Device Processing Research Articles

Характеристики обнаружения когерентной системы при рассогласовании квадратурных каналов

Introduction – The operation of an adaptive coherent detection system is considered. The structure of a processing device is presented, containing a series-connected shaper of quadrature signal components that convert high-frequency input radio signals to video frequency, an adaptive multi-channel coherent storage device with threshold devices. Goal – To study the influence of amplitude and phase mismatches of quadrature channel parameters, which are inevitable in practice, on the operation of an adaptive coherent detection system. Formulation of the problem – Determine the spectral-correlation characteristics of the processed signals when the parameters of the quadrature channels are mismatched. Assess the influence of amplitude and phase deviations of the parameters of quadrature channels on the characteristics of a coherent detection system. Method – The complex variable method is used, in which the input high-frequency signals are represented at the video frequency by a pair of complex conjugate real components, shifted in phase by ninety degrees. Results – A model of the processed signal is presented at the video frequency, taking into account possible mismatches in the parameters of quadrature channels in practice. Expressions are obtained and graphs of the spectral density of the complex signal are plotted separately for the amplitude and phase mismatch of the quadrature channels. It is shown that the mismatch of quadrature channels leads to the appearance in the spectrum of the output signal of phase detectors of a component at a frequency that is the mirror frequency of the signal, which leads to an increase in the probability of false detection. The results of calculations of the probability of false detection of a signal depending on the deviation of the transmission coefficients of the quadrature channels and the phase mismatch of the reference voltages of the quadrature channels are presented. Conclusion – The significant influence of amplitude and phase mismatches of the parameters of quadrature channels on the spectral-correlation characteristics of the complex signal is shown. The mismatch of the parameters of the quadrature channels leads to deterioration in the detection characteristics of the coherent processing system. The research methodology used allows us to develop requirements for the quality of tuning quadrature channels.

CXL and the Return of Scale-Up Database Engines

The trend toward specialized processing devices such as TPUs, DPUs, GPUs, and FPGAs has exposed the weaknesses of PCIe in interconnecting these devices and their hosts. Several attempts have been proposed to improve, augment, or downright replace PCIe, and more recently, these efforts have converged into a standard called Compute Express Link (CXL). CXL is already on version 2.0 in terms of commercial availability, but its potential to radically change the conventional server architecture has only just started to surface. For example, CXL can increase the bandwidth and quantity of memory available to any single machine beyond what that machine can originally provide, most importantly, in a manner that is fully transparent to software applications. We argue, however, that CXL can have a broader impact beyond memory expansion and deeply affect the architecture of data-intensive systems. In a nutshell, while the cloud favored scale-out approaches that grew in capacity by adding full servers to a rack, CXL brings back scale-up architectures that can grow by fine-tuning individual resources, all while transforming the rack into a large shared-memory machine. In this paper, we describe why such architectural transformations are now possible, how they benefit emerging heterogeneous hardware platforms for data-intensive systems, and the associated research challenges.

A Study on the Effect of Creative Problem Solving of Realistic Devices and Technology in the Architectural Design Process Based on BIM

A Study on the Effect of Creative Problem Solving of Realistic Devices and Technology in the Architectural Design Process Based on BIM

Mechanical and biological properties of current materials of clear aligner

With the development of new materials related to clear aligners, the physical properties are improving, and the clinical performance of the devices is expected to improve. Clear aligners require constant, controlled force on the teeth to achieve the desired tooth movement. However, unlike superelastic wires for orthodontic treatment, clear aligner materials are characterized by significant short-term or long-term stress relaxation after installation of the device. In addition, clear aligners are a complex manufacturing process that requires creating a tooth model and trimming the aligners, and various degrees of shrinkage and expansion may occur during the thermoforming process or direct printing of device. These changes can affect the thickness or fit of each tooth area and make it difficult to achieve the clinical treatment goals of clear aligner.Recently, multi-layered clear orthodontic products with improved physical properties have been introduced to increase the predictability of aligner treatment, and with the recent introduction of direct printing materials, innovative manufacturing methods for clear orthodontic devices have become possible. As shape memory properties have been reported among direct printing materials, interest in related materials is increasing. In this issue, we will introduce the latest materials related to clear aligners and explain the physical and biological properties that clinicians need to know for proper use.

Investigating the impact of different solder alloy materials during laser soldering process

PurposeThis study aims to investigate the influence of different solder alloy materials on passive devices during laser soldering process. Solder alloy material has been found to significantly influence the solder joint’s quality, such as void formation that can lead to cracks, filling time that affects productivity and fillet shape that determines the solder joint’s reliability.Design/methodology/approachFinite volume method (FVM)-based simulation that was validated using real laser soldering experiment is used to evaluate the effect of various solder alloy materials, including SAC305, SAC387, SAC396 and SAC405 in laser soldering. These solders are commonly used to assemble the pin-through hole (PTH) capacitor onto the printed circuit board.FindingsThe simulation results show how the void ratio, filling time and flow characteristics of different solder alloy materials affect the quality of the solder joint. The optimal solder alloy is SAC396 due to its low void ratio of 1.95%, fastest filling time (1.3 s) to fill a 98% PTH barrel and excellent flow characteristics. The results give the ideal setting for the parameters that can increase the effectiveness of the laser soldering process, which include reducing filling time from 2.2 s to less than 1.5 s while maintaining a high-quality solder joint with a void ratio of less than 2%. Industries that emphasize reliable soldering and effective joint formation gain the advantage of minimal occurrence of void formation, quick filling time and exceptional flowability offered by this solution.Practical implicationsThis research is expected not only to improve solder joint reliability but also to drive advancements in laser soldering technology, supporting the development of efficient and reliable microelectronics assembly processes for future electronic devices. The optimized laser soldering material will enable the production of superior passive devices, meeting the growing demands of the electronics market for smaller, high-performance electronic products.Originality/valueThe comparison of different solder alloy materials for PTH capacitor assembly during the laser soldering process has not been reported to date. Additionally, volume of fluid numerical analysis of the quality and reliability of different solder alloy joints has never been conducted on real PTH capacitor assemblies.

System Information Object Gunungkidul Beach Tourism and Booking Travel Services Using the Laravel Framework

Gunungkidul is famous for with beauty the beach is stunning. However, information about object tour beaches in Gunungkidul is Still scattered and difficult to access for tourists. Apart from that, tourists also experience difficulty in order tourist travel services To visit beaches. Thesis This aims To develop a system information object tour beach Gunungkidul and reservations tourist travel services using the Laravel framework. System This provides complete and accurate information​ about object tour beaches in Gunungkidul, as well as possible traveler order tourist travel services with easy and safe. Study This uses a method combination of Qualitative and quantitative with the Laravel framework system, which is a popular PHP framework For the development of web applications. Laravel provides various convenient features​ of development systems, such as routing, databases, and authentication. Data collection techniques use surveys created online​ with Google Forms. Study This uses waterfall methodology. The waterfall methodology is the methodology development of device linear software and processes sequentially. System This has been tested and proven can walk with Good. System This can help travelers get information about object tour beaches in Gunungkidul and order tourist travel services with ease and safety.

The Simulation and Parameter Optimization of the Hole-Forming Process of a Duckbilled Hole-Forming Device

This paper addresses the hole-forming process of a duckbilled hole-forming device. Based on a coupled simulation using the multi-body dynamics software RecurDyn and the discrete element software EDEM, the hole-forming mechanism of a duckbilled hole-forming device and the influence of control parameters on the hole-forming performance of the hole-forming device were studied. In this paper, we analyze the direction and speed of soil particles transported under soil disturbance by a hole-forming device through the simulation and study of the hole-forming mechanism of the hole-forming device. By controlling parameters such as the traction angle, forward speed, and mass of the hole-forming device, the influence of the control parameters on the hole-forming trajectory of the duckbilled hole-forming device was investigated. Orthogonal tests determined the optimal combination of control parameters. The results show that the hole-forming process of the hole-forming device mainly comprises squeezing and shearing the soil to form holes, and the hole-forming performance of the hole-forming device was optimal when the traction angle was 17.3°, the forward speed was 1.11 m/s, and the mass of the hole-forming device was 17.9 kg.

Transient forward harmonic adjoint sensitivity analysis

AbstractThis paper presents a transient forward harmonic adjoint sensitivity analysis (TFHA), which is a combination of a transient forward circuit analysis with a harmonic balance-based adjoint sensitivity analysis. TFHA provides sensitivities of quantities of interest from time-periodic problems with many design parameters, as used in the design process of power-electronics devices. The TFHA shows advantages in applications where the harmonic balance-based adjoint sensitivity analysis or finite difference approaches for sensitivity analysis perform poorly. In contrast to existing methods, the TFHA can be used in combination with arbitrary forward solvers, i.e., general transient solvers.

Smartphone-Based Rapid Quantitative Detection Platform with Imprinted Polymer for Pb (II) Detection in Real Samples.

This paper reports the successful development and application of an efficient method for quantifying Pb2+ in aqueous samples using a smartphone-based colorimetric device with an imprinted polymer (IIP). The IIP was synthesized by modifying the previous study; using rhodizonate, 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid (AMPS), N,N'-methylenebisacrylamide (MBA), and potassium persulfate (KPS). The polymers were then characterized. An absorption study was performed to determine the optimal conditions for the smartphone-based colorimetric device processing. The device consists of a black box (10 × 10 × 10 cm), which was designed to ensure repeatability of the image acquisition. The methodology involved the use of a smartphone camera to capture images of IIP previously exposed at Pb2+ solutions with various concentrations, and color channel values were calculated (RGB, YMK HSVI). PLS multivariate regression was performed, and the optimum working range (0-10 mg L-1) was determined using seven principal components with a detection limit (LOD) of 0.215 mg L-1 and R2 = 0.998. The applicability of a colorimetric sensor in real samples showed a coefficient of variation (% RSD) of less than 9%, and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) was applied as the reference method. These results confirmed that the quantitation smartphone-based colorimetric sensor is a suitable analytical tool for reliable on-site Pb2+ monitoring.

Self‐Assembled Molecule‐Assisted Simplified Processing of High‐Performance Solar Cells and Light‐Emitting Diodes

State‐of‐the‐art, high‐performance solar cells and light‐emitting diodes normally rely on tedious layer‐by‐layer sequential deposition of carrier transport layer and light‐absorbing/emitting layers, which is not cost‐effective. Several recent exciting works have demonstrated surprising breakthroughs in terms of simplified processing of these optoelectronic devices. Upon the incorporation of carbazole phosphonic acid molecules and their derivatives into precursor ink beforehand, charge‐selective contact could spontaneously self‐assemble at the buried interface between the conducting substrate and photoactive layer, which results in the construction of simplified‐structured devices that yield comparable optoelectronic performances to the conventionally fabricated devices with full architectures. Herein, the recent groundbreaking advancement of high‐performance optoelectronic devices fabricated via a convenient codeposition technique is summarized, with particular emphasis on elucidating the chemical mechanism of self‐assembly mode and highlighting the unique advantages of this strategy on crystallization regulation, targeted defect passivation, carrier dynamics modulation, and comprehensive device performance improvement. Finally, the associated challenges are critically discussed and the future research directions are insightfully proposed, which can revolutionize the pathway toward constructing highly efficient optoelectronic devices in a cost‐effective manner and setting forward to future commercialization.

Проектирование морских интеллектуальных транспортных систем, опирающихся на показатели устройств обработки информации

Цифровые проекты, к которым относится и проект НТИ «Цифровая верфь», строятся на математических моделях принятия решений по управлению когерентностью движения. Модели по управлению когерентностью движения судов на каналах судопропуска являются предметом исследования. В работе описаны методы современной теории автоматического управления по расчёту критериев абсолютной устойчивости нелинейных систем, а именно метод фазового пространства и метод гармонического баланса. Прибор управления движением судна работает в двух режимах – реальном времени и в режиме счисления. В математической модели движения необходимо заложить разностное уравнение в таком виде, что его можно будет использовать для программирования контроллера вектора направления движения, а именно, путевой вектор смещения: курс и скорость с учётом внешних воздействий. Одноконтурные системы устройств промышленного интернета вещей состоят из нелинейного безынерционного преобразователя и линейной динамической части и обладают единичной отрицательной обратной связью. Вид связи нелинейного безынерционного преобразователя с линейной частью модели влияет на выбор вида корректирующей обратной связи модели. Предложена и доказана способность линеаризации модели расчёта амплитуды преобразователя системы устройств управления на судоходно-шлюзовом канале нейронной сетью. Для детектирования амплитуды гармонического сигнала в предыдущих работах создана сеть Элмана, которым генерируется сигнал входа. Создана искусственная нейронная сеть Хопфилда с четырьмя устойчивыми точками, генерирующая решение модели управления. Решение задачи определения параметров шлюзования или настройки нелинейной части модели выполнено. Digital projects, which include “Digital Shipyard” project, are built on mathematical models of decision-making for managing motion coherence. Models for managing the coherence of vessel traffic on shipping channels are the subject of research. The current work describes methods of modern automatic control theory for calculating criteria for the absolute stability of nonlinear systems, namely the phase space method and the harmonic balance method. The vessel motion control device operates in two modes - real time and dead reckoning mode. In the mathematical model of movement, it is necessary to include a difference equation in such a form that it can be used to program the controller of the movement direction vector, namely, the displacement path vector: course and speed, taking into account external influences. Single-loop systems of industrial Internet of things devices consist of a nonlinear inertia-free converter and a linear dynamic part and have a single negative feedback. It is the type of connection between the nonlinear inertia-free converter and the linear part of the model influences the choice of the type of corrective feedback of the model. The work proposes and proves the ability to linearize a model for calculating the amplitude of the transducer of a system of control devices on a shipping lock channel using a neural network. To detect the amplitude of a harmonic signal, previous works have created an Elman network, which generates an input signal. In the current work, an artificial Hopfield neural network with four stable points is created generates a solution to the control model. The solution to the problem of determining the gateway parameters or setting up the nonlinear part of the model is been completed.

A Wearable Fingertip Force Feedback Device System for Object Stiffness Sensing.

Virtual reality technology brings a new experience to human-computer interaction, while wearable force feedback devices can enhance the immersion of users in interaction. This paper proposes a wearable fingertip force feedback device that uses a tendon drive mechanism, with the aim of simulating the stiffness characteristics of objects within virtual scenes. The device adjusts the rotation angle of the torsion spring through a DC motor, and then uses a wire to convert the torque into a feedback force at the user's index fingertips, with an output force of up to 4 N and a force change rate of up to 10 N/s. This paper introduces the mechanical structure and design process of the force feedback device, and conducts a mechanical analysis of the device to select the appropriate components. Physical and psychological experiments are conducted to comprehensively evaluate the device's performance in conveying object stiffness information. The results show that the device can simulate different stiffness characteristics of objects, and users can distinguish objects with different stiffness characteristics well when wearing the force feedback device and interacting with the three-dimensional virtual environments.

Rapid mapping of electrochemical processes in energy-conversion devices

Rapid mapping of electrochemical processes in energy-conversion devices

Real-time generation of circular patterns in electron beam lithography

Electron beam lithography (EBL) involves the transfer of a pattern onto the surface of a substrate by first scanning a thin layer of organic film (called resist) on the surface by a tightly focused and precisely controlled electron beam (exposure) and then selectively removing the exposed or nonexposed regions of the resist in a solvent (developing). It is widely used for fabrication of integrated circuits, mask manufacturing, photoelectric device processing, and other fields. The key to drawing circular patterns by EBL is the graphics production and control. In an EBL system, an embedded processor calculates and generates the trajectory coordinates for movement of the electron beam, and outputs the corresponding voltage signal through a digital-to-analog converter (DAC) to control a deflector that changes the position of the electron beam. Through this procedure, it is possible to guarantee the accuracy and real-time control of electron beam scanning deflection. Existing EBL systems mostly use the method of polygonal approximation to expose circles. A circle is divided into several polygons, and the smaller the segmentation, the higher is the precision of the splicing circle. However, owing to the need to generate and scan each polygon separately, an increase in the number of segments will lead to a decrease in the overall lithography speed. In this paper, based on Bresenham’s circle algorithm and exploiting the capabilities of a field-programmable gate array and DAC, an improved real-time circle-producing algorithm is designed for EBL. The algorithm can directly generate circular graphics coordinates such as those for a single circle, solid circle, solid ring, or concentric ring, and is able to effectively realizes deflection and scanning of the electron beam for circular graphics lithography. Compared with the polygonal approximation method, the improved algorithm exhibits improved precision and speed. At the same time, the point generation strategy is optimized to solve the blank pixel and pseudo-pixel problems that arise with Bresenham’s circle algorithm. A complete electron beam deflection system is established to carry out lithography experiments, the results of which show that the error between the exposure results and the preset patterns is at the nanometer level, indicating that the improved algorithm meets the requirements for real-time control and high precision of EBL.

Comparative Evaluation of Digital Cephalometric Tracing Applications on Mobile Devices and Manual Tracing.

BACKGROUND Cephalometric radiography evaluates facial skeleton development and aids in diagnosis and treatment phases (pre and post) in orthodontics. This study aimed to compare digital cephalometric tracing using a smartphone application (App), a tablet-based platform, and manual tracing in 30 orthodontic patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS Thirty orthodontic pretreatment, criteria based, lateral cephalometric radiographs were analyzed/grouped for Steiner analysis parameters (5 skeletal, 3 dentals, 1 soft tissue) by 3 tracing methods [manual - group (Gp M), smartphone (Android - OS9) - Gp S, tablet (Apple - IOS13) - Gp T) after mandatory standardization/calibration. Measurements include 5 angular (SNA, SNB, ANB, SNMPA, SNOP), 3 linear U1NA, L1NB, U1L1, and 1 soft tissue (S line) (millimeters and degrees). Inter-examiner rating was determined using Dahlberg's test. After normality distribution testing (Shapiro-Wilk), data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) for group differences. Homogeneity of variance was verified using the Levene test. Differences were determined on probability value of (p≤0.05). RESULTS The results showed that Steiner's analysis parameters were similar in all groups with homogenous variances. Highest differences in mean values were found for L1NB, U1L1, and S line measurement, with higher values being observed in Gp S tracings. However, these differences were not statistically significant (p≤0.05). All parameters, irrespective of being measured in either degrees or millimeters, had means comparable to each other. CONCLUSIONS Smartphone and tablet-based applications produced tracings that were comparable and reliable when compared to conventional manual tracings. Standardization of images, processing, printing, and calibration of devices is important to achieve good results.

Modern material and technical support of the educational and training process in rowing at the stage of basic training

The article examines modern views on the training of rowing athletes, as well as the importance of using modern technical means in the training process. As a result of the literature analysis, it was found that when working with rowers at the stage of basic training, insufficient attention is paid to the operational analysis of information obtained during the training process. The relevance of this study is also due to the fact that the issue of the possibility of using modern technical means and portable devices by rowing athletes has not been covered in the scientific literature. The purpose of the work was to determine which technical means are used by rowers in the training process and to determine their priority in the opinion of the athletes themselves. The article describes the results of a questionnaire about the use of material and technical means and equipment in the training process of rowers aged 14-16 at the stage of basic training. It was found that the priority element of the training process according to the rowers is the material and technical base, namely: a gym, a modern paddle and special sports clothes. At the same time, the vast majority of respondents said they would like to be able to train with modern technical equipment such as wearables and GPS. Information from portable devices makes it possible to analyze the capabilities and physiological characteristics of athletes. This helps the athlete and coach to receive automatic feedback on how to improve personal results and prevent injuries. The use of portable devices in combination with modern inventory requires further research. In the future, we plan to develop a training program for rowers 14-16 y.o. with the use of portable devices in the training process.

Study on dynamic response characteristics of the scanning angle in a liquid crystal cladding waveguide beam scanner

This paper studies the dynamic response characteristics of the scanning angle in a liquid crystal cladding waveguide beam scanner. Based on liquid crystal dynamic theory, finite element analysis and vectorial refraction law, a dynamic response calculation model of scanning angle is constructed. The simulation results show that the dynamic responses of the scanning angle during the electric field-on and field-off processes are asymmetric, and exhibit “S”-shape and “L”-shape changing trends, respectively. In addition, by comparing with the bulk phase modulation response process of traditional liquid crystal devices, the intrinsic physical reason for the rapid light regulation of the liquid crystal cladding waveguide beam scanner is clarified to be that the liquid crystal close to the core layer has a faster rotation speed during the electric field-off process. Moreover, the liquid crystal cladding waveguide beam scanner is experimentally tested, and the experiment results are in good agreement with theoretical simulations.

Se Inter-Diffusion Limits Absorber Layer Grain Growth in CdSe - CdTe Photovoltaics

Diffusion of Se from the CdSe window layer into the CdTe absorber improves the short circuit current density by narrowing the band gap and increasing the carrier lifetime. Thicker CdSe layers, however, show a dramatic loss in photocurrent collection due to Se over-alloying. Electron microscopy investigations show that this decrease in performance is due to the formation of small grains (∼783 nm average diameter), which exhibit grain boundary porosity in the Se inter-diffusion region. The larger grain boundary area and void free surfaces give rise to higher levels of nonradiative recombination, and therefore, a lower photocurrent. It is proposed that the small grain size is due to a drag force exerted by segregated Se solute atoms on a moving grain boundary, while faster Se diffusion along the grain boundaries results in vacancy build up and porosity due to the Kirkendall effect. The results indicate that the device processing conditions must be carefully controlled such that the negative effects of Se alloying (i.e., smaller grains, Kirkendall voids) do not undermine its benefits. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

Perspective on electrically active defects in β-Ga2O3 from deep-level transient spectroscopy and first-principles calculations

The ultra-wide bandgap of gallium oxide provides a rich plethora of electrically active defects. Understanding and controlling such defects is of crucial importance in mature device processing. Deep-level transient spectroscopy is one of the most sensitive techniques for measuring electrically active defects in semiconductors and, hence, a key technique for progress toward gallium oxide-based components, including Schottky barrier diodes and field-effect transistors. However, deep-level transient spectroscopy does not provide chemical or configurational information about the defect signature and must, therefore, be combined with other experimental techniques or theoretical modeling to gain a deeper understanding of the defect physics. Here, we discuss the current status regarding the identification of electrically active defects in beta-phase gallium oxide, as observed by deep-level transient spectroscopy and supported by first-principles defect calculations based on the density functional theory. We also discuss the coordinated use of the experiment and theory as a powerful approach for studying electrically active defects and highlight some of the interesting but challenging issues related to the characterization and control of defects in this fascinating material.

Linear entropy fails to predict entanglement behavior in low-density fermionic systems

Entanglement is considered a fundamental ingredient for quantum technologies, while condensed matter systems are among the good candidates for the development of practical devices for quantum processing. For bipartite pure states the von Neumann entropy is a proper measure of entanglement, while the linear entropy, associated to the mixedness of the reduced density matrices, is a simpler quantity to be obtained and is considered to be qualitatively equivalent to the von Neumann. Here we investigate both linear and von Neumann entropies for quantifying entanglement in homogeneous, superlattice and disordered Hubbard chains. We find that for low densities systems (n≲0.6) the linear entropy fails in reproducing the qualitative behavior of the von Neumann entropy. This then may lead to incorrect predictions (i) of maximum and minimum entanglement states and (ii) of quantum phase transitions.