Agricultural Waste Processing Research Articles

Оцінка біоенергетичного потенціалу АПК для забезпечення енергетичної незалежності галузі

The purpose of the study is to assess the bioenergy potential of the agro-industrial complex of Ukraine to ensure the energy independence of the industry. The article analyzes the structure of the world-wide supply of primary energy and determines the share of renewable energy sources (hereinafter – RES) in this structure. The expediency of using biomass for the development of bioenergy in Ukraine is substantiated. The classification of the main sources of biomass for energy production is characterized, which, first of all, include primary wood, agricultural waste (dry and wet residues), energy plants, food and industrial waste. The formation of primary agricultural waste in Ukraine is studied, starting from the gross harvest of the main crops and waste coefficients. The theoretical bioenergy potential of primary crop waste in Ukraine in terms of equivalent fuel based on the heat of combustion of waste from the corresponding crops is calculated. The technical bioenergy potential of crop waste has been determined using the coefficients of technical accessibility, the basis of which is the existing technologies for the collection and processing of agricultural waste into energy. An assessment of the economic potential of crop waste for energy production is carried out, the computed technical potential of crop waste and the coefficient of energy use of waste have been taken as the basis for the calculation. According to the results of the study, it is concluded that in Ukraine, the primary waste of such crops as corn for grain, sunflower, wheat, rapeseed and soybeans has the greatest potential for use for energy purposes. The main barriers that hinder the development of bioenergy in Ukraine and slow down the pace of achieving energy independence of the agro-industrial complex are identified. The main ways to overcome the identified barriers are proposed, which should stimulate the use of the bioenergy potential of the agro-industrial complex of Ukraine.

Possibilities of processing agricultural waste at energy efficient facilities to produce gas, liquid and solid energy products

Comparatively, the results of experimental studies of pyrolysis of bio-plant material and oil sludge were studied, which gave similar results. The article provides scientific and technical information on the problems of processing solid waste and residues of biological origin. It has been shown that by thermal destruction, it is possible to obtain hydrocarbons of a gaseous, liquid consistency, and solid mass, preferably consisting of hydrocarbons with a small number of hydrocarbon residues.

PEMANFAATAN LIMBAH PERTANIAN TANAMAN PANGAN SEBAGAI PAKAN TERNAK RUMINANSIA DI KECAMATAN WAELATA KABUPATEN BURU

Background: This study aims to determine the types of agricultural waste, the use of waste as ruminant feed, and the knowledge of farmers regarding agricultural waste processing. Methods: This research was conducted using survey methods and direct observation in the field. The sampling technique was carried out by purposive sampling, namely three villages (Parbulu, Debowae, and Waelo) based on the highest number of farmers and 30 farmers. Results: This study shows the purpose of raising livestock as a saving 66.67% and the rest as a side business 33.33%. Forage that was given grass and agricultural waste was 76.67% and grass was 23.33%. Utilization of food crop agricultural waste as ruminant animal feed is still low at 23.33%, which provides rice straw agricultural waste in the form of hay as an additional feed and there are 76.67% (23 respondents) who do not know and apply feed processing technology from agricultural waste. Conclusion: The use of agricultural waste of food crops as feed for ruminants in Waelata District, Buru Regency is still very low. This is due to the low level of knowledge and the application of feed processing technology from agricultural waste by farmers/breeders.

Mekanisme Pembuatan Briket Berbasis Limbah Pertanian yang Ramah Lingkungan

The problems that are often encountered are the problem of garbage or waste from human activities, these activities include households, agriculture, factories, and others. The purpose of this research is to reduce waste or waste that is really needed at this time whether it is used for other alternative sources that are environmentally friendly, so that waste or waste from agricultural activities does not continue to increase, organic fertilizer and briquettes or charcoal can be used. In this study using the method of literature review from various international journals. The journal used starts from the past 10 years, namely 2012-2022 and searches for it via Google Scolar. Keywords used when searching journals on Google Scolar such as "agricultural waste processing", "briquette management", and "agricultural waste". Garbage is the remains of human activities that are not reused but can produce a useful new product. There are various types of waste or waste, one of which is agricultural waste which can produce products that are beneficial to the environment or environmentally friendly. Agricultural waste is the part of agricultural plants from the top or shoots to the remaining stems after harvesting activities. Utilization of agricultural waste is very useful for humans, the environment, and other living things. One of the uses of this agricultural waste is as briquettes which are a new alternative source that is environmentally friendly because it comes from various plant residues produced during harvesting activities. Most of the agricultural waste comes from rice. So, the existence of agricultural waste can be used as a new alternative source that is environmentally friendly and inexpensive.

Mainways of public-private partnership development in agro-industrial production and rural areas of Ukraine

Majority of social and economic problems of Ukraine’s agrarian sphere can not be solved without formation of partner relationships and constructive dialogue between the state and private business. The formation of partner relationship models opens up new possibilities and provides certain advantages for participators’ agreement. The aim of the research is to analyze the current state of implementation of public-private partnership projects and determine the main ways for PPP development in Ukraine. In the article reveals the historical aspect of public-private partnership (PPP) development between the state and private participator in different countries of the world. The current state of development, the features of the constructive interaction between state bodies and business in solving of long-term socially important tasks of social and economic development are analyzed. The expediency of developing partnership between state and business is grounded. The main factors of negative influence on the effectiveness of PPP projects implementation in agrarian sphere are identifed . The main models of private business participation in the accomplishment of investment projects in agro-industrial production are considered and their main features are determined. It is proven that implementation of PPP projects promotes the effective management of state and municipal property objects and the creation of conditions for use of new technologies and innovation, etc. The high efciency of PPP mechanism as a form of interaction between state and business has been proven by the experience of many countries around the world. Thus, public-private partnership needs to be developed in our country to solve signifcant social and economic problems through combining the resources of public and private sectors. To do this, it is necessary to overcome a number of legislative, political, economic and institutional barriers that hinder the PPP development. The study generalizes the world practice of using of the PPP mechanism in agriculture and determines the main priority directions of PPP project implementation in agro-industrial production and rural areas of Ukraine. These include: construction, maintenance and management of wholesale markets of agricultural production; development of infrastructure of agrarian market; development of production infrastructure, agricultural waste processing; irrigation systems construction, operation and management; construction, exploitation and management of social infrastructure objects in rural areas. The study reveals that PPP in Ukraine develops very slowly, the level of PPP project accomplishment is low, the number of implemented projects is minimal and its effectiveness is low because of legal and economic obstacles for doing business. The problem is not so much the low number number of concluded agreement between the state and the private partner, but rather the effectiveness and efciency of their implementation. Key words: public-private partnership, agrarian sector, PPP projects, forms of PPP, state, private partner, innovation development, agreement.

Briket Dari Limbah Organik Wortel Sebagai Upaya Pengolahan Limbah Industri Desa Giripurno, Kecamatan Bumiaji

Briquette is an alternative energy source which is a non-renewable fossil fuel substituent. In addition, briquettes are also one of the products of biomass fuel which are currently widely used as alternative fuels. Organic waste from vegetables is one of the potentials that can be developed into fuel in the form of biochar. Giripurno Village is a village with quite large agricultural products, but the processing of agricultural waste in the village is still not carried out optimally. One of the agricultural commodities in Giripurno Village is carrots where organic carrot waste has the potential to be processed into biochar or briquette fuel products. The purpose of this carrot waste treatment is so that the village community understands the potential of organic waste produced from agricultural products in Giripurno Village. The method used is by compiling a module for making carrot organic waste briquettes and conducting socialization and submitting the module to village representatives in order to increase the wider economic potential of the village. The results of carrot briquettes have a burning time resistance of 51.05 minutes with an ash content of 18.12%. Thus, carrot briquettes are one of the potentials to improve the village economy and can be used as one of the main commodities of Giripurno Village.

Agricultural waste in Ukraine: generation volumes and recycling issues

In the context of agricultural waste recycling perspectives, the article addresses the issues of its structure, approaches to classification, determining its volumes and generation processes, and waste generation coverage in statistical observations. The author offers the consideration of three classification groups of agricultural waste: crop, animal, and agrochemical waste. The low level of agricultural waste representation in official domestic statistical reports is emphasized. The methodological approaches to calculating the crop and animal waste are suggested, and agricultural waste in Ukrainian regions is calculated and mapped. The calculations show that the annual volume of agricultural waste generation in Ukraine amounts to 177.5 million tons, and only about 5 percent of them are represented in statistical reports. This situation almost eliminates the creation of an efficient public waste management system that would secure the inclusion of tens of millions of tons of crop and animal origin resources in economic turnover through waste recycling and complicates the implementation of business projects in the reuse and processing of agricultural waste. The article outlines the directions, technological forms, and reserves of primary and secondary agricultural waste recycling. It also defines three possible ways to use primary crop waste: to secure animal breeding needs, for energy purposes, and as a fertilizer. Most animal wastes are safe and low-hazard, and can be used as secondary material or energy resources. Manure plays a special role in agricultural animal waste recycling. Biologically cleaned, disinfected, or biothermally processes manure is a valuable organic fertilizer. Energy is considered to be a perspective direction of the manure use in Ukraine. The article emphasizes the importance of taking into account the competitiveness of agricultural waste recycling directions based on the general economic and environmental reasonability.

Methodology for Sustainable Processing of Agricultural Wastes: Case Study of Cocoa and Bamboo in Colombian Context

Methodology for Sustainable Processing of Agricultural Wastes: Case Study of Cocoa and Bamboo in Colombian Context

Effect of Mephosphonee on methane generation in organic waste processing

The purpose of the study is to determine an effective technological method for the complete anaerobic processing of agricultural waste. It also aims to create and implement an effective technological method of sufficiently complete anaerobic processing of agricultural waste, including taking into account biologically active additives. A new technology for the disposal of organic agricultural waste and the influence of Mephosphone on the process of methane formation using a biogas unit at a processing facility developed at Kazan State Agrarian University is considered. The results of theoretical and experimental studies are presented, which made it possible to significantly reduce the utilization time, and reduce the cost of electricity and fuel. The experiments were carried out in a low-capacity biogas unit (LCBU) without air access in a heat-insulated reactor filled by 2/3. The results of numerical studies of the products of conversion of cattle manure are presented. Manure was kept in the reactor for 7 days. The use of Mephosphone in ultra-low concentrations (10-4) made it possible to obtain a useful product in the form of high-quality organic biofertilizer and biogas. The results of microbiological analysis of experiments in the test center of the Tatar Interregional Veterinary Laboratory are shown.

Peningkatan pendapatan masyarakat pasca pandemic covid-19 melalui kegiatan pemberdayaan masyarakat untuk mewujudkan desa laboratorium terpadu di Kelurahan Olak Kemang

This study aims to (1) Increase community income which fluctuates after the Covid-19 pandemic through the provision of goat livestock assistance, (2) Provide knowledge to the community, especially breeders related to good livestock management, and (3) Provide understanding to the community in Olak Kemang Village in improving the potential quality of agricultural waste as goat feed. The method used is a descriptive and quantitative approach. A descriptive approach was taken to provide an overview of the conditions in Olak Kemang Village supported by field data related to counseling and socialization of livestock rearing management, training on processing agricultural waste as animal feed. The quantitative approach uses an investment analysis of the feasibility of the goat farming business and the socio-economic conditions of the community. The results of this activity show that quantitatively, the calculation of investment analysis and business feasibility can be described that the goat farming business provides a profit of Rp. 30,210,000 so that the average monthly income for each family head is Rp. 359,643. With a partner's level of satisfaction with this activity is more than 80%.

PROSPEK PENGEMBANGAN INTEGRASI LIMBAH PERTANIAN DAN PEMELIHARAAN MAGGOT BLACK SOLDIER FLY SEBAGAI PAKAN AYAM KAMPUNG DI DESA BULUSARI BANYUWANGI

This study aims to analyze development prospects and calculate the benefits of integrating agricultural waste and maintaining Black Soldier Fly maggot as free range chicken feed in Bulusari Village. Primary data was carried out by interview and descriptive analysis. Meanwhile, Secondary data were collected from journal references and government agencies. The results showed the potential for household household organic waste, chicken manure and cow dung, were 3,000 kg, 359.3 kg, and 10,315 kg respectively. Other sources of waste can be obtained From nearby market, which is about 5-10 km from Bulusari Village . The advantage of raising free-range chickens by processing agricultural waste and maintaining BSF maggots can save 68.5% on feed purchases. Another advantage of maintaining maggot is by selling prepupa at a price range of Rp. 75,000 - Rp. 80,000 per kilogram. This research can be concluded that the development of integrated agricultural waste through maggot maintenance can increase community income and produce zero waste . Keywords : BSF Maggots, Free-range chicken feed, Integration, Waste agricultural

Technical means for disinfection and processing of bedding manure into organic fertilizers

Organic waste from agricultural production, bedding manure of cattle, pigs, sheep, horses, chickens and poultry litter when kept in cages are the main components for the production of organic fertilizers and biogas production. Waste of grain, cereal crops and sugar beets should be used as components for reducing moisture during aeration in piles, houses and bioreactors. Fresh organic waste should be stored on the sites in piles, where, before being processed in aeration houses and bioreactors, they must go through a mesophilic period. Fresh organic waste, when introduced into the soil in the first year, negatively affects the growth and development of plants, therefore, it must be disinfected and processed into organic fertilizers and biogas. Currently, the lack of knowledge about the methods of disinfection and processing of agricultural waste requires the development of new technological and technical solutions.

Pemanfaatan Limbah Bongkol Jagung Untuk Pembuatan Briket Arang Sebagai Potensi Energi Alternatif

The purpose of this program to provide knowledge and skills to the SP3 Saritani community in utilizing agricultural waste of corn cob as the basic ingredients of charcoal briquettes as an alternative energy. External targets of this program include opportunities for students to learn with the community about village development (learning society). To implementation in this activity used Focus group discussion (FGD) between students and partner groups. Direct observation and excavations together with partners and document the potential resources that will be developed with the assisted community. Designing scenarios for the implementation of the program, conducting training and mentoring for the processing of agricultural waste of corn cobs for raw materials of charcoal briquette production as an alternative energy potential. The result obtained is the existence of charcoal briquette products made from corn waste. Charcoal briquettes produced have physical characteristics that are ideal enough as an alternative fuel. The physical shape of charcoal briquettes in the form of cylinders with a height of about 3 cm and a diameter of about 5 cm and hard enough with a type of starch adhesive with a percentage of 5%, 10% and 15% respectively. The test results concluded that the process of ignition of briquettes into coals that are ready for use takes only one minute. The impact obtained is the value of products produced to provide economic independence to the SP3 Saritani community. This devotional activity has also supported the application of innovations and technologies that are directly useful in achieving SDGs on the 7th goals (clean and renewable energy villages) and the 15th goals (villages care about the land environment).

Design and development of pyrolyser for processing agricultural waste

The design paper focuses on developing a circular quick pyrolysing reactor that normally converts the agricultural biomass into biochar. The uniqueness incorporated in the design criteria is easy to attain high heating potential in the combustion chamber. All the supporting components in the reactor enhance control on temperature that supports even distribution of heat transfer and withholding the volatile organic compound with reasonable residence time. The design specifications are adopted with proper kinetic studies and making of the real time model that can operate 100 kg of biomass in 1 h duration. The fluidized bed reactor models normally have the ability to transfer heat even in low voids and can circulate high solid content within their limits which normally combust the biomass within less vapor residence time. In addition to pyrolyser design the importance of processing the agricultural waste for pollution free environment has been highlighted in this research outcome.

Stochastic model of lignocellulosic material saccharification.

The processing of agricultural wastes towards extraction of renewable resources is recently being considered as a promising alternative to conventional biofuel production. The degradation of agricultural residues is a complex chemical process that is currently time intensive and costly. Various pre-treatment methods are being investigated to determine the subsequent modification of the material and the main obstacles in increasing the enzymatic saccharification. In this study, we present a computational model that complements the experimental approaches. We decipher how the three-dimensional structure of the substrate impacts the saccharification dynamics. We model a cell wall microfibril composed of cellulose and surrounded by hemicellulose and lignin, with various relative abundances and arrangements. This substrate is subjected to digestion by different cocktails of well characterized enzymes. The saccharification dynamics is simulated in silico using a stochastic procedure based on a Gillespie algorithm. As we additionally implement a fitting procedure that optimizes the parameters of the simulation runs, we are able to reproduce experimental saccharification time courses for corn stover. Our model highlights the synergistic action of enzymes, and confirms the linear decrease of sugar conversion when either lignin content or crystallinity of the substrate increases. Importantly, we show that considering the crystallinity of cellulose in addition to the substrate composition is essential to interpret experimental saccharification data. Finally, our findings support the hypothesis of xylan being partially crystalline.

Prospects of the use of alternative energy sources in an ecological economy

The use of alternative energy sources in Russia should be considered as an important factor in the modernization of the productive forces, contributing to the solution of a number of important economic, social and environmental problems. One of these energy sources is biogas, which is used to produce two types of energy simultaneously: heat and electricity. The article substantiates the need for the introduction of biogas technologies, primarily in livestock complexes, and in the agro-industrial complex as a whole, for the processing of agricultural waste and the production of highly effective organic fertilizers. It is possible to use waste-free production technologies not only at large, but also at medium and small enterprises, and above all in eco-farms of various types. On the example of the farm “Lily of the Valley” of the campaign of JSC Green Valley of the Belgorod region, the cost and economic efficiency of a biogas plant for a year were calculated and its payback period was established. Conclusions are drawn that for faster implementation of biogas plants, it is necessary to pay attention to the experience of Western countries in the issues of state support for the development of dairy farming in terms of the use of administrative resources. So, as an example, to oblige the nearest enterprises to buy surplus electricity produced with the help of renewable energy sources at a reduced rate; to give a subsidy for each installation in the amount of 50% of the average cost; at times to increase fines for violating environmental legislation; develop tax incentives for those organizations that will comply with the technology of waste-free production.

Hydrogen production at centralized utilization of agricultural waste

There is a problem of utilization of a large amount of organic waste in the agro-industrial complex. Most of the waste is generated on livestock farms (56%) and crop production (35.6%). Centralized biogas plants are a good solution for efficient processing of agricultural waste and biofuel production. An analysis of the possibilities of cow manure utilizing and dry biomass of amaranth with the subsequent hydrogen production was implemented for Tatarstan Republic. The diagram of five large facilities utilizing waste from 7 to 10 districts included in the region is introduced.The diagram of steam catalytic conversion of biogas is specified. The introduced hydrogen production scheme includes: collection of plant waste and manure of livestock complexes for centralized recycling (the optimal mixture of dry biomass of Amaranthus retroflexus L. leaves and cow manure for organic dry matter is 1:1.5); mixture preparation and ultrasonic treatment at a frequency of 22 kHz and an exposure intensity of 10 W/cm2; anaerobic digestion in the mesophilic mode at a temperature of 310 K, the hydraulic retention time is 12 days; the compressor supplying the resulting biogas into the gasholder for intermediate storage; purification of biogas from carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide and other impurities in the scrubber; steam methane reforming: the biomethane is compressed by a compressor to a pressure of 15 atm., then fed to the reformer, heated, mixed with steam in the ratio H2O/CH4 = 2.5 and subjected to conversion at a temperature of 1073 K and a pressure of 1 atm., before exiting, the resulting gas is cooled to 573 K; the catalytic reactor for carrying out a water vapor conversion reaction in which a mixture of carbon monoxide and steam is converted, the products are hydrogen and carbon dioxide; purification of the obtained hydrogen to a purity of 99.99% vol. In the short-cycle adsorption system; hydrogen supply to the consumer. It is possible to utilize of 4.4 million tons of waste annually, and also to produce 107,341 kg/day of hydrogen with a purity of 99.99% by volume.

Improvement of Gas Generator Technology for Energy Processing of Agricultural Waste

The article discusses the issues of increasing the energy efficiency of processing agricultural waste in a gas generator. The main goal of this technological process is the production of gas fuel from agricultural waste. This fuel is generator gas. The energy value or calorific value of the generator gas depends on the elementary composition of the solid fuel being processed (straw, animal droppings, peat, wood, carbon-containing industrial waste, etc.) and also on the conditions under which chemical reactions take place in the gas generator. In order to improve the gas generator technology, some innovative technical solutions have been proposed. The solutions are related to controlling the supply of the oxidizer (atmospheric air) to the reaction zone of the gas generator, to recuperate the thermal energy of the gas generator and the combined combustion engine of the power plant for the needs of the gasification process. The solutions are also related to the use of compensation and accumulation systems for supplying the consumer with generator gas and to the spatial positioning of the gas generator housing. The control mode of the oxidizer supply to the reaction zone of the gas generator was also investigated. The analysis of the experimental material allows us to draw a conclusion about the positive effect of control modes on the energy value of the generator gas at non-nominal consumption of generator gas by the consumer. This is a consequence of the optimization of the flow speed of the oxidant from the blowing nozzles of the gas generator. According to the tests of the chemical composition of generator gas in gas generator, depending on the number of electromagnetic valves operating, the largest CO content (approx. 17%) was with five valves, CO2 (approx. 5%) with the lower number of valves, and the O2 was with the highest number of valves. The pressure gauge (discharge in gas generator) was the biggest, according to the lower number of valves. The biggest gas consumption was approx. 6 m3/h.

Differential effects of sulfamethoxazole concentrations on the enzymatic dynamics of aerobic composting

Enzymatic activities play an important role in the biological composting processing of agricultural wastes. This paper explores the effect of sulfamethoxazole (SMX) (Control, 25 mg/kg, 50 mg/kg, and 100 mg/kg) on the enzymatic activities of cellulase, protease, urease, and arylsulfatase. Compost samples were taken at three different intervals for analysis (day 0, day 25, and day 45). The findings revealed that at the start of the composting process, a strongly negative effect on enzymatic behavior was observed, and this response was significantly dependent on SMX concentrations (p < 0.05). The inhibition was consistent across all treatments. According to the results, the negative impact of SMX on community structure can result in selection pressure. Furthermore, all of the treatments had drastically improved enzymatic activity by the end of the composting process (day 45). This effect was presumably caused by the deterioration of SMX and a substantial stress reduction.

Pemanfaatan Limbah Pertanian Menjadi Pupuk Organik pada Kelompok Tani Lonrong Kecamatan Liliriaja Kabupaten Soppeng

Permasalahan yang dialami mitra kelompok tani Langga Dua adalah limbah pertanian belum banyak dimanfaatkan sebagai bahan pupuk organik, belum adanya keterampilan mengolah limbah pertanian menjadi pupuk organik, belum adanya pengetahuan membuat alat pencacah rumput sederhana menggunakan motor penggerak. Dengan demikian tujuan PKM ini adalah untuk memberikan pengetahuan dan keterampilan kepada mitra kelompok tani dalam memanfaatkan limbah pertanian menjadi pupuk organik, serta dapat merancang dan membuat alat pencacah rumput dengan menggunakan motor listrik sebagai penggerak. Diharapkan juga mitra dapat mengembangkan produk pupuk organik menjadi usaha baru. Pemanfaatan pupuk organik dari limbah pertanian (jerami dan daun hijauan) dalam berusaha tani, maka akan tercipta pertanian ramah lingkungan yang berkelanjutan. Metode pendekatan yang digunakan untuk melatih mitra adalah pelatihan dan demonstrasi, selain itu digunakan pula metode ceramah dan diskusi. Hasil yang didapatkan adalah mitra mampu menyadari kegunaan dari pupuk organik dan mampu memproduksi pupuk organik. Selain itu, mitra ke depannya lebih memilih menggunakan pupuk organik dibanding pupuk kimia.