Hydrogen Energy Production Research Articles

Research on optimization layout of hydrogen refueling facility network based on renewable energy hydrogen production mode

Within the transportation sector, hydrogen fuel cell vehicles represent the most efficient method of harnessing hydrogen energy. The establishment of a hydrogen refueling facility network that encompasses the entire cycle of hydrogen energy production, transportation, and application contributes to the effective promotion of hydrogen fuel cell vehicles. However, existing research predominantly focuses on hydrogen production and the conversion of refueling stations, neglecting the economic and stability considerations of the full-cycle use of hydrogen energy. This study proposes a hydrogen refueling facility network planning model that utilizes hydrogen energy throughout its full cycle. Firstly, a hydrogen demand estimation model based on the application scenarios of hydrogen fuel cell vehicles which clarifies the hydrogen requirements in each scenario is proposed. Regional hydrogen energy needs and the costs of building hydrogen refueling stations are then considered, using a set cover model to optimize the overall layout of existing and new refueling stations. Finally, taking into account the supply costs of renewable energy hydrogen production points and regional supply stability, a hydrogen refueling facility network planning model is constructed. The Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region is selected as a case study, establishing a large-scale hydrogen supply network based on renewable energy hydrogen production, transportation, and usage.

Self-supported Fe, Mn-co-doped NiCo2Se4 nanorods on nickel foam for enhanced electrocatalytic performance in wide pH range

Synthesizing efficient and robust catalyst can reduce the energy barrier of overall-water-splitting (OWS) and pave the way for obtaining hydrogen energy. Herein, a novel self-supported Fe, Mn-co-doped NiCo2Se4 nanorod grown on nickel foam (Fe, Mn–NiCo2Se4/NF) was hydrothermally synthesized. The bimetallic doping can regulate the electronic structure to enhance intrinsic activity, while the nanorod arrays structure increased the active sites, consequently improving catalytic activity. In addition, the binder-free electrode can strengthen conductivity and stability. Therefore, Fe, Mn–NiCo2Se4/NF presents prominent OER activity with a low overpotential of 272 mV at 100 mA cm−2. Interestingly, the newly designed catalysts realize ultra-high HER efficiency in a universal-pH range, which requires overpotentials of 187 and 179 mV in 1.0 M KOH and 0.5 M H2SO4 to reach 100 mA cm−2, respectively. The cell potential of Fe, Mn–NiCo2Se4/NF as a bifunctional catalyst is 1.699 V at 100 mA cm−2 in 1.0 M KOH with outstanding stability for at least 180 h, surpassing many state of the art catalysts reported in literature. This work concludes that the bimetallic doping, nanorod arrays, and self-supported structure are promising strategies for preparing effective and stable catalysts for the production of hydrogen energy from water splitting reactions.

Optimal energy management and techno-economic assessment of hydrogen energy production system incorporated with photovoltaic and battery storage

Green hydrogen (H2) has garnered significant attention in recent years as a key component of a zero-emission future owing to its diverse range of applications. The energy management (EM) strategy of the green H2 production system (HPS) plays a crucial role in facilitating efficient and cost-effective green H2 production. This can be achieved by regulating the operating point of the electrolyzer (EL) to obtain economic and operational benefits. This study proposes an optimal EM scheme for a photovoltaic-based battery (BT) grid-connected green HPS. The HPS is intended to meet H2 and electricity demands of an industrial HPS. The objective of the EM scheme is to minimize the cost of green H2 production by minimizing the total system costs of the HPS, while ensuring that the system operates reliably. The objective is realized by incorporating the EM strategy model with Z-score statistical values of past grid electricity costs, which reflect seasonal electricity price trends. This enables green H2 production when the utility grid electricity prices are relatively low. The EM variables considered for the optimization include: EL status (on/off operation of the EL), electricity purchased from the grid, input power to the EL and output power from EL (H2 production rate), energy stored in the H2 storage tank and BT, discharging and charging power of the BT and H2 tank. Four test case systems (Case #1 - #4) were used to demonstrate the techno-economic benefits of the proposed EM scheme model for green HPS. Finally, a sensitivity analysis is performed on the green HPS to investigate the impact PV power and EL capacity on the cost of H2 and EL efficiency.

Green hydrogen energy production: current status and potential

Abstract The technique of producing hydrogen by utilizing green and renewable energy sources is called green hydrogen production. Therefore, by implementing this technique, hydrogen will become a sustainable and clean energy source by lowering greenhouse gas emissions and reducing our reliance on fossil fuels. The key benefit of producing green hydrogen by utilizing green energy is that no harmful pollutants or greenhouse gases are directly released throughout the process. Hence, to guarantee all of the environmental advantages, it is crucial to consider the entire hydrogen supply chain, involving storage, transportation and end users. Hydrogen is a promising clean energy source and targets plan pathways towards decarbonization and net-zero emissions by 2050. This paper has highlighted the techniques for generating green hydrogen that are needed for a clean environment and sustainable energy solutions. Moreover, it summarizes an overview, outlook and energy transient of green hydrogen production. Consequently, its perspective provides new insights and research directions in order to accelerate the development and identify the potential of green hydrogen production.

Planar semiconductor junctions with robust driving forces synergistically orienting direct water splitting

Pure water splitting by charged semiconductors and solar photons to concurrently generate H2 and O2 molecules has gained notable attention due to worldwide clean energy generation and storage. Despite significant advancements, challenges facing severe carrier recombination and sluggish electron transport continue to hinder the intrinsic efficiency of water splitting. Here, we fabricate two-dimensional graphitic carbon nitride-hybridized sulfur thionic polymorphs (CN/S100/S010 junctions) by incorporating photoactive semiconductors within lateral nanosheets. As a result, the charge rectification effect within the coplanar graphitic carbon nitride/S100/S010 junctions is induced by well-designed driving forces: favorable band offsets and cascade polarized surface work functions. During the water splitting process, the photogenerated electrons are sequentially transferred from graphitic carbon nitride to element semiconductor sulfur {100} and subsequently oriented to sulfur {010} facets. This unique behavior of charge migration within CN/S100/S010 photocatalysts contributes to impressive rates of H2 and O2 production, reaching 740 and 363 µmol g−1·h−1, respectively, nearly 13-fold higher than that of the parent carbon nitride. Comprehensive spectroscopic and theoretical analyses confirm the formation of CN/S100/S010 hierarchies with long-lived charge carriers during hydrogen energy production. This work introduces novel avenues for automatically orienting photogenerated carriers and holds promising prospects for clean energy production.

Modulating electronic structure of nickel diselenide by vanadium doping toward highly efficient and stable bifunctional electrocatalysts for overall water splitting

Designing low-cost and high-efficiency bifunctional electrocatalysts is one of the challenges in the clean production of hydrogen energy in electrochemical water splitting. Transition metal selenides (TMSes) have been widely studied because of their low price, intrinsic metal properties, and high catalytic activity. In addition, the synergistic effect between bimetallic selenides exhibits better performance than monometallic selenides in the electrocatalytic process. Herein, we synthesized V-doped NiSe2 nanowire arrays on pretreated nickel foam by a convenient two-step hydrothermal synthesis method. In the alkaline electrolyte, V-NiSe2/NF exhibited excellent OER catalytic activity (293.6 mV@50 mA cm–2). In addition, the introduction of heteroatom V induces stronger electronic interactions between the structural atoms of the catalyst, altering the electronic structure and causing V-NiSe2/NF to demonstrate excellent OER performance. In the long-term OER test, V-NiSe2/NF was converted into NiOOH and SeOx2–, which may be the “real” active species during catalytic reactions, and we also successfully captured the formation of intermediate NiOOH and selenite as active centers in the OER process through in-situ Raman. The theoretical calculation shows that the electron transfer modulates the electron structure, changes the adsorption-desorption energy of the reaction intermediates, reduces the potential barrier of the rate-limiting step, and improves the OER activity. The V doping engineering strategy and the unique nanowire array structure make TMSes exhibit excellent OER performance. This study provides a new idea for the design of TMSe catalysts with excellent electrocatalytic performance.

Renovated FeCoP-NC nanospheres wrapped by CoP-NC nanopetals: As a tremendously effectual and robust MOF-assisted electrocatalyst for hydrogen energy production

The future of energy technology is significantly influenced by hydrogen (H2) energy. However, hydrogen energy production through water-splitting entirely depends on the catalyst's performance. Modifying the morphological structure and increasing the number of active sites by changing the metal composition are pivotal factors in enhancing the catalytic activity for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). In this context, we introduce the impact of metal-organic framework (MOF) strategies for decorating CoP petals onto α-Fe2O3 and FeCoP-NC (NC-nitrogen-doped carbon) nanoflowers. This method results in an excellent electrocatalyst for HER. The study demonstrated the influence of different MOF precursors, the impact of calcination temperatures, and the importance of composition percentages in Fe1-xCoxP-NC. As a result, FeCoP-NC shows excellent electrochemical performance potential (η) of 57 mV, a rapid kinetic Tafel value of 61 mV/dec, and remarkable electrochemical stability of around 2000 cycles and 20 h in stand potential. Additionally, the composite has numerous active surfaces at 4.7 mF/cm2 during the electrochemical reactions. This work concludes that MOF-assisted FeCoP-NC nanoflowers are an ideal electrocatalyst for HER in an alkaline medium.

DFT study on the mechanism of methanol dehydrogenation over RuxPy surfaces.

Methanol dehydrogenation (MD) is highly valuable in hydrogen energy production, and the introduction of nonmetals has received much attention to improve the activity and stability of the MD catalysts, but the understanding of the role of non-metallic elements in catalyzing the MD reaction is rather limited. Density functional theory (DFT) is employed to investigate the mechanism of methanol dehydrogenation on RuxPy surfaces. In this work, the P element is introduced into the Ru-based catalyst to obtain dispersed Ru sites and RuxPy (x/y = 2 : 1, 1 : 1, and 1 : 2) catalysts are designed. CH3OH adsorption, electronic structure of the catalyst, energy barriers for carbon accumulation reactions, and the mechanism of methanol decomposition are systematically calculated. The results of the effective reaction barrier (Eeffa) reveal that the order of the activity of the MD reaction is RuP(112) > Ru(0001) > Ru2P(210) > RuP2(110). The most preferable pathway on RuP(112) is pathway 1 (CH3OH* → CH3O* → CH2O* → CHO* → CO*). After the introduction of P, the weakened CO adsorption enhanced the resistance of catalysts to CO poisoning, and the activation energy of the carbon accumulation reaction increased, indicating that the anti-coking ability of the catalysts is improved. This theoretical study contributes to the design and modulation of highly active and stable metal catalysts for MD reactions.

Construction of one-dimensional ZnCdS(EDA)/Ni@NiO for photocatalytic hydrogen evolution.

The development of photocatalysts plays a pivotal role in facilitating the production of green hydrogen energy through water splitting. In this study, one-dimensional (1D) organic-inorganic ZnCdS(EDA)/Ni@NiO (EDA: ethylenediamine) nanorods were prepared by combining organic molecules of EDA into ZnCdS. The EDA molecule possesses two amino functional groups with strong electron-donating capacity, thereby facilitating electron transfer to ZnCdS(EDA)/Ni@NiO and enabling efficient hydrogen evolution through photocatalytic water splitting. The H2 evolution rate of ZnCdS(EDA)/Ni@NiO was 159 μmol g-1 h-1 in the absence of sacrificial agents, and its H2 evolution rate in the system with EDA as the sacrificial agent can reach 5760 μmol g-1 h-1. The combination of EDA, a S vacancy, and heterojunction was proved to be the main factor for improving the separation and transfer rate of photogenerated carriers. The incorporation of ZnCdS(EDA)/Ni@NiO enhances the participation of photogenerated electrons in the photocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction, thereby improving the overall photocatalytic activity. The synthesis of this one-dimensional composite catalyst holds great potential for advancing the development of efficient photocatalytic materials.

A self-supported porous NiMo electrocatalyst to boost the catalytic activity in the hydrogen evolution reaction.

To develop hydrogen energy production and address the issues of global warming, inexpensive, effective, and long-lasting transition metal-based electrocatalysts for the synthesis of hydrogen are crucial. Herein, a porous electrocatalyst NiMo/Ni/NF was successfully constructed by a two-step electrodeposition process, and was used in the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) of electrocatalytic water decomposition. NiMo nanoparticles were coated on porous Ni/NF grown on nickel foam (NF), leading to a resilient porous structure with enhanced conductivity for efficient charge transfer, as well as distinctive three-dimensional channels for quick electrolyte diffusion and gas release. Notably, the low overpotential (42 mV) and fast kinetics (Tafel slope of 44 mV dec-1) at a current density of 10 mA cm-2 in 1.0 M KOH solution demonstrate the excellent HER activity of the electrode, which was superior to that of recently reported non-noble metal-based catalysts. Additionally, NiMo/Ni/NF showed extraordinary catalytic durability in stability tests at a current density of 10 mA cm-2 for 70 h. The porous structure catalyst and the electrodeposition-electrocatalysis technique examined in this study offer new approaches for the advancement of the electrocatalysis field because of these benefits.

A NiMOF integrated with conductive materials for efficient bifunctional electrocatalysis of urea oxidation and oxygen evolution reactions.

The development of urea oxidation reaction (UOR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) bifunctional electrocatalysts has dual significance in promoting hydrogen energy production and urea-rich wastewater treatment. Herein, a carboxylated multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT-COOH)-ferrocene carboxylic acid (Fc-COOH) modulated NiMOF hybrid material (MWCNT-NiMOF(Fc)) has been synthesized for dual electrocatalysis of the UOR and OER. The material characterization results indicated that MWCNT-COOH and Fc-COOH were integrated into the framework structure of the NiMOF. The direct interaction between the NiMOF and MWCNT/Fc facilitated electron transfer in the hybrid material and led to lattice strain, which improved the charge transfer kinetics, promoted the exposure of more unsaturated Ni sites, and increased the electrochemically active surface area. These factors together enhanced the electrocatalytic activity of MWCNT-NiMOF(Fc) towards the UOR and OER. Using a glassy carbon electrode as the substrate, MWCNT-NiMOF(Fc) exhibited low potential requirements, low Tafel slopes, and high stability. In overall urea and water splitting electrolysis cells, the excellent UOR and OER dual functional catalytic ability and enormous practical application potential of the MWCNT-NiMOF(Fc) modified foam nickel electrode were further demonstrated. On the basis of the above research, the influence of a KOH environment on urea electrolysis was further studied, and the urea electrolysis products were analyzed, promoting a more comprehensive understanding of the catalytic performance of MWCNT-NiMOF(Fc) for urea oxidation. This study provides a new approach for developing high-performance NiMOF-based electrocatalysts for challenging bifunctional UOR/OER applications, and has potential application value in hydrogen production from urea-containing wastewater electrolysis.

Investigation of the Hydrogen Gas Production by Using Solar Energy

Hydrogen is an energy source that offers both environmental benefits and reliability, making it a promising solution for promoting sustainable growth in various sectors worldwide. As businesses and societies increasingly seek sustainable alternatives, hydrogen has emerged as a key player in the transition to a low-carbon economy based on renewable energy sources. Consequently, hydrogen production holds immense potential for replacing traditional energy sources such as petroleum, natural gas, and non-renewable energy. Various methods can be employed for hydrogen production, including fossil fuel-based processes, nuclear energy, and renewable energy sources. To achieve the goal of zero emissions, the focus has shifted towards utilizing renewable energy, specifically through photovoltaic electrolysis, to generate hydrogen gas. Photovoltaic electrolysis employs solar energy to split water molecules into hydrogen and oxygen. However, the efficiency of this method is currently quite low. Temperature plays a crucial role in increasing the efficiency of water electrolysis, making it an important factor to consider in enhancing hydrogen gas production through photovoltaic electrolysis. Therefore, there is significant value in investigating the impact of temperature on the efficiency of hydrogen gas production in photovoltaic electrolysis. In summary, hydrogen energy production has emerged as a promising solution for sustainable growth, and renewable energy sources such as photovoltaic electrolysis hold great potential for achieving zero emissions. Exploring the influence of temperature on the efficiency of hydrogen gas production in photovoltaic electrolysis is of considerable interest, aiming to improve the overall process and enhance the viability of hydrogen as a sustainable energy source.

Photosynthetic H2 production: Lessons from the regulation of electron transfer in microalgae

AbstractGreen hydrogen, produced during microalgal photosynthesis, is regarded as one of the most promising sustainable energy sources. It utilizes sunlight and water, which are essentially unlimited, and its combustion results in only water as a waste product. In microalgal hydrogen energy production systems, the sensitivity of hydrogenase to O2 poses a significant challenge, limiting sustained photosynthetic H2 production in microalgae. Additionally, efficient photosynthetic H2 production in anaerobic microalgal cells is hindered by impaired electron source (photosystem II) and electron loss through the Calvin‐Benson cycle, cyclic electron transfer around photosystem I, and O2 photoreduction, which are identified as the other key challenges. Over the past eight decades, considerable progress has been made in addressing these challenges and regulating electron transfer to achieve sustainable and efficient photosynthetic H2 production in microalgae. In this review, we discuss a range of regulatory methods for achieving sustainable and efficient photosynthetic H2 production in microalgae. Emphasizing the significant progress made over the past eight decades, we also address current challenges and propose potential future solutions.

Catalytic degradation of antibiotic sludge to produce formic acid by acidified red mud

As complex and difficult-to-degrade persistent organic pollutants (POPs), antibiotics have caous damage to the ecological enused serivironment. Because of the difficult degradation of antibiotics, sewage and sludge discharged by hospitals and pharmaceutical enterprises often contain a large number of antibiotic residues. Therefore, the harmless and resourceful treatment of antibiotic sludge is very meaningful. In this paper, amoxicillin was selected as a model compound for antibiotic sludge. Acidified red mud (ARM) was used to degrade antibiotic sludge and produce hydrogen energy carrier formic acid in catalytic wet peroxidation system (CWPO). Based on various characterization analyses, the reaction catalytic mechanism was demonstrated to be the result of the non-homogeneous Fanton reaction interaction between Fe3O4 on the ARM surface and H2O2 in solution. Formic acid is the product of the decarboxylation reaction of amoxicillin and its degradation of various organic acids. The formic acid was produced up to 792.38 mg L−1, under the optimal conditions of reaction temperature of 90 °C, reaction time of 30 min, H2O2 concentration of 20 mL L−1, ARM addition of 0.8 g L−1, pH = 7, and rotor speed of 500 rpm. This research aims to provide some references for promoting red mud utilization in antibiotic sludge degradation.

CuCo2O4@ACoNi-LDH (A=Fe, Cu, Zn, Cr) as efficient electrocatalyst for freshwater, seawater and urea oxidation reaction

Water electrolysis has a promising prospect in the production of green hydrogen energy, but its oxygen evolution reaction kinetics is relatively slow. Therefore, in this experiment, CuCo2O4@ACoNi-LDH (A = Fe, Cu, Zn, Cr) with heterogeneous core-shell catalytic material was firstly prepared by means of hydrothermal and calcination process, and its anodic oxidation reaction in freshwater, seawater and urea was investigated. In the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) of electrolytic water, CuCo2O4@CuCoNi-LDH displays the best catalytic activity. When the current density is 10 mA cm−2, only the overpotential of 199 mV is needed (potential of 1.429 V). The competitive oxidation and corrosion of chloride ions in seawater result in the decrease of catalytic activity. For urea oxidation reaction (UOR), CuCo2O4@FeCoNi-LDH displays the best catalytic performance, only potential of 1.292 V was required with the same current density, and the catalyst had good stability during the reaction for 12 h. Density functional theory calculation shows that CuCo2O4 plays an important role in the catalytic process. The synergistic catalysis of FeCoNi-LDH and CuCo2O4 results in the improvement of catalyst activity and stability. The CuCo2O4 material plays a key role in catalyzing urea splitting and the FeCoNi-LDH material protects CuCo2O4 from corrosion according to experimental results and density functional theory calculations. This experiment provides a new idea for the hydrogen production, exploration and the treatment of urea wastewater for transition metal oxides and layered hydroxides electrocatalyst with core-shell heterostructure.

Electrocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution of Transition Metal (Fe, Co and Cu)–Corrole Complexes Bearing an Imidazole Group

The study of the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) by non-noble transition metals is of great significance for the production of hydrogen energy. In this work, a new 5,15-bis-(pentafluorophenyl)-10-[4-(1H-imidazole) phenyl]-corrole and its metal complexes (metal = Co, Cu, Fe) were synthesized and used for electrocatalyzed HER in DMF organic solvent and aqueous media. The prepared cobalt corrole showed the best catalytic performance in both media. Its turnover frequency (TOF) and catalytic efficiency (C.E) could reach 265 s−1 and 1.04 when TsOH was used as the proton source in a DMF solvent. In aqueous media, its TOF could also reach 405 h−1. The catalytic HER may go through an EECEC or ECEC (E: electron transfer, C: chemical step) pathway for these catalysts, depending on the acidity and concentration of the proton source. The present work successfully demonstrates that imidazole at a meso-phenyl group may improve the electrocatalytic HER activity of transition metal corroles.

Techno-economic and environmental assessment of solar-based electrical vehicles charging stations integrated with hydrogen production

With the growing interest in adopting both commercial and residential electric vehicles (EVs) utilizing green renewable energy, the techno-economic assessment of EV charging stations with solar energy is a critical aspect of the transition to sustainable transportation. However, battery storage capacity for variable solar energy production is becoming increasingly less cost-effective due to the higher Lithium price. Complementing solar energy production and battery storage, the potential of combining green hydrogen fuel energy integration with solar energy for EV charging stations can provide a sustainable alternative to reach carbon-free transportation. This research aims to assess the technical and economic viability of grid-connected Photovoltaic (PV)-based EV charging stations across Kentucky based on existing EV load profiles. The study considers different PV system sizes, locations, orientations, and the impact of net metering policies and electricity tariffs on the profitability of the PV systems. Using excess PV energy, Lithium-Ion batteries will be charged, which will be assessed considering the techno-economic and environmental impacts of green EV charging stations. To further enhance green renewable energy production, we also investigated the feasibility of on-grid PV-based EV charging stations with Lithium-Ion batteries charged during low tariff periods. In comparison with these scenarios, we studied the potential benefits of integrating green hydrogen energy production using excess solar energy with and without governmental incentives. Furthermore, we assess the environmental impact of these green EV charging stations across Kentucky. Our study indicates that EV stations across Kentucky have similar techno-economic feasibility with insignificant deviation in the levelized cost of electricity, payback period, and PV energy fraction with/without Li-Ion batteries. However, with green hydrogen production, the marginal H2 production cost indicates the first scenario (on-grid PV energy charging) is the most significant, roughly 10 USD/Kg, which is ∼1.5 times higher than the second (charging during low-tariff periods) and the third scenarios (power grid to satisfy the demand deficit – approximately 6.5 USD/Kg). From the environmental perspective, the second scenario would be a good option for either hybrid EV/H2 or EV charging stations in Kentucky, factoring in the hydrogen production cost and the carbon footprint.

Optimization of Renewable Energy Supply Chain for Sustainable Hydrogen Energy Production from Plastic Waste

Disposing of plastic waste through burial or burning leads to air pollution issues while also contributing to gas emissions and plastic waste spreading underground into seas via springs. Henceforth, this research aims at reducing plastic waste volume while simultaneously generating clean energy. Hydrogen energy is a promising fuel source that holds great value for humanity. However, achieving clean hydrogen energy poses challenges, including high costs and complex production processes, especially on a national scale. This research focuses on Iran as a country capable of producing this energy, examining the production process along with related challenges and the general supply chain. These challenges encompass selecting appropriate raw materials based on chosen technologies, factory capacities, storage methods, and transportation flow among different provinces of the country. To deal with these challenges, a mixed-integer linear programming model is developed to optimize the hydrogen supply chain and make optimal decisions about the mentioned problems. The supply chain model estimates an average cost—IRR 4 million (approximately USD 8)—per kilogram of hydrogen energy that is available in syngas during the initial period; however, subsequent periods may see costs decrease to IRR 1 million (approximately USD 2), factoring in return-on-investment rates.

Iron and vanadium co-doped Ni3S2 flower like nanosheets as an efficient electrocatalysts for water splitting

For the production of sustainable hydrogen energy from water electrolysis, it is now essential to create an efficient bifunctional electrocatalysts for OER and HER (oxygen and hydrogen evolution reaction). We have synthesized a bi-metallic heterogeneous electrocatalyst of iron and vanadium codoped nickel sulphide (FeV-Ni3S2) flower like nanosheets self-supported on conductive nickel foam (NF) substrate by a typical hydrothermal method. Herein, our investigation is focused on achieving an efficient electrocatalytic performance and long-term stability (> 48 h) in an alkaline environment (1 M KOH). The results of FeV-Ni3S2/NF exhibits an outstanding electrochemical performance with lower overpotentials of 149 mV for HER and 183 mV for OER at 10 mA cm−2, and a lower cell voltage of 1.56 V, respectively. The lattice distortion in Ni3S2 caused by FeV-doping, and the enrichment of sulphur active edge sites contributes to the improved electrochemical performance of FeV-Ni3S2/NF. Moreover, the interconnected flower like nanosheets increasese the conductivity, density of active sites and electrochemical surface area to facilitate the mass transport of reactants, benefiting stable water electrolysis for efficient hydrogen production. This work will provide novel insights into the design of bi-metal-doped materials for energy conversion and storage applications.

Hydrogen energy development in Turkey: Challenges and opportunities

In 2023, the Turkish government set ambitious targets for hydrogen production, aiming to reach a price of $2.40 per kilogram by 2035 and halve it by 2050. This article explores the development potential of hydrogen energy in Turkey based on current data. The analysis encompasses critical elements, such as research and development, governmental hydrogen strategy, economic & energy advantages, production & application technologies. There is also a SWOT analysis of the current hydrogen energy landscape in Turkey. Overcoming various challenges and increasing investments in scientific research and infrastructure development are crucial for the successful expansion of the hydrogen economy. In summary, the development of hydrogen green energy is pivotal for enhancing energy security, reducing environmental impact, and meeting international climate commitments, thus strengthening Turkey's economic position in the global energy arena.