economy was determined. Attention is focused on the fact that there is a trend of decreasing innovative development in Ukrainian industry, which can be caused by various factors that affect both the internal environment of the enterprise and external conditions. Strategic directions for increasing innovativeness in industry in terms of project management and smart economy are proposed. The expediency of combining smart approaches and project management has been proven. It was noted that the use of project management methods allows to effectively implement new ideas and technologies, shorten the time from idea to release to the market, and also reduce development and production costs. The smart economy opens up new opportunities for industrial development, taking into account the use of smart technologies, data exchange and process automation. It is noted that the integration of these approaches allows creating a favorable environment for the creation and introduction of innovative products and services, which contributes to the growth of the competitiveness of industrial enterprises in the global market environment

Exploring the cessation efficacy and harm reduction potential of heated tobacco and nicotine pouch products in smokers and smokeless tobacco users: study protocol of a 6-month randomized controlled switching trial

Background: Despite decades of research on pharmacological and behavioural smoking cessation treatments, current quit aids are of limited success. The introduction of new, combustion-free nicotine and tobacco products extended the tool kit for people who smoke to switch away from their risky habit. We performed a systematic review including 120 studies resulting in several recommendations for a robust study design to determine the cessation efficacy of a new nicotine or tobacco product. Consequently, we prepared this study protocol to assess the cessation efficacy of heated tobacco products (HTPs) and nicotine pouches (NPs). Methods: 250 subjects (125 exclusive smokers and 125 exclusive smokeless tobacco (SLT) users) will be recruited and offered a choice of HTPs in case of smokers and a choice of NPs in case of SLT users in order to switch. Subjects will undergo four visits (baseline, 1, 3, and 6 months) to collect biospecimens and for physical examinations. Use behaviour and questionnaires will be monitored on a regular basis by means of a smartphone-app. We describe a sensitive and specific compliance monitoring using suitable biomarkers of exposure. The sample size of 250 subjects and duration of 6 months will allow the quit rates to be assessed with sufficient statistical power. Finally, the choice between different products shall reflect the individuals’ preferences. Conclusions: This protocol can be applied generically, providing a robust determination of a products’ cessation efficacy. Trial Registration: The trial will be registered in the International Clinical Trials Registry Platform.