Procion Red Research Articles

Enhanced degradation of Procion Red MX-5B using Fe-doped corn cob ash and Fe-doped g-C3N4

ABSTRACT Procion Red MX-5B (PRM) is harmful to both human health and the environment, and it is resistant to degradation through conventional wastewater treatment methods. In this study, solar-Fenton-like oxidation was used to treat it, employing Fe-doped corn cob ash and Fe-doped g-C₃N₄ (CN) photocatalysts. First, a characterization study (SEM, XRD, BET, PL, and XPS) was performed and its results proved that they were successfully synthesized and the most promising one was 20 wt. % Fe containing Fe/g-C3N4 ;(%20FeCN). Then, the influence of reaction parameters was studied and the optimal conditions were determined to be 0.2 g/L of %20FeCN, 10 mm of HPC, and pH = 3. At these reaction conditions, complete degradation of PRM was observed. Lastly, a kinetic study was performed and the reaction was found to follow the first-order kinetics, with an activation energy calculated to be 40.88 kJ/mol. This suggests that the 20% FeCN catalyst is highly effective and holds great promise for PRM degradation.

Green synthesis of ZnO and Ni-doped ZnO from okra stalks for the photocatalytic degradation of Procion Red MX-5B

This study investigates the photocatalytic degradation of Procion Red MX-5B (PRM) using ZnO and Ni-doped ZnO catalysts derived from okra stalks through a green synthesis method. Various parameters, including hydrogen peroxide concentration (HPC), catalyst amount, nickel (Ni) doping amount, initial PRM concentration, and pH, are systematically studied to assess their impact on PRM degradation efficiency. The results reveal that both ZnO and Ni-doped ZnO catalysts exhibit promising photocatalytic activity, with the highest PRM degradation efficiency achieved at the following reaction conditions: 6 mM of HPC, 40 mg of Ni(7%):ZnO catalyst, 10 ppm initial PRM concentration, and pH = 6. Under these conditions, the Ni-doped ZnO catalyst demonstrated a degradation efficiency of 98.08% compared to 82.99% for the ZnO catalyst. The study highlights the potential of these catalysts for efficient organic pollutant removal and provides valuable insights into the factors influencing their photocatalytic performance.

Synthesis and Characterization of Nanoparticle Composite CaO/Fe3O4 from Duck Egg Shells and Its Application for Congo Red and Procion Red MX-5b Dyes Adsorption

Synthesis and Characterization of Nanoparticle Composite CaO/Fe3O4 from Duck Egg Shells and Its Application for Congo Red and Procion Red MX-5b Dyes Adsorption

A common polar dye additive as corrosion inhibitor and leveling agent for stable aqueous zinc‐ion batteries

AbstractThe industrial application of zinc‐ion batteries is restricted by irrepressible dendrite growth and side reactions that resulted from the surface heterogeneity of the commercial zinc electrode and the thermodynamic spontaneous corrosion in a weakly acidic aqueous electrolyte. Herein, a common polar dye, Procion Red MX‐5b, with high polarity and asymmetric charge distribution is introduced into the zinc sulfate electrolyte, which can not only reconstruct the solvation configuration of Zn2+ and strengthen hydrogen bonding to reduce the reactivity of free H2O but also homogenize interfacial electric field by its preferentially absorption on the zinc surface. The symmetric cell can cycle with a lower voltage hysteresis (78.4 mV) for 1120 times at 5 mA cm−2 and Zn//NaV3O8·1.5H2O full cell can be cycled over 1000 times with high capacity (average 170 mAh g−1) at 4 A g−1 in the compound electrolyte. This study provides a new perspective for additive engineering strategies of aqueous zinc‐ion batteries.

Magnetite humic acid-decorated MgAl layered double hydroxide and its application in procion red adsorption

The magnetite humic acid-decorated MgAl layered double hydroxide (MgAl-MHA) was prepared for this investigation. After five adsorption-desorption cycles, MgAl-MHA showed remarkable reusability and an adsorption rate of about 57% without suffering appreciable loss. The MgAl-MHA's magnetic properties further improve the process of adsorption and less the possibility of the surface being harmed. The influence of temperature, initial concentration of procion red, contact time, pH value, and pHpzc on procion red removal percentage of the MgAl-MHA was investigated in detail. The pseudo-second-order kinetic model and the Langmuir isotherm model were well-fitted by the adsorption kinetics and equilibrium adsorption isotherm, respectively. The thermodynamics analysis indicated that procion red adsorption onto the MgAl-MHA was endothermic and spontaneous. Procion red has a maximum adsorption capacity of 192.037 mg/g at 303 K. In light of the findings mentioned above, MgAl-MHA presents a viable adsorbent option with high recyclability and cheap cost for the removal of procion red.

Polyoxometalate Intercalated Layered Double Hydroxide for Degradation of Procion Red

Polyoxometalate Intercalated Layered Double Hydroxide for Degradation of Procion Red

Enhanced photocatalytic performance of W-doped TiO2 nanoparticles for treatment of Procion Red MX-5B azo dye in textile wastewater

Sol-gel synthesis of W-doped TiO2 nanoparticles (W-TiO2) as a photocatalyst for Procion Red MX-5B (MX-5B) azo dye treatment in textile wastewater was the main focus of this research. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffractometer (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) structural studies of nanostructured photocatalysts showed that W was successfully incorporated into the TiO2 lattice. According to EIS investigations, W-TiO2 has a greater rate of charge transfer and excellent charge separation capabilities compared to a sample of pure TiO2. It shows the W-TiO2 nanostructured photocatalyst sample's exceptional photocatalytic performance. The band gap energies of TiO2 and W-TiO2 were determined through optical studies to be 3.22 eV and 2.93 eV, respectively, showing an improvement in the photocatalytic activity of TiO2 in the visible light domain. Studies of the photocatalytic performance indicated that the full treatment of MX-5B molecules was achieved after 105, 100, 95, 80, 70, 85, and 90 min of exposure to visible light for pure TiO2, W0.5-TiO2, W1-TiO2, W3-TiO2, W5-TiO2, W8-TiO2, and W10-TiO2, respectively. These studies revealed the great and quick photocatalytic treatment of MX-5B in the presence of doped TiO2. The results of a study that used 400 mL of a 40 mg/L MX-5B solution prepared with deionized water as a control sample and a sample of actual textile wastewater as a real sample showed that MX-5B from actual textile wastewater was effectively photocatalytically degraded in the presence of W5-TiO2 photocatalyst.

Catalytic Activity of LDH-TiO2 and LDH-ZnO in Photodegradation of Procion Red

Pristine layered double hydroxides (LDHs) which have been modified into LDHs-metal oxide composite were applied as procion red (PR) photodegradation catalysts. The preparation was performed using a low calcination temperature of 300°C. Optimization variations include pH, catalyst weight and catalysis time. The degradation percentages of Mg/Al LDH, Mg/Al-TiO2 and Mg/Al-ZnO were 51.8%, 72.0% and 89.5%, respectively. The percentage of degradation of Zn/Al LDH, Zn/Al-TiO2 and Zn/Al-ZnO were 44.0%, 61.2% and 58.4%, respectively. The study results showed that all composites produced a greater percentage of PR degradation and better reusability than pristine LDH. Mg/Al LDH-based catalysts tend to catalyze PR better than Zn/Al LDH-based catalysts. PR which is an anionic dye when photodegraded using Mg/Al-ZnO tends to be better than Mg/Al-TiO2 meanwhile Zn/Al-TiO2 and Zn/Al-ZnO have competitive performance.

Biochar Derived from Rice Husk as Effective Adsorbent for the Removal Congo Red and Procion Red MX-5B Dyes

Biochar derived from rice husk was successfully prepared with the pyrolysis method. X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Thermogravimetry analysis (TGA), and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis confirmed biochar. The results indicate that biochar is amorphous carbon. Functional groups on biochar include -OH, C-H, C-O, C=C, and C-O. The surface area of biochar of 72.252 m2/g with a pore size of 3.334 nm which is classified as mesoporous material. Biochar was used as an adsorbent on the congo red (CR) and procion red MX-5B (PR) dyes with adsorption capacities of 42.918 and 84.034 mg/g, respectively. The equilibrium adsorption occurred at 120 minutes. The adsorption isotherm and kinetics both followed the Langmuir isotherm and Pseudo Second Order (PSO), respectively. CR and PR adsorption process using biochar by physisorption and chemisorption with interactions that occur include hydrogen interactions, physical interactions, π-π interactions, and electrostatic interactions.

Solvent-free functionalization of sawdust with quaternary ammonium groups: Application to the biosorption of two anionic dyes

The improvement of sawdust reactivity through simple chemical modification strategies represent an interesting method to extend the field of application or improve the natural performances of this abundant and available waste. In this work, sawdust was modified with Glycidyltrimethylammonium chloride (GTAC), an organic compound bearing a quaternary ammonium group. The objective was to obtain a modified sawdust with a permanent cationic charge. The modification of the material was confirmed by solid state 13C NMR and FTIR spectroscopy. The anion exchange capacity of modified sawdust (Sa-G) was demonstrated by the ability of sawdust to exclusively adsorb cations before modification and anions after modification. This anionic exchange property was applied for the adsorption of two anionic dyes (Procion Red MX-5B (PR) and Evans Blue (EB)). Generally, the material was more effective in acidic conditions due to the acid-base properties of sawdust. Compared to EB, the less charged and smaller PR adsorbs more quantitatively on the material and with faster kinetics (Equilibrium reached after only 30 min, while more than 24 h were needed in the case of EB). Thermodynamic study also reveals an exothermic process in the case of PR and endothermic in the case of EB. Under optimal conditions, the maximum adsorption capacities were 121.8 μmol g−1 for PR and 103.1 μmol g−1 for EB. Desorption tests showed that the material can be recycled by desorption of dyes in 0.1 M sodium hydroxide solution. After 5 adsorption-desorption cycles performance losses of only 15% for EB and 30% for PR were recorded.

Sustainable coproduction of xylooligosaccharide, single-cell protein and lignin-adsorbent through whole components’ utilization of sugarcane bagasse with high solid loading

Free-waste biorefining of lignocellulosic biomass is environmentally friendly and accelerates the achievement of carbon neutrality. Here, we developed a sequential process of biorefining using a high solid loading of sugarcane bagasse (SB) as feedstock to coproduce xylooligosaccharide, glucose and xylose for the first time, including a three-step chemical pretreatment with a combination of diluted potassium hydroxide and phosphoric acid, followed by hydrolysis with recombinant endo-xylanase from Pichia pastoris and cellulase and xylanase from Penicillium oxalicum. The novel process achieved a maximum xylooligosaccharide yield of 5.59 g/100 g SB, comprising 77.1 % xylobiose, 18.5 % xylotriose and 4.4 % xylotetraose, a glucose yield of 32.96 g/100 g SB and a xylose yield of 7.68 g/100 g SB. The obtained glucose and xylose were used for the cultivation of Candida utilis, resulting in 13.20 g single-cell protein/100 g SB, 56.5 % of which was crude protein. Lignin residues were precipitated from the generated waste liquids by adjusting the pH, with a recovery extent of 94.15 %, used as lignin-adsorbent. The lignin-adsorbent could efficiently adsorb the dyes Acid Black 1, Direct Orange S and Procion Red MX-5B, with decolorization extents of 92.33 %, 93.00 % and 65.46 %, respectively. The final supernatant rich in phosphorus and potassium could be used as the feedstock of liquid fertilizer to nourish plants. This explored strategy provides an alternative option to utilize all components from SB that is eco-friendly.

Isotherm and Thermodynamics Study of Congo Red and Procion Red Adsorption over Natural and Zn/Fe Pillared Bentonite

The effect of initial Congo Red and Procion Red concentration on isotherm adsorption and thermodynamic adsorption study using natural and Zn/Fe Pillared bentonite have been conducted. The adsorbents were also characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), and Scanning electron microscope-energy dispersive X-Ray analysis (SEM-EDX). The study showed that the optimum dye removal of Congo Red and Procion Red was obtained at the initial dye concentration of 80 mg/L. The adsorption isotherm study showed that the Congo Red and Procion Red adsorption on natural and Zn/Fe Pillared bentonite followed the Freundlich isotherm model. The adsorption thermodynamics study showed that the adsorption of Congo Red and Procion Red occurred endothermically, wheraas the positive value of entropy indicated a high level of disorder of adsorption for both dyes. Furthermore, the FTIR, XRD, and SEM-EDX analysis showed that the pillarization of Zn/Fe on bentonite successfully well occurred, and it could be concluded that the adsorption of Congo Red using natural and Zn/Fe pillared bentonite showed a better adsorption process than Procion Red.

Utilization of Rambutan Peel as s Potential Adsorbent for the Adsorption of Malachite Green, Procion Red, and Congo Red Dyes

Utilization of Rambutan Peel as s Potential Adsorbent for the Adsorption of Malachite Green, Procion Red, and Congo Red Dyes

Removal of Congo Red and Procion Red Using Zn/Fe Pillared Bentonite

The process of pillarization of metal oxide Zn/Fe compounds in bentonite has been carried out. The study of adsorbent weight, pH, adsorption time, and initial concentration were investigated to get the optimum reduction of Congo red and Procion red concentration. In addition, the pseudo kinetic also determined to investigate the rate and type of adsorption. From the experiment, the optimum conditions for removal of Congo red for the adsorbent weight, pH, and adsorption time were 0.02 g, 2, 20 minutes, respectively, while for the removal of Procion red was 0.04 g, 2, 20 minutes, respectively and both of adsorbent followed the pseudo-second-order model kinetics with chemisorption mechanism. Although the optimum conditions for removal of the two dyes were similar, in fact the percentage removal of the Congo red dye was greater. In conclusion, the Zn/Fe pillared bentonite was more suitable for the removal of the Congo red than Procion red.

Decolorization of Remazol Brilliant Violet 5R and Procion Red MX-5B by Trichoderma Species

Industrial wastewater including dye waste disposal, has been released in a massive amount and is difficult to degrade, especially synthetic dyes. In this study, 10 different types of fungi were isolated from a decayed wood in UTM forest and were labelled as S1-S10. Two dyes were chosen for this study, which were Procion Red MX-5B (PRMX5B) and Remazol Brilliant Violet 5R (RBV5R). These fungi were screened for their ability to decolor both dyes and further tested for their ability to decolor the dyes in liquid medium under several parameters; carbon and nitrogen sources, initial pH value, temperature, and agitation. S1 decolorized PRMX5B efficiently with the addition of glucose (45%), ammonium nitrate (61%), pH 3 (69%), temperature 37°C (49%), and agitation 100 rpm (69%), whereas S2 decolorized efficiently with the addition of glucose (60%), ammonium nitrate (49%), pH 3 (70%), temperature 37°C (46%), and agitation 100 rpm (74%). S1 demonstrated efficient decolorization of RBV5R with the addition of glucose (80%), ammonium nitrate (62%), pH 3, temperature 37°C (75%), and agitation 100 rpm (90%), whereas S2 demonstrated efficient decolorization with the addition of glucose (52%), ammonium nitrate (67%), pH 3, temperature 37°C (75%), and agitation 100 rpm (71%).The percentage of decolorization of dyes was measured by using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer. These fungi were then identified using the 18sr RNA method. Based on macroscopic and microscopic characteristics and a polygenetic tree, fungi S1 belong to Trichoderma koningiopsis and fungi S2 belong to Trichoderma atroviride.

Innovative Modified of Cu-Al/C (C = Biochar, Graphite) Composites for Removal of Procion Red from Aqueous Solution

Innovative modification of Cu-Al/C composites was synthesized by coprecipitation method at pH 10 and added biochar (BC) and graphite (GF) to form Cu-Al/BC and Cu-Al/GF composites. Pristine and composites were characterized by XRD, FT-IR, Thermalgravimetric, and surface area using the BET method. The XRD diffraction and FTIR spectrum of Cu-Al/BC and Cu-Al/GF showed that the composite material from LDH, biochar, and graphite was successfully prepared. Modified LDH were surface area higher than the pristine, which obtained 200.90 m2/g and 18.83 m2/g for Cu-Al/BC and Cu-Al/GF respectively. Cu-Al/BC and Cu-Al/GF were tested for selectivity on several anionic dyes, it was known that procion red (PR) dye was more easily adsorbed than other anionic dyes. Materials were applied as adsorbents of procion red (PR) dye. The advantages of composites were evaluated by the regeneration process of adsorbent on PR. The result of composite toward PR re-adsorption process showed that Cu-Al/BC and Cu-Al/GF had structural stability higher than starting materials until five cycles process. Furthermore, materials were applied as adsorbents of procion red (PR) dye. The maximum adsorption capacity obtained was 93.458 mg/g for Cu-Al/BC and 49.505 mg/g for Cu-Al/GF. Both innovative modified composites have shown effective adsorbents to the removal of PR from an aqueous solution.

Simultaneous energy generation, decolorization, and detoxification of the azo dye Procion Red MX-5B in a microbial fuel cell

Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) are sustainable technologies that can effectively treat wastewater with simultaneous electricity generation. The present study investigated the performance of an MFC highly specific for decolorizing and degrading the azo dye Procion Red MX-5B (PRMX), which eliminates the toxicity of the solution while generating electricity. The MFC anode biofilm was formed from mining sediment after acclimatization in sodium acetate (1 g L-1), followed by the addition of 100 mg L-1 PRMX. The system was totally decolorized, and the color removal occurred fast during the first 70 h of the MFC feed cycle. Total mineralization occurred after 172 h of the feed cycle of the MFC system. Complete degradation of the aromatic intermediates generated after PRMX degradation reduced the toxic potential of the PRMX solution against A. salina larvae and L. sativa seeds to near zero. PRMX supply into the anode increased the voltage output from 360 mV (1 g L-1 sodium acetate - SA) to 520 mV (PRMX/SA 100 mg L-1: 0.25 g L-1). The maximum power density of 156 mW m-2 obtained herein was higher than most values reported for dye remediation in similar devices. Assessment of the microbial community showed that PRMX addition to the acetate diminished the microbial diversity in the bioanode. Pseudomonas and Dysgonomonas accounted for 87% of the biofilm. Therefore, both genera are most probably responsible for external electron transfer and PRMX degradation.

Biochar from Rice Husk as Efficient Biosorbent for Procion Red Removal from Aqueous Systems

Numerous reports have elucidated the use of biochar (BC) to adsorb dyes from wastewater. However, its applicability for adsorbing Procion Red, which causes carcinogenic and mutagenic effects on aquatic life, has not been studied. In this work, biochar produced from rice husk in Sumatera, Indonesia was used as a biosorbent for Procion Red removal from aqueous systems. Rice husk-BC was characterised using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, surface area specific analysis, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for mor-phological analysis. The characterisation showed a (002) reflection peak at 2θ = 23° with broad and quite intense diffraction, which indicates reflection of electromagnetic waves by silicates, oxides and carbon present in the rice husk-BC. The surface area and SEM morphologies confirm that after pyrolysis, the surface of the rice husk changed. The FTIR spectra confirm the presence of functional groups such as the carboxylic acids and aromatic compounds. The surface area of rice husk-BC was up to ten times that of its raw material. The results of adsorption studies indicate that adsorption of Procion Red on rice husk-BC follows a pseudo-second-order (PSO) reaction with a rate constant of 0.044 min-1 and Langmuir isotherm models with a coefficient of correlation close to unity. The maximum adsorption capacity increased from 36.900 mg g-1 for the rice husk to 84.034 for the rice husk-BC. Thermodynamic analysis showed positive enthalpy and entropy, indicating that Procion Red adsorption is endothermic; thus, the Gibbs energy values decreased with increase in temperature, indicating that high temperatures are favourable for the adsorption process. Furthermore, the study of adsorption of Procion Red on rice husk-BC and regeneration of the adsorption capacity of rice husk-BC showed the largest drop in the fourth and last cycle.

Salt free dyeing properties of cotton fabrics grafted with ε-polylysine(ε-PL)

ABSTRACT Cotton fabric was chemically modified with ε-Poly-L-lysine (ε-PL), which contains abundant imino groups and primary amino groups. ε-PL was grafted onto cotton fabric by a reaction between aldehyde groups of oxidized cellulose and amino groups of ε-PL. FT-IR of grafted cotton fabrics was researched and it demonstrated the covalent bonds combination between ε-PL and cellulose fibers. Zeta potential of cotton fabrics grafted with ε-PL was positive when pH was lower than 7.5. Dyeing properties of modified cotton fabrics were investigated. Exhaustion rate and fixation rate of reactive dyes on modified cotton fabrics with a salt-free dyeing process were higher than those of unmodified cotton fabrics with a conventional dyeing process. Compared with that of the unmodified cotton fabrics, the washing fastness, rubbing fastness, and leveling properties of the modified cotton fabrics were also good. The dyeing behavior of Procion Red H-E3B on modified cotton fabric was examined and found to follow a Langmuir-type adsorption curve. It is concluded that ε-PL could be used as a salt-free auxiliary in reactive dyeing on cotton fabrics.

Microbial degradation of Procion Red by Pseudomonas stutzeri

The bacterium Pseudomonas stutzeri SPM-1, obtained from textile wastewater dumping sites of Surat, Gujarat was studied for the degradation of the textile azo dye Procion Red—H3B. The optimization was carried on the phenanthrene enrichment medium followed by exposing it to variable environmental factors and nutritional sources. The complete decolorization of dye (50 mg/L) happened within 20 h of incubation at pH 8 and temperature 32 ± 0.2 °C under microaerophilic conditions. Decolourization was monitored with the shifting of absorbance peak in UV–Vis spectrophotometry and HPLC analysis. The physicochemical studies of effluent before and after the treatment revealed 85%, 90%, and 65% decline in BOD, COD, and TOC levels. The strain showed significant activities of azoreductase (95%), laccase (76%), and NADH-DCIP reductase (88%) at 12 h, 10 h, and 8 h of growth respectively indicating evidence for reductive cleavage of the dye. The changes in the functional groups were confirmed by the presence of new peaks in FT-IR data. GC–MS analysis helped in recognizing the degraded dye compounds thus elucidating the proposed pathway for degradation of Procion Red—H3B. The potential of the bioremediation process was concluded by a phytotoxicity test using two plants, Vigna radiata and Cicer arietinum. Our study demonstrates that the strain Pseudomonas stutzeri SPM-1 has rapid decolorization efficiency and holds a noteworthy perspective in industrial application for textile wastewater treatment.