Oil Production Research Articles

Does the resource curse exist? Evidence from oil discovery and production in Ghana

Does the resource curse exist? Evidence from oil discovery and production in Ghana

Compositional analysis of baru (Dipteryx alata Vogel) pulp highlighting its industrial potential.

Baru (Dipteryx alata Vogel), a fruit native to the Brazilian Cerrado, has gained scientific interest due to its nutritional potential and commercial value. Its edible seed, of high commercial value, represents around 5% of the fruit. On the other hand, its pulp, a byproduct of the baru processing industry, is normally discarded, generating a huge volume of waste with reported antioxidant properties. This study investigates the composition and bioactive properties of baru pulp, aiming to identify the antioxidant components in this byproduct. Our analysis revealed that baru pulp is rich in sugars (41.86%), fiber (29.12%), and essential minerals, along with commercially valuable bioactive compounds such as trigonelline (139.10mg 100g-1), tannins (429.16mg tannin equivalent 100g-1), vitamin C (109.57mg 100g-1), and phenolic compounds such as trans-cinnamic acid (5.91mg 100g-1), chlorogenic acid, and gallic acid (1.07mg 100g-1). Industrially relevant sesquiterpenes, such as α-copaene and bicyclogermacrene, account for 42.75% of the volatile profile, alongside germacrene D (11.69%), aromadendrene (9.05%), α-cubebene (6.84%), β-elemene (5.90%), and ledene (5.82%), which are commonly used in essential oil production from other food matrices. While further studies are required to optimize extraction methods, these findings highlight baru pulp as a promising and low-cost alternative to traditional sources of bioactive compounds, with potential applications in functional food formulations and sustainable industrial processes. Specifically, the use of in natura pulp or its flour for food enrichment is recommended, supporting sustainability through the valorization of agro-industrial waste.

Organizational Immunity and its Role in Institutional Excellence: An Exploratory Study from Employees' Perspectives at the Oil Products Distribution Company / Ministry of Oil

Organizational Immunity and its Role in Institutional Excellence: An Exploratory Study from Employees' Perspectives at the Oil Products Distribution Company / Ministry of Oil

Seasonal Dynamics of Caligus clemensi Infestation in European Seabass and Flathead Grey Mullet Integrating Morphological, Molecular, Immunological, and Environmental Perspectives

This case study investigates the seasonal prevalence, morphological characteristics, molecular identity, host immune response, and environmental factors influencing Caligus clemensi infestations in farmed European seabass and flathead grey mullet at a single marine fish farm. A total of 600 fish (400 seabass, 200 mullet) were examined over one year, revealing seasonal fluctuations in parasite prevalence and intensity. C. clemensi infestation peaked in winter for seabass (75% prevalence) and spring for grey mullet (80% prevalence), with notable declines in summer and autumn for both species. Morphological analysis confirmed C. clemensi as the causative agent, exhibiting sexual dimorphism and characteristic features including a quadrilateral cephalothorax and disk-shaped lunules. Molecular characterization of the 18S rRNA gene corroborated the morphological identification, with phylogenetic analysis revealing a well-supported monophyletic clade for C. clemensi within the family Caligidae. Quantitative real-time PCR demonstrated significantly elevated interleukin-1β (IL-1β) expression in infected fish, indicating a robust inflammatory response. Grey mullet and seabass exhibited high IL-1β upregulation. Histopathological examination revealed severe gill tissue damage, vascular changes, and hepatic steatosis in infected fish. Water quality analysis identified several parameters exceeding permissible limits, including total suspended solids (4800-5100 mg/L), total dissolved solids (32000 mg/L), sulfates (2300 mg/L), and chlorides (18000 mg/L). These elevated levels, likely associated with nearby oil production and refining activities, created conditions conducive to parasite proliferation. The high total suspended solids might provide substrates for C. clemensi settlement and attachment, while increased dissolved ions could stress fish and reduce their parasite resistance. This multidisciplinary case study revealed complex host-parasite interactions between C. clemensi and farmed marine fish, highlighting the need for improved water quality and targeted parasite control to enhance aquaculture sustainability in the Suez Canal region.

Sodium alginate-camellia seed cake protein active packaging film cross-linked by electrostatic interactions for fruit preservation.

The evolution of production and lifestyle patterns has led to an increasing demand for multifunctional packaging materials that exceed the capabilities of traditional single-function options, thus driving continuous innovation in the field. In this study, a novel approach is presented, where camellia seed cake protein, derived from camellia seed oil production by-products, is incorporated into sodium alginate to create biobased active packaging films. The antioxidant and UV-shielding properties of the sodium alginate-camellia seed cake protein films are enhanced by the incorporation of camellia seed cake protein. A closely intertwined structure is created between sodium alginate and camellia seed cake protein through electrostatic interactions, resulting in effective water vapor barrier capabilities. Furthermore, the active packaging films exhibit antimicrobial activity against E. coli and S. aureus, providing significant advantages for fruit preservation. This research is essential in delaying fruit spoilage, extending shelf life, and providing new insights into the development of biobased multifunctional food packaging materials.

Renewable bioenergy from palm oil mill effluent (POME): A sustainable solution for net-zero emissions in palm oil production

Renewable bioenergy from palm oil mill effluent (POME): A sustainable solution for net-zero emissions in palm oil production

Feasibility analysis of expanding winter rapeseed northwards in China

With high elevations, complex topographies, cold winter, diverse ecosystems, and a long history of oilseed Brassica rapa cultivation, Northwest China is rich in winter-hardy B. rapa germplasms. Using these germplasms, a number of ultra-winter-hardy rapeseed cultivars were developed in past three decades, leading to a large-scale northward expansion of winter rapeseed production in China. Based on 19 years of field trial data, this study was to assess the feasibility of growing winter rapeseed in the areas of northern China where conventionally no winter rapeseed had grown prior to availability of the ultra-winter-hardy B. rapa cultivars. The impacts of the major climate factors on overwintering rates and yields were analyzed. Using the boundary line analysis, the suitable growing regions for different cultivars were defined. The ultra winter-hardy cultivars displayed exceptional adaptability in frigid environments, with overwintering rates exceeding 70 % under conditions of extreme winter temperatures as low as -42.35 °C. Suitability analyses indicate that up to 534,000 km² of farmland in northern China are suitable for expanding winter rapeseed cultivation, potentially yielding between 5.61 and 12.34 million tons of winter rapeseed. This expansion could result in an approximately 30 % increase in the total domestic oilseed processing volume, significantly enhancing China's self-sufficiency in vegetable oil production. Our data suggest that these new ultra-winter-hardy rapeseed cultivars have made winter rapeseed production feasible, profitable, environmentally beneficial, and economically important in northern China.

Hydrocarbon biodegradation processes at a historic oil production site - A signature metabolite study.

Decades of research demonstrated that microbes can remediate petroleum-contaminated environments through biodegradation of hydrocarbons. Recent studies have applied signature metabolite analysis to investigate hydrocarbon-contaminated sites, focusing primarily on aquifer systems and metabolites of relatively water-soluble monoaromatic hydrocarbons. However, the number of studies involving non-targeted analysis and identification of individual metabolites in environmental samples is limited. In addition, metabolite patterns in crude oil-contaminated samples are rarely compared to those in the unaltered crude oils. In this study, we identified metabolites in complex environmental samples and crude oils from a former oil sands mining site using non-targeted gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Based on these results, we suggest potential biodegradation processes that may account for the formation of the observed metabolites. The non-target results from water samples contaminated with crude oil showed that aromatic acids were the dominant metabolites. We observed that arylacetic acids were particularly abundant in the water samples when the metabolite patterns were compared with those found in crude oil and oil sands samples formerly produced at the site, as well as those found in oil-contaminated soil samples. The dominance of arylacetic acids is evidence that the microbial communities have a limited capacity for α-oxidation, i.e. an enzymatic attack on the methylene group, which is necessary to further degrade these compounds. Therefore, aromatic acids may be enriched at sites with long-term exposure to crude oil. Our study demonstrates that non-targeted metabolite analysis can provide an insight into the prevalent pattern of carboxylic acid metabolites and degradation processes in hydrocarbon-contaminated habitats.

The Effect of Chitosan Application on the Yield and Some Physiological Traits of Rapeseed Genotypes Under Drought Stress Conditions

ABSTRACT In the past decade, there has been increased interest in rapeseed cultivation in Iran due to its role in crop rotation with cereals and its contribution to edible oil production. In this regard, a two-year experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of chitosan application on the yield and physiological traits of rapeseed genotypes under drought stress conditions. The experiment was designed as a factorial split plot with a randomized complete block design (RCBD) and three replications. The main plots included irrigation at two levels, normal irrigation (control) and stopping irrigation after the flowering stage, and chitosan at two levels, foliar spraying with pure water (not using chitosan) and foliar spraying with chitosan at a rate of 250 mg per liter. The subplots included rapeseed genotypes, including BAL104, DIE710/08, BAL101, BAL102, QUIE03/11, and Okapi. Result of the mean comparison of irrigation and genotype interaction on grain yield showed that under normal irrigation conditions, Okapi had the highest grain yield with an average of 6,884 kg/ha. However, when irrigation was stopped after the flowering stage, genotype DIE710/08 had the highest grain yield with an average of 3,261 kg/ha. Furthermore, the Okapi genotype showed a sharp decrease in grain yield under water stress. Results also showed that the application of chitosan treatment caused a significant decrease of erucic acid and glucosinolate (18% and 17%, respectively) under stress conditions compared to the control treatment. The Okapi cultivar thrives best when there are no restrictions on irrigation water. However, it’s recommended to use the DIE710/08 genotype when there is stress during the flowering stage. This genotype can still provide a decent grain yield in these conditions.

Purification and characterization of lipase from Bacillus subtilis kubt4 for biodiesel production

The synthesis of biodiesel, a vital step in the search for sustainable energy sources, frequently entails costly procedures in which lipases are vital. This research focuses on the purification and characterization of lipase isolated from Bacillussubtiliskubt4, emphasizing its potential application in biodiesel production. The enzyme was purified using chromatographic techniques and characterized for its biochemical properties, substrate specificity, and stability under various conditions. Insights gained underscore its suitability as a biocatalyst for efficient biodiesel synthesis. To determine whether a lipase enzyme produced from Bacillus Subtilis kubt4 (Gene Bank Accession Number SUB3191429) has potential for use in industrial settings, this work focused on its purification and characterization. Three major chromatographic phases composed the enzyme purification procedure, which produced a lipase with a specific activity of 11.64 U/mg protein and a recovery yield of 11.27% after a 7.36-fold purification. SDS‒PAGE analysis revealed a molecular mass of 30 kDa, while MALDI-TOF MS and Mascot search analysis confirmed that the purified protein was a lipase. The characterized lipase exhibited alkaline properties, displaying optimal activity and stability at pH 8.0 and a temperature of 35 °C. The presence of Mg2+ ions significantly enhanced the enzyme activity by 180.21%. Kinetic analysis revealed Vmax and Km values for pNP palmitate of 8.33 M and 1.025 μM/min, respectively. Furthermore, the purified lipase was employed in the transesterification of Pongamia oil for biodiesel production. The biodiesel profile obtained from Pongamia oil demonstrated its suitability and sustainability as a biofuel source. Overall, this work clarifies the possible industrial use of purified lipase from Bacillus Subtilis kubt4 in the manufacturing of premium, eco-friendly biodiesel.

Phytoremediation of crude oil-polluted soil from Egbema Nigeria using Hibiscus cannabinus

Crude oil pollution is an environmental problem affecting different areas around the world. The continual use of crude oil and its combustion products impact our environment and human health negatively. Phytoremediation is a process with recorded success in remediation activities. Physicochemical properties of unpolluted agricultural soil (control) crude oil-polluted soil and Egbema polluted soils were analyzed using standard methods prior to and after 90 days planting of Hibiscus cannabinus. Total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) content of soil samples were analyzed using gas chromatography-flame ionization detector (GC-FID). Results show that sample A3 had the highest agronomic properties (number of leaves, fresh weight and total plant height) which corresponds to the highest percent remediation (46.01%) obtained in the study. This shows a correlation between biomass production and crude oil removal in the phytoremediation plant Hibiscus cannabinus. In addition, soil pH and moisture content increased from mean range 4.80-7.30 and 2.50-15.50% to mean range of 5.10-8.20 and 5.00-27.90% respectively showing remediation activity of polluted soils. Hibiscus cannabinus therefore offer great potential in crude oil remediation from Egbema polluted sites.

Impact of gas composition, pressure, and temperature on interfacial Tension dynamics in CO₂-Enhanced oil recovery.

Climate change policies are driving the oil and gas industry to explore CO2 injection for carbon dioxide storage in reservoirs. In the United States, a substantial portion of oil production relies on CO2-enhanced-oil-recovery (CO2-EOR), demonstrating a growing interest in using CO2 to address various production challenges like condensate mitigation, pressure maintenance, and enhancing productivity in tight reservoirs. CO2 injection introduces gases like natural gas and N2, either pre-existing or as impurities in the injected CO2 gas. These gases alter the interaction of CO2 with the oil or condensate in the reservoir, with interfacial tension playing a crucial role in governing miscibility, mobilization, and phase distribution. Effectively implementing gas injection techniques requires a precise understanding of interfacial tension between injected gases and reservoir fluid under reservoir conditions. This study aims to evaluate the effects of oil composition, gas composition, pressure, and, temperature on interfacial tension and provides a comprehensive understanding of IFT dynamics for CO2-EOR implementation. The study utilizes the pendant drop analysis technique to assess the impact of pressure, temperature, and gas composition on crude oil and condensate interfacial tension. Measurements span a range of temperature (30-85 oC), pressure (0.7-7MPa), and mixture composition (CO2: N2 ratios of 90:10 and 10:90), including pure CO2 and N2 with crude oil and condensate. Accurate measurement of interfacial tension incorporates changes in oil and gas density as functions of pressure and temperature. Results show that interfacial tension is significantly influenced by pressure, temperature, and gas composition. It decreases with increasing pressure at constant temperature and gas composition for both crude oil and condensate. While temperature-induced reductions in interfacial tension occur, they are overshadowed by the more pronounced effect of pressure. Gas composition significantly affects system interfacial tension; an increase in CO2 mole fraction decreases it, while an increase in N2 mole fraction causes an upturn. Changes in CO2 mole fraction result in concave downward trends, whereas changes in N2 mole fraction lead to concave upward trends. These findings are crucial for understanding the interaction of injected gas with reservoir fluid and can be applied to model interfacial tension with hydrocarbon fluid. This study offers an in-depth understanding of interfacial tension dynamics in CO2-EOR, a process that is increasingly attracting global attention for CO2 utilization. The research stands out for its innovative experimentation and detailed analysis, which focus on evaluating the impact of individual parameters crucial for modeling. Additionally, it sheds light on the combined effects of these parameters, which are essential for practical field applications. This knowledge is instrumental in designing processes such as CO2-EOR and condensate banking, incorporating the effects of pressure, temperature, and gas composition at the reservoir scale.

The health risks associated with long-term fuel exposure on Saudi Arabian workers: Prevention strategies and best practices

Clinically, petroleum products contain harmful chemicals. The health impacts of fuel pollution have become a real environmental problem in Saudi Arabia, which largely rely on the petroleum industries. The aim of this review paper is to highlight the health risk associated with long-term exposure to fuel pollutions on the workers of Saudi Arabia, and to elaborate the prevention and protection strategies for safety practices. The review showed how the workers in Saudi Arabia (as a leading oil producer country) exposed to fuel during their work in its volatile form (volatile organic compound; VOC). This air pollution can cause adverse effect on their health (e.g., hematological disorders) as was reported in many places within Saudi Arabia. The review also reflected the needs for evaluation parameters to assess the level of exposure to these contaminants. Also, recent evidence was introduced about acute and long-term exposure to VOCs was introduced. The systemic health implications, included respiratory, immunological, hematological, dermatological, renal, reproductive, and central nervous system pathologies. The review also discusses the protection and safety strategy to promote the health status of the worker and also hammering on the personal protection devices.

Geothermal Energy Utilization of Co-Production Water from Oilfields for Electric Power Generation

One significant source of geothermal energy is the co-produced hot water from oil/gas field production. There is potential to utilize oilfield infrastructure to produce geothermal electricity profitably, in a process called co-production. Due to the increasing demands of energy now days, this paper presents an investigation of geothermal energy production and utilization for electricity generation on the petroleum fields via organic Rankine cycle (ORC) technology, which is a reliable way to convert heat into electricity. The current research focuses on the use of an ORC unit to generate electricity from co-produced water from ten oil wells in two oilfields, Jalo and Sarir. These wells refer to GX1, GX2, Gx3, GX4, GX5, SX1, SX2, SX3, SX4, and SX5, and they are combined in gathering centers (GC1) and (SC2) to utilize an existing medium-temperature geothermal source. The estimated total flow rates of co-produced water from the two gathering centers after separation are 5,728.34 BWPD and 14,618.65 BWPD respectively. Whereas, the geofluid mass flow rates from both oilfields are 12.25 kg/s and 34.05 kg/s, respectively, with an inlet geofluid (brine) temperature (T1) of 60°C and an outlet geofluid temperature (T2) of 35°C. The thermal efficiency (ηth) values for the Jalo and Sarir oilfields are 3.28% and 4.22%, respectively. According to the power output analysis, which indicates that the specific power outputs are 5.17 kW/kg/s and 9.85 kW/kg/s, and the gross power outputs are 63.33 kW and 338.80 kW, respectively, with a required hot water flow rate of 12.25 kg/s and 34.05 kg/s. This study revealed that the temperature and water flow rate are crucial factors affecting power output. By using an ORC plant, the generated electric power can be used in the field, supplied to the local grid, or utilized to offset on-field electricity consumption. Also, this study recommended by focusing efforts to extract the energy through electric power generation via production oil wells in oilfields.

Integration of field data and application of machine learning methods to assess the condition of the near-wellbore zone of carbonate reservoirs

Relevance. Increase in the share of hard-to-recover reserves. Often, for the effective development of complex reservoirs, methods of enhanced oil recovery and production intensification are used. Currently, the feasibility of carrying out geological and technical measures is based on the results of interpretation well tests, which allows assessing the condition of the near-wellbore zone. The disadvantages of this research method are a long shutdown (as a result, “shortfalls” of oil) and increased risks of failure to bring wells into operation. In this regard, the integration of field data and the use of machine learning to describe the state of the near-wellbore zone can have a positive effect on the timeliness of geological and technical activities and ensure maximization of their effectiveness in the future. Aim. To develop a methodology for increasing the accuracy of the near-wellbore zone permeability prediction of carbonate reservoirs based on the use of machine learning methods. Methods. Statistical methods, solving the classification problem using machine learning methods. Results. This paper proposes an approach for quickly assessing the permeability of the near-wellbore zone, based on a statistical analysis of the results of interpretation of hydrodynamic studies (256 studies) and operational data from wells of an oil carbonate reservoir in the Perm Krai. To assess near-wellbore zone permeability, a multiple linear regression model was built. In order to improve the statistical metrics of regression of the near-wellbore zone permeability, the dependence of this parameter on the specific productivity coefficient in the conditions of a carbonate reservoir was studied and divided into clusters. The SHAP library was used to identify significant parameters on the predicted value. To perform the task of classifying clusters based on source data, the authors have used a machine learning technique – support vector machine and constructed differentially the regression models for each cluster. Using of this approach made it possible to increase the coefficient of determination from 0.76 to 0.96 and reduce the average absolute error in predicting the near-wellbore zone permeability from 0.018 to 0.007 µm2. Thus, the authors proposed a methodology for predicting the near-wellbore zone permeability using statistical methods based on preliminary clustering of the initial data and their classification using machine learning approaches.

Machine learning based sucker rod pump fault diagnosis using motor power curve

Relevance. The complexity of monitoring and diagnosing the condition of underground structural elements of sucker rod pumping units and large economic losses when operating this equipment with defects not identified in a timely manner. Aim. Development of methods for detecting faults in a sucker rod pump that do not require the involvement of highly qualified personnel for diagnosis, using information that is easily available on the surface. Methods. Machine learning methods (Decision tree method, K-nearest neighbors method, Support vector machine, Naive Bayes classifier) using motor power curves. Results and conclusions. The paper demonstrates the possibility of detecting faults in a sucker rod pump based on machine learning methods. The study was carried out on the basis of a developed simulation model of a sucker rod pump, used to reproduce motor power curves, taking into account the impact of the features of various equipment operation scenarios. Being the fundamental energy source for the oil production, motor power is directly related to the real-time operating condition of the oil well, and the motor power curve is a reliable source with the ability to increase the efficiency of sucker rod pump diagnostic. To train the machine learning classifiers and evaluate their performance accuracy, a number of characteristics were used, obtained from motor power curves for six different pump operating states. Namely, operating coefficients were calculated, representing the ratio of the power integral at each of the four stages of the installation operating cycle to the power integral for the entire cycle. The results show that the considered approach allows for high accuracy in diagnosing the operating conditions of a sucker rod pump. The classifier based on the decision tree method showed the highest efficiency among the four studied classifiers in identifying all six types of faults (95.8%), and the support vector machine method showed as well very high efficiency (90.3%).

Turning residues into valuable compounds: organic waste conversion into odd-chain fatty acids via the carboxylate platform by recombinant oleaginous yeast

Environmental concerns are rising the need to find cost-effective alternatives to fossil oils. In this sense, short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are proposed as carbon source for microbial oils production that can be converted into oleochemicals. This investigation took advantage of the outstanding traits of recombinant Yarrowia lipolytica strains to assess the conversion of SCFAs derived from real digestates into odd-chain fatty acids (OCFA). High yeast OCFAs content was aimed by using two engineered strains (Y. lipolytica JMY7780 and JMY7782). Batch and two-step batch fermentations were performed, reaching high lipid content (40.8% w/w) and lipid yield (0.07 g/g) with JMY7782, which overexpresses propionyl-CoA synthase. Fed-batch fermentation with an acetic acid pulse after 24 h was also carried out to promote SCFAs consumption and OCFAs production. In this case, SCFAs consumption rate increased and JMY7782 was able to accumulate up to 60.4% OCFAs of the total lipids produced from food waste-derived carbon sources.

Environmental and Safety Issues in the Offshore Oil and Gas Industry

Sources of danger in the petrochemical and gas extraction industry and aspects of life safety in general are determined. The article shows that the safety of life depends more on the human factor and oil the effect of the application of new technologies in gas extraction on the environment, including the field of labor protection and technical safety, was investigated. In this article, we have tried to find out about the specific risks of oil and gas production, especially the work carried out in the Caspian Sea. Also, measures to reduce specific risks that may occur during production and processing and general risk assessment have been reviewed. It should be noted that when assessing the risks associated with the production of offshore oil and gas fields in a given period, all oil companies should conduct a comprehensive assessment of the technical condition of the production facilities used, including taking into account specific risk assessment and environmental aspects. During the assessment, which should cover all potentially hazardous equipment, special attention should be paid to parameters such as the type of devices used, their actual age, maintenance history and natural human factors. It should be emphasized that at present the intensity of development of the petrochemical industry and gas production is characteristic of all Caspian countries (Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan, Russia and Iran).

National climate strategies show inequalities in global development of carbon dioxide geological storage

Carbon dioxide geological storage (CGS) is considered critical for limiting global average temperature rise to below 1.5 °C by mitigating fossil industrial emissions and delivering permanent Carbon Dioxide Removals. Here we examine the role of CGS in long-term national emission reduction strategies submitted to the UNFCCC under the Paris Agreement. We find that a third of countries plan to develop CGS for emissions mitigation only, and a third for both emissions mitigation and carbon removals, but no countries plan on CGS for carbon removals alone. Neither the presence or performance of CGS maturity assessments correspond to CGS plans. Climate strategies of high income countries with high historic oil and gas production show firmest commitment to CGS. These countries already have multiple advantages for implementing and benefiting from CGS, which raises inequalities and sensitivities that must be carefully considered when designing carbon market and climate finance policies and frameworks for CGS development.

Evaluation of the quality of pomelo (Citrus maxima) essential oil products during storage

The main disadvantage of the pomelo essential oil storage process is the change in colour and composition over time, which significantly affects the quality of essential oils and limits their usability. Thus, this study aimed to determine the effect of packaging type and storage conditions (temperature, time) on the quality of pomelo essential oil products. Pomelo essential oil was preserved in 3 types of packaging (brown glass, white glass, and plastic) at two temperatures of 30°C and 15°C for eight weeks. The parameters used to evaluate the quality of essential oil samples include density, colour index, acid value, chemical compositions, and bioactive activities. The optimal storage conditions of pomelo essential oil were determined as follows: storing in brown glass jars at 30°C for eight weeks. The results showed that after eight weeks, the pomelo essential oil samples were stored in brown glass jars at room temperature (30°C), still retaining their characteristic odour, unchanged colour, density index as 0.856 (g/mL), acid index as 0.748 mg KOH/g, IC50 value as 96.271 (mg/mL), limonene content as 75.99%, indicating that the above storage condition would maintain quality and improve the commercialisation of pomelo essential oil products in the Vietnamese market.