Processing Of Emotional Words Research Articles

The effect of congruent emotional context in emotional word processing during discourse comprehension

This event-related potential (ERP) study examined the effect of congruent emotional context on the processing of subsequent emotional words during discourse comprehension. We used two-sentence discourses as materials and constructed three types of discourse: one where both sentences conveyed a negative emotion (Negative-Negative), one where the first sentence conveyed a neutral emotion and the second a negative one (Neutral-Negative), and one where neither sentence conveyed a negative emotion (Neutral-Neutral). In all conditions, an identical target word was embedded in the second sentence that, combined with the local context, conveyed either a negative or a neutral emotion. Participants were asked to read for comprehension and rate the emotionality of each discourse. The ERP results showed that, when both sentences conveyed negative emotion, the target words induced a smaller N400 than when neither of the sentences conveyed a negative emotion. The target words also induced a larger late positivity when both sentences conveyed negative emotion than when either only the second sentence or neither sentence did. Our results indicate that congruent emotional context weakens semantic analysis and leads to more elaborated emotional evaluation in the later stage of discourse comprehension. These findings help clarify the effect of emotional context in language comprehension. • Focus on the pure effect of congruent emotional context on emotional words during discourse comprehension. • Semantic analysis was weakened incongruent emotional context. • Later emotional evaluation was increased in congruent emotional context. • Effect of emotional context may depend on the congruence between emotional context and subsequent emotional words.

Cross-linguistic differences affect emotion and emotion-laden word processing: Evidence from Polish-English and Romanian-English bilinguals

Aims: We study how emotions are represented in Polish-English and Romanian-English bilinguals, whose respective languages either mostly share emotion lexicon (Romanian-English) or not (Polish-English). We test to what extent such variance in lexical proximity between the two bilingual groups affects their decisions about emotional word content. Methodology: In a masked priming paradigm, participants viewed prime-target adjective pairs, and judged whether the target adjective was positive or negative in meaning. Primes and targets either named (emotion word) or evoked (emotion-laden word) emotions, and were either related – that is, belonged to one word type (emotion or emotion-laden) – or unrelated. Data and analysis: Behavioural data were analysed using linear mixed-effects models, with within-subject fixed effects of language, word type, valence and relatedness, and their interactions. Findings/conclusions: We found processing facilitation of emotion-laden rather than emotion words in both participant groups, irrespective of language of operation. Emotion target adjectives, particularly of negative valence, tended to slow down responses of Polish-English bilinguals in their first language. In the Romanian-English group, emotion target adjectives were recognized with lower accuracy in the second language. This pattern of results suggests that affective responsiveness is modulated by the lexical proximity between the first language and second language. Originality: Extending bilingual emotion research, this study tests how emotions are represented in languages that vary in lexical proximity with English: Polish and Romanian. We demonstrate that cross-linguistic differences between the respective languages of a bilingual impact emotional meaning processing in the first and second language. Significance/implications: We provide support for the emotion context-of-learning theory, language-specific episodic trace theory and the sense model in bilingualism, showing that cross-linguistic differences between the first and second language modulate emotion and emotion-laden word processing. Our findings also demonstrate that the distinction between the emotion and emotion-laden words is not as universal as previously assumed.

Semantic transparency modulates the processing of emotion words during Chinese reading: Evidence from eye movements

How the emotionality and transparency of target word affect processing has been long-studied in cognitive psychology, yet less is known about their joint effects during natural reading. The current study is the first to use eye-tracking methodology to orthogonally investigate semantic transparency and emotional valence effects for compound words in natural Chinese reading. Eye movements were monitored while participants read sentences with positive or negative and transparent or opaque two-character compound words. The experiment found a processing advantage for transparent words over opaque words when participants re-read earlier portions of the sentences, which indicated more difficult in integrating opaque words with preceding context relative to transparent words. However, our findings provided no robust evidence for comparable valence effects in the eye movements during Chinese reading, and no parafoveal-on-foveal effects were found. In conclusion, the current study indicates transparency might affect semantic integration of the target word with sentence context.

First-Episode Psychotic Patients Showed Longitudinal Brain Changes Using fMRI With an Emotional Auditory Paradigm.

Most previous longitudinal studies of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in first-episode psychosis (FEP) using cognitive paradigm task found an increased activation after antipsychotic medications. We designed an emotional auditory paradigm to explore brain activation during emotional and nonemotional word processing. This study aimed to analyze if longitudinal changes in brain fMRI BOLD activation is present in patients vs. healthy controls. A group of FEP patients (n = 34) received clinical assessment and had a fMRI scan at baseline and follow-up (average, 25-month interval). During the fMRI scan, both emotional and nonemotional words were presented as a block design. Results were compared with a pair of healthy control group (n = 13). Patients showed a decreased activation at follow-up fMRI in amygdala (F = 4.69; p = 0.04) and hippocampus (F = 5.03; p = 0.03) compared with controls. Middle frontal gyrus was the only area that showed a substantial increased activation in patients (F = 4.53; p = 0.04). A great heterogeneity in individual activation patterns was also found. These results support the relevance of the type of paradigm in neuroimaging for psychosis. This is, as far as we know, the first longitudinal study with an emotional auditory paradigm in FEP. Our results suggested that the amygdala and hippocampus play a key role in psychotic disease. More studies are needed to understand the heterogeneity of response at individual level.

Altered neural processing of emotional words in adults with a history of institutionalization: Evidence from the emotional Stroop task.

We investigated neural correlates of traumatic experience related to the lack of family care in adults with a history of institutionalization (IC) using the Emotional Stroop paradigm. The goals of our study were twofold: we investigated whether adults with IC history (n=24; Mage =22.17, SD=6.7) demonstrate atypical processing of emotionally salient words in general, and whether they exhibit selective processing bias toward family related words compared to adults raised in biological families (BFC; n=28; Mage =22.25, SD=4.9). Results demonstrated significant differences in accuracy but not response times between groups on the behavioral level, indicating that the IC group was overall less accurate in identifying the color of the font. Contrary to our prediction, there were no significant differences between neural response to family related versus unrelated words in the IC and BFC groups. The absence of group differences can be explained by the selection of stimuli, which were associated with family rather than institutional history. The IC group showed a larger N280-380 component in response to negative words compared to the BFC group, and larger negativity in the right parietal area in response to positive words in the same time window. Results demonstrate that institutional history is marked by altered emotional processing in the subpopulation of institutional care-leavers, but the footprint is not specific to traumatic experience and extends from general sensitivity to emotional words.

How are words felt in a second language: Norms for 2,628 English words for valence and arousal by L2 speakers

AbstractThe topic of non-native language processing has been of steady interest in past decades. Yet, conclusions about the emotional responses in L2 have been highly variable. We conducted a large-scale rating study to explicitly measure how non-native readers of English respond to the valence and arousal of 2,628 English words. We investigated how the effect of a rater's L2 proficiency, length of time in Canada, and the semantic category of the word affects how L2 readers experience and rate that word. L2 speakers who had lived a longer time in Canada, and reported higher English proficiency, showed emotional responses that were more similar to those of L1 speakers of English. Additionally, valence differences between L1 and L2 raters were greater in words that L2 raters do not typically use in English. These findings highlight the importance of behavioural ecology in language learning, particularly as it applies to emotional word processing.

自我相关性影响情绪词汇加工的时间进程

自我相关性影响情绪词汇加工的时间进程

Electrophysiological correlates of emotion word processing in Spanish–English bilinguals

AbstractWe examined how proficiency influences the processing of emotion words in Spanish–English bilinguals (22 balanced and 20 unbalanced). All unbalanced bilinguals were more proficient in English than Spanish. Participants rated the valence of negative, neutral, and positive words in both languages while EEG was being recorded. ERP latencies and amplitudes were analyzed for two components. The language effect was significant on the late positive component (LPC) amplitude, which was larger for emotion than for neutral words for both groups in English. The unbalanced group presented larger LPC amplitudes for positive than for neutral and for neutral than for negative words in Spanish, suggesting emotion processing differences in these participants’ less proficient language. Valence effects were consistent across languages for the balanced group, but not for the unbalanced group, perhaps reflecting differences in reactivity to emotion words in the less proficient language.

Emotional Word Processing Within Configural Representations

The impact of emotions on cognitive processes has been studied intensively in the last years. The aim of the present study is to investigate the relationship between visuospatial attention processes and emotions. Visuospatial attention processes were investigated by using a localization task which required processing of the words that formed the configuration. In the localization task, participants were asked to indicate the position of the target word which matched the color of the fixation cross (“+”) by pressing the relevant keyboard button. In each trial, four words in different colors were positioned to form a square configuration. In different experimental conditions, words that formed the configuration varied in their valence (neutral, positive and negative words). The intertrial transitions (trial 1  trial 2) consisted of changes in the target’s location within the configuration (e.g. top right corner), size of configuration (big/small square) and type of word (emotional/neutral). The main goal of the present study is to investigate the interaction between the processing of emotional and neutral words and certain variables. The variables were the size of the attended area and localizing the target word that was repeated or changed across trials. By changing the size of the configuration (small / big sized square) across trials, the size of the attended area was determined. The results revealed that changes in word valence and size of the configuration led to differences in the localization task performance. It was found that neutral and negative words led to target location repetition cost. Different location targets were processed faster suggesting that word processing was easier. Additionally, bigger, compared to smaller configurations, led to better performance only when emotional words were used. Overall findings of the present study suggest that configural representations are formed automatically by using the word stimuli, and they influence the processing of emotional and neutral words differently

Prosody Dominates Over Semantics in Emotion Word Processing: Evidence From Cross-Channel and Cross-Modal Stroop Effects.

Purpose Emotional speech communication involves multisensory integration of linguistic (e.g., semantic content) and paralinguistic (e.g., prosody and facial expressions) messages. Previous studies on linguistic versus paralinguistic salience effects in emotional speech processing have produced inconsistent findings. In this study, we investigated the relative perceptual saliency of emotion cues in cross-channel auditory alone task (i.e., semantics-prosody Stroop task) and cross-modal audiovisual task (i.e., semantics-prosody-face Stroop task). Method Thirty normal Chinese adults participated in two Stroop experiments with spoken emotion adjectives in Mandarin Chinese. Experiment 1 manipulated auditory pairing of emotional prosody (happy or sad) and lexical semantic content in congruent and incongruent conditions. Experiment 2 extended the protocol to cross-modal integration by introducing visual facial expression during auditory stimulus presentation. Participants were asked to judge emotional information for each test trial according to the instruction of selective attention. Results Accuracy and reaction time data indicated that, despite an increase in cognitive demand and task complexity in Experiment 2, prosody was consistently more salient than semantic content for emotion word processing and did not take precedence over facial expression. While congruent stimuli enhanced performance in both experiments, the facilitatory effect was smaller in Experiment 2. Conclusion Together, the results demonstrate the salient role of paralinguistic prosodic cues in emotion word processing and congruence facilitation effect in multisensory integration. Our study contributes tonal language data on how linguistic and paralinguistic messages converge in multisensory speech processing and lays a foundation for further exploring the brain mechanisms of cross-channel/modal emotion integration with potential clinical applications.

Left Amygdala Regulates the Cerebral Reading Network During Fast Emotion Word Processing

Emotion words constitute a special class of verbal stimuli which can quickly activate the limbic system outside the left-hemisphere language network. Such fast response to emotion words may arise independently of the left occipitotemporal area involved in visual word-form analysis and rely on a distinct amygdala-dependent emotion circuit involved in fearful face processing. Using a hemifield priming paradigm with fMRI, we explored how the left and right amygdala systems interact with the reading network during emotion word processing. On each trial, participants viewed a centrally presented target which was preceded by a masked prime flashed either to the left or right visual field. Primes and targets, each denoting negative or positive nouns, could be either affectively congruent or incongruent with each other. We observed that affective congruency produced parallel changes in neural priming between the left frontal and parietotemporal regions and the bilateral amygdala. However, we also found that the left, but not right, amygdala exhibited significant change in functional connectivity with the neural components of reading as a function of affective congruency. Collectively, these results suggest that emotion words activate the bilateral amygdala during early stages of emotion word processing, whereas only the left amygdala exerts a long-distance regulatory influence over the reading network via its strong within-hemisphere connectivity.

Implicit processing of emotional words by children with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: An fMRI investigation

Background/ObjectiveIn the last decade, socio-political violence in Colombia (South America) has created an environment of extreme/chronic stress. In this study, brain imaging technology (fMRI) and behavioral task performance were used to measure potential deficits in executive functioning for emotional processing in Colombian children. MethodParticipants (22 Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, PTSD and 22 neurotypical, NT) were asked to perform a word task with implicit emotional salience, which required them to report the color of the ink in which a positive, negative or neutral word was printed. ResultsMixed design analysis of variance showed no group differences in accuracy for determining ink color when presented as a positive or neutral word. However, PTSD children were significantly less accurate (negative words) and notably slower (both positive and negative words) at determining ink color when presented in the context of an emotional word. PTSD processing of positive and negative words was associated with hypoactivation in the superior and middle frontal gyri of the right hemisphere in comparison to NT children. ConclusionsThese results may reflect a deficit in executive functioning for emotionally laden stimuli, perhaps induced as a by-product of their traumatic experiences.

情绪词加工过程及其情绪效应特点：ERP的证据

<p id="C2">Language plays an important role in the exchange of emotional information. The processing of emotional language has always been the focus of emotional research. Some main views and results on emotional words processing from ERP data are analyzed and summarized: including ERP components and relationship between valence and arousal, as well as emotional effect characteristics. ERP components related to emotional word processing encompass very early P1-N1 components, early EPN components, and late LPP components. Emotional valence and arousal dimensions have shown to function as two significant factors in emotional word processing. Their relationship, however, remains undetermined. Compared with emotional pictures, emotional word processing exerts a weaker emotional effect, showing a bias towards positive valence. Future studies are required to explore relevant factors influencing emotional effect of emotional word processing, to distinguish emotional-laden words from emotional-label words, and to analyze the processing of these two types of emotional words. In addition, it is also an important topic for a future research to elucidate the emotional word processing mechanism in natural context reading by using eye-tracking technique.

Emotion in Chinese Words Could Not Be Extracted in Continuous Flash Suppression.

Previous studies have demonstrated the automatic vigilance effect for faces and pictures and have attributed it to the brain’s prioritized unconscious evaluation of early evolutionary stimuli that are critical to survival. Whether this effect exists for evolutionarily more recent stimuli, such as written words, has become the center of much debate. Apparently contradicting results have been reported in different languages, such as Hebrew, English, and Traditional Chinese (TC), with regard to the unconscious processing of emotional words in breaking continuous flash suppression (b-CFS). Our current study used two experiments (with two-character words or single-character words) to verify whether the emotional valence or the length of Simplified Chinese (SC) words would modulate conscious access in b-CFS. We failed to replicate the findings reported in Yang and Yeh (2011) using TC, but found that complex high-level emotional information could not be extracted from interocularly suppressed words regardless of their length. Our findings comply with the distinction between subliminal and preconscious states in Global Neuronal Workspace Theory and support the current notion that preconsciousness or partial awareness may be indispensable for high-level cognitive tasks such as reading comprehension.

Effect of experience information on emotional word processing in alexithymia

BackgroundAlexithymia is an at-risk personality trait that is associated with deficits in processing emotional words. However, little is known about whether the effect of emotional valence (neutral, positive, and negative) on word processing in alexithymia is related to individual differences in sensorimotor or affective information processing that is associated with alexithymia and experience information (sensorimotor vs. affective) that is denoted by words. MethodsThe present study performed two experiments to explore this issue. In Experiment 1, we orthogonally manipulated experience information that was denoted by neutral words. In Experiment 2, we orthogonally manipulated experience information that was denoted by valenced words (i.e., positive and negative). We asked two groups of healthy individuals with high scores (high alexithymic [HA] group) or low scores (low alexithymic [LA] group) on the 20-item Toronto-Alexithymia-Scale to complete a lexical decision task. ResultsThe results showed that emotional word processing in the HA group was modulated by a joint effect of valence and experience information, indicating that selective deficits in the processing of neutral and negative words were loaded more by sensorimotor information and that selective deficits in the processing of positive words were loaded more by affective experience compared with the LA group. ConclusionThese findings shed a new light on emotional word processing in alexithymia and suggest that alexithymic deficits in the processing of emotional words should not be considered as being simply related to general or specific valence but rather related to experience information that is denoted by the meanings of words.

Action Semantic Deficits and Impaired Motor Skills in Autistic Adults Without Intellectual Impairment.

Several studies indicate the functional importance of the motor cortex for higher cognition, language and semantic processing, and place the neural substrate of these processes in sensorimotor action-perception circuits linking motor, sensory and perisylvian language regions. Interestingly, in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), semantic processing of action and emotion words seems to be impaired and is associated with hypoactivity of the motor cortex during semantic processing. In this study, the relationship between semantic processing, fine motor skills and clinical symptoms was investigated in 19 individuals with ASD and 22 typically-developing matched controls. Participants completed two semantic decision tasks involving words from different semantic categories, a test of alexithymia (the Toronto Alexithymia Scale), and a test of fine motor skills (the Purdue Pegboard Test). A significant Group × Word Category interaction in accuracy (p < 0.05) demonstrated impaired semantic processing for action words, but not object words in the autistic group. There was no significant group difference when processing abstract emotional words or abstract neutral words. Moreover, our study revealed deficits in fine motor skills as well as evidence for alexithymia in the ASD group, but not in neurotypical controls. However, these motor deficits did not correlate significantly with impairments in action-semantic processing. We interpret the data in terms of an underlying dysfunction of the action-perception system in ASD and its specific impact on semantic language processing.

Processing of affective words in adolescent PTSD-Attentional bias toward social threat.

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is associated with a hypersensitivity to potential threat. This hypersensitivity manifests through differential patterns of emotional information processing and has been demonstrated in behavioral and neurophysiological experimental paradigms. However, the majority of research has been focused on adult patients with PTSD. To examine possible differences in underlying neurophysiological patterns for adolescent patients with PTSD after childhood sexual and/or physical abuse (CSA/CPA), ERP correlates of emotional word processing in 38 healthy participants and 40 adolescent participants with PTSD after experiencing CSA/CPA were studied. The experimental paradigm consisted of a passive reading task with neutral, positive (e.g., paradise), physically threatening (e.g., torment), and socially threatening (i.e., swearing, e.g., son of a bitch) words. A modulation of P3 amplitudes by emotional valence was found, with positive words inducing less elevated amplitudes over both groups. Interestingly, in later processing, the PTSD group showed augmented early late positive potential (LPP) amplitudes for socially threatening stimuli, while there were no modulations within the healthy control group. Also, region-specific emotional modulations for anterior and posterior electrode clusters were found. For the anterior LPP, highest activations have been found for positive words, while socially and physically threatening words led to strongest modulations in the posterior LPP cluster. There were no modulations by group or emotional valence at the P1 and EPN stage. The findings suggest an enhanced conscious processing of socially threatening words in adolescent patients with PTSD after CSA/CPA, pointing to the importance of a disjoined examination of threat words in emotional processing research.

How do Emotion Word Type and Valence Influence Language Processing? The Case of Arabic-English Bilinguals.

The current study examines the influence of word type (i.e., emotion-label vs. emotion-laden) and valence (i.e., positive vs. negative vs. neutral) on the processing of emotion words among bilinguals. To this end, three groups of Arabic-English bilinguals (n = 120 per group) completed the tasks of free recall, ratings for concreteness, imageability and context availability, and discrete word association. Two groups, representing different levels of second language (L2) exposure completed the tasks in English while the third group completed the tasks in Arabic. The results of the free recall and rating tasks generally supported the influence of word type, valence and L2 exposure on the processing of emotional content; namely, emotion-label vs. emotion-laden vs. neutral words and negative vs. positive emotion words generally behaved significantly differently, and the participants with increased L2 exposure usually outperformed the ones with less exposure. In contrast, the word association task often failed to present statistically significant findings. The results are interpreted in line with the specific nature of the Arabic mental lexicon, the existing literature, and relevant theoretical models of emotion and the bilingual mental lexicon. Directions for future research are proposed.

Source activity during emotion processing and its relationship to cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease

BackgroundNeural mechanisms contributing to an underlying cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease (PD) are poorly understood. An effective method to probe cognitive processing deficits in PD is the examination of brain activity during emotional processes, particularly in explicit language emotion recognition contexts. MethodsThe present study utilised cortical source imaging of event related potentials (ERP) from electroencephalography (EEG) to evaluate valence judgements on negative and neutral target words in an automatic affective priming paradigm. Fifty non-demented PD patients, unmedicated for depression or anxiety, completed affective priming tasks during EEG monitoring. Cognitive impairment was measured using the validated Parkinson's Disease-Cognitive Rating Scale (PD-CRS). ResultsResults reveal that compared to healthy age-matched controls, PD patients demonstrate a reduced N400 activation during affective priming tasks in bilateral regions of the middle frontal gyrus (MFG), inferior parietal lobule (IPL) and, notably, have a late wave ERP component (LPP) in left MFG, present between 600 and 800 ms, following family-wise error correction (pFWE < 0.05). LPP in PD patients were significantly associated with PD-CRS scores. LimitationsAlthough affective priming paradigms are an effective means for various domains of cognition, it is not a focused cognitive behavioural test for cognitive dysfunction. Our study is thus limited to a surrogate measure of cognitive dysfunction via examination of emotional word processing cues. ConclusionsThese findings suggest that source imaging methods with ERP paradigms in PD are effective in identifying delayed cognitive processes in PD.

A bibliometric analysis on cognitive processing of emotional words

AbstractTo investigate the growth of studies on emotional word processing, co-citations and co-occurring terms in related research were analyzed by using CiteSpace software. Through visualizing the references obtained from Web of Science (WoS) Core Collection of Thomson Reuters, the main research patterns and the hot research topics were identified. The research patterns include processing levels (implicit and explicit processing), the comparison between emotional and neutral words as well as visual emotional word processing under various tasks such as blink modification and subvocal rehearsal. The hot themes are: (1) the neural correlates of negative, positive and neutral words, (2) individual differences in trait anxiety, gender or eating disorders, and (3) audiovisual processing of emotional stimuli (words, faces, pictures, and sounds). Different from the previous review papers, the present study offers a new approach to visualizing relevant data over the past three decades to synthesize scientific research findings on emotional word processing. In addition, suggestions for future work in this area are provided.