Time Processes Research Articles

Smart Hi-Fi Attendance using Palm Veins

Abstract: In our academics’ attendance plays a significant role where it is taken in the traditional way, which consumes a lot of time and manpower and the process is hectic. There comes the automated attendance system to solve these problems in the conventional way, but these automated systems also face some drawbacks such as processes time, accuracy, and contact attendance systems (fingerprint), which leads to the next generation of attendance systems, which overcomes all these issues with the help of palm vein and RFID (Radio-Frequency Identification) sensors. The palm vein sensor uses an infrared camera that captures the student's palm vein image when placed in front of the camera. After that, the image was extracted to reveal biological palm vein data that is unique for each human, even for identical twins as per research. The extracted biological features are then compared with previously stored features in the database. And to avoid cheating and malpractices, we are verifying the student again (two-step authentication) with the help of RFID cards when the student crosses the RFID transmitter If both conditions are met, then it allows the system to mark students with attendance.

Analysis of heating of printed circuit board conductors on a metal base for spacecraft devices at pulsed current

The article presents the results of the analysis of heating of printed circuit conductors of printed circuit boards mounted on a metal base, on-board device of spacecraft when pulsed current flows through them. Thermal transient and impulse characteristics of a system consisting of a printed conductor and a printed circuit board are considered. The analysis of the dependence of the temperature rise rate of printed conductors and the duration of transient processes on the linear dimensions of the system elements is given. It is noted in the article that the time of transient processes most strongly depends on the thickness of the layer of insulating materials. All the results were obtained in the process of modeling transients in the ANSYS 2019 R1 Transient Thermal module. Practical recommendations on the consideration of thermal transients in printed conductors in the design of printed circuit boards are given.

Demand prediction and optimization of workshop manufacturing resources allocation: A new method and a case study

At present, great changes are taken place in the internal production management and resource allocation model of manufacturers. Under the premise of rational resource allocation, the completion period of products largely depends on the timeliness of resource allocation. The related studies mostly tackle the allocation of a single type of production resources in a single workshop, without considering much about the mutual influence between workshops. Through in-depth research on workshop manufacturing practices, this paper chooses to explore the planning, allocation, and demand prediction of manufacturing resources, which has long been a difficulty in workshop production. The research has great scientific research significance and practical value. The authors designed an algorithm based on the difference of the mean stagnation time of different production processes in the execution process, and used the algorithm to predict the number of production resources required in each period, before formulating the optimal configuration plan. This method is highly reasonable and applicable. After presenting a prediction method for the allocation demand of workshop manufacturing resources, the authors discussed whether the manufacturing resource allocation between different workshops is balanced in a fixed period. Then, a new idea was proposed for collaborative production between machines of different workshops in a specific environment, and an optimization algorithm was put forward to optimize the manufacturing resource allocation to machines facing the operation execution process. Through experiments, the authors compared the utilization rate of material, technological or human production resources in each period, and thereby verified the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.

Optimization of a sequencing batch reactor with the application of the Internet of Things

Internet of Things (IoT) technology was applied to the operation of the sequencing batch reactor (SBR) process to increase nitrogen removal and tackle the disturbances caused by the inflow fluctuations. To cope flexibly with the fluctuations in the inflow load, the time required for settling and discharging (TRSD) was reduced by inventing an automatic mechanical decanter, operated by monitoring the height of the sludge blanket layer and the concentration of suspended solid (SS) in the supernatant. The average TRSD of the automatic mechanical decanter was 1 hr, which was reduced by 27–59% compared to the conventional SBR processes treating domestic wastewater. Increasing the bio-reaction time with reduced TRSD allows improved performance while maintaining the overall cycle time of the SBR processes. Nitrogen removal was enhanced by feeding the influent in two steps in an 8:2 ratio while monitoring nitrogen ions in the bioreactor. The total nitrogen (T-N) removal of the step-feed modes was 92–93%, while that of the single-feed modes was 82–88%. Although the average time required for the bio-reaction steps increased by 51 min in the step-feed mode under the same temperature condition (13–16 °C), the total cycle time of the SBR process did not exceed 6 hr/cycle due to the reduced TRSD. By applying IoT technology, reliable operation of the SBR and improved T-N removal were achieved.

Molecular Structure and Dynamics in Wet Gecko β-Keratin.

Molecular dynamics simulations are performed to investigate the molecular picture of water sorption in gecko keratin and the influence of relative humidity (RH) on the local structure and dynamics in water-swollen keratin. At low RHs, water sorption occurs through hydrogen bonding of water with the hydrophilic groups of keratin. At high RHs (>80%), additional water molecules connect to the first "layer" of amide-connected water molecules (multimolecular sorption) through hydrogen bonds, giving rise to a sigmoidal shape of the sorption isotherm. This causes the formation of large chain-like clusters surrounding the hydrophilic groups of keratin, which upon a further increase of the RH form a percolating water network. An examination of the dynamics of water molecules sorbed in keratin demonstrates that there are two states, bound and free, for water. The dynamics of water in these states depends on the RH. At low RHs, large-scale translational motions of tightly bound water molecules to keratin are needed to remake the entire hydration shell of the keratin. At high RHs (>80%), the water molecules more quickly exchange between the two states. The center-of-mass mean-square displacement of water molecules indicates a hopping motion of water molecules in the keratin solvation shell. The hopping mechanism is more pronounced at RHs < 80%. At higher RHs, water translation through water clusters (water network) dominates. We have observed two regimes for the dependence of dynamical properties on the RH: a regime of gradual increase of the dynamics over 10% < RH < 80% and a regime of drastic dynamic acceleration at RH > 80%. The latter regime begins exactly where the water uptake and the volume swelling also increase much more and where a drastic change in the elastic properties of gecko keratin has been observed. A nearly linear relation between the relaxation times for all dynamical processes and the water content of gecko keratin is observed.

Cloud Computing Opportunities and Challenges in Electronic Document Management

Background of the study: Technological developments have encouraged the creation of cloud computing technology that allows access to information from everywhere via the internet. The use of cloud computing in managing electronic documents can manage document storage without having storage specialists, reducing the need for physical storage space, and access flexibility. But behind the benefits offered, some risks must be anticipated by the organization. Purpose: This study aims to determine the opportunities and challenges of using cloud computing in electronic document management. Method: This study uses the Systematic Literature Review method on the literature available in the Google Scholar database from 2017 to 2022. Findings: Based on the results of an analysis conducted on 20 selected articles, it was found that the opportunity of cloud computing in electronic document management is to increase efficiency in managing electronic documents, especially in terms of centralized document storage, increasing productivity, and response time of business processes, and cost efficiency. Meanwhile, the challenges are related to data security, system stability, authentication, and disaster preparedness, both from nature and cybercrime. Conclusion: The research recommends that organizations using cloud computing to manage their electronic document must provide compatible and good security systems.

Ultrafast Dissociation Dynamics Induced in [Fe(CO)5] n Xe m Mixed Clusters by Resonant Femtosecond Infrared Laser Radiation.

Real-time dissociation dynamics induced in [Fe(CO)5] n Xe m mixed molecular clusters by femtosecond IR radiation in the 5 μm region was studied for the first time by means of time-resolved methods based on resonant excitation of C≡O vibrations in the molecular core of the cluster and photoionization probing (λ = 400 nm) of its decay products. It was found that IR-excited clusters in the initially cold particle beam are heated and dissociated as a result of relaxation processes, giving rise to free neutral Xe aggregates and Fe(CO)5 molecules. Thus, the formed particles are the origin of signal variations from Xe+ and Fe(CO)5 + ions, which grow on a picosecond time scale. It is concluded that the initial laser excitation of C≡O vibrations in clusterized molecules is followed by the process of cluster dissociation accompanied with the formation of free neutral particles according to the hierarchy of binding energies: weakly bound shells of Xe atoms are evaporated first and much faster than the Fe(CO)5 molecules from the cluster core. The characteristic times of relaxation processes as well as the cluster temperature were estimated.

Implementation and Evaluation of Dynamic Task Allocation for Human–Robot Collaboration in Assembly

Human–robot collaboration is becoming increasingly important in industrial assembly. In view of high cost pressure, resulting productivity requirements, and the trend towards human-centered automation in the context of Industry 5.0, a reasonable allocation of individual assembly tasks to humans or robots is of central importance. Therefore, this article presents a new approach for dynamic task allocation, its integration into an intuitive block-based process planning framework, and its evaluation in comparison to both manual assembly and static task allocation. For evaluation, a systematic methodology for comprehensive assessment of task allocation approaches is developed, followed by a corresponding user study. The results of the study show for the dynamic task allocation on the one hand a higher fluency in the human–robot collaboration with good adaptation to process delays, and on the other hand a reduction in the cycle time for assembly processes with sufficiently high degrees of parallelism. Based on the study results, we draw conclusions regarding assembly scenarios in which manual assembly or collaborative assembly with static or dynamic task allocation is most appropriate. Finally, we discuss the implications for process planning when using the proposed task allocation framework.

Forecasting tectonic tremor activity using a renewal process model

In many tectonically active regions of the world, a variety of slow deformation phenomena have been discovered and collectively termed slow earthquakes. Tectonic tremor is the high-frequency component of slow earthquakes and can be analyzed to monitor the overall slow deformation process, both spatially and temporally. Although tectonic tremor activity is complex, it does possess some characteristic patterns, such as spatial segmentation, a quasi-periodic recurrence, migration, and tidal modulation. These features are helpful for forecasting future activity if they are properly modeled in a quantitative manner. Here, we propose a stochastic renewal process to standardize and forecast tectonic tremor activity in the Nankai subduction zone, southwest Japan, using a 12.5-year tremor catalog that is divided into a 10-year estimation period and 2.5-year forecasting period. We group the tremor events into small rectangular 10-km regions and observe that the distribution of inter-event times is nearly bimodal, with the short and long inter-event times representing the characteristic times of nearby tremor interactions and long-term stress accumulation processes, respectively. Therefore, as the probabilistic distribution for the renewal process, we adopt a mixture distribution of log-normal and Brownian passage time distributions for the short and long inter-event times, respectively. The model parameters are successfully estimated for 72% of the entire tremor zone using a maximum likelihood method. This standard model can be used to extract anomalous tremor activity, such as that associated with long-term slow-slip events. We derive a scaling relationship between two characteristic times, the relative plate motion, episodicity of tremor activity, and tremor duration by characterizing the spatial differences in tremor activity. We confirm that the model can forecast the occurrence of the next tremor event at a given reference time for a certain prediction interval. This study can serve as a first step for implementing more complex models to improve the space–time forecasting of slow earthquakes.

Undulate: A framework for data-driven software engineering enabling soft computing

Especially web-facing software systems enable the collection of usage data at a massive scale. At the same time, the scale and scope of software processes have grown substantively. Automated tools are needed to increase the speed and quality of controlling software processes. The usage data has great potential as a driver for software processes. However, research still lacks constructs for collecting, refining and utilising usage data in controlling software processes. The objective of this paper is to introduce a framework for data-driven software engineering. The Undulate framework covers generating, collecting and utilising usage data from software processes and business processes supported by the software produced. In addition, we define the concepts and process of extreme continuous experimentation as an exemplar of a software engineering process. We derive requirements for the framework from the research literature, with a focus on papers inspired by practical problems. In addition, we apply a multilevel modelling language to describe the concepts related to extreme continuous experimentation. We introduce the Undulate framework and give requirements and provide an overview of the processes of collecting usage data, augmenting it with additional dimensional data, aggregating the data along the dimensions and computing different metrics based on the data and other metrics. The paper represents significant steps inspired by previous research and practical insight towards standardised processes for data-driven software engineering, enabling the application of soft computing and other methods based on artificial intelligence. • We constructed Undulate, a novel framework for systematically collecting data from software and business processes, storing the data in a dimensional database, thus creating a basis for data-driven software engineering. • We defined the general principles of how soft computing can be used to exercise automated control on and provide decision support for software engineering processes, such as continuous experimentation. • We extended and applied a multilevel modelling language to define key concepts in software experimentation to provide a scientifically rigorous conceptual basis for the Undulate framework.

The Effectiveness of a Vehicle Manufacturing Line Using Probabilistic Process Timing

Abstract: Automotive manufacturing involves several steps, starting with the casting of components and moving on to the machining and assembly processes. The assembly system, particularly for the Single Cylinder S.I. Engine, will be the only emphasis of this project. A considerable number of components must be integrated throughout the engine assembly process. The creation of a decision assistance system based on a discrete event simulation model is discussed in the work provided in this paper. The four closed-loop network arrangement of vehicle assembly and preassembly lines connected by conveyors is targeted at a particular type of manufacturing lines. The design and execution of such industrial processes frequently include simulation. This simulation research aims to select the process throughput for the Single Cylinder S.I. Engine Assembly line. Any possible machine bottlenecks will be identified by the simulation study to avoid blockages and starvation and increase process throughput. Machine cycle times for various processes should be included in the input data for the research. The Arena simulation program will be utilized in this investigation. The goal is to use existing equipment to boost output on the present Head Assembly Line and Sub-Assembly Lines to an anticipated capacity. The outcomes of the simulation will be used to pinpoint the assembly-line procedures that may have an impact on the S.I. Engine's manufacturing schedule. By contrast the study's findings with the actual process throughput, the findings will be illustrated. Additionally, statistical analysis will be done to boost performance.

The Role of Runoff Attenuation Features (RAFs) in Natural Flood Management

Natural Flood Management (NFM) and catchment-based solutions for flood risk management and environmental problems are wide-ranging and complex. Management of fluvial flood risk in the UK is undergoing a fundamental shift, with a change in emphasis from solely working with structural defences to considering catchment-based measures which attenuate flood runoff. At the heart of this change are NFM and nature-based solutions. One key type of intervention is the Runoff Attenuation Feature (RAF): a class of features that targets runoff flow pathways and creates new temporary flow storage (such as ponds and leaky barriers). However, there is currently a lack of evidence for the effectiveness of NFM and RAFs at larger catchment scales and for managing extreme flood events. Nevertheless, there is a strong evidence base to suggest that well-designed RAFs deliver a range of ecosystem services if installed in the correct location. This paper reviews and critiques the role of RAFs and NFM as an interventionist and holistic approach to lowering runoff rates. The link between RAF design types and their relationship to land use and scale is made. Recent novel innovations and attempts to scale up RAFs are discussed. The role of antecedent conditions, groundwater and the change in residence time of processes is highlighted. The uncertainty and complexity of proving NFM effectiveness underpin a view that new thinking in catchment flood management is needed. New research is required, and many questions are raised about RAFs and NFM. The direction of travel is that a positive and proactive NFM community can now embrace the problem. Proof that RAFs and NFM can address flood management is not likely to be resolved without a great deal of further research but confidence that RAFs do beneficial work is growing and an argument for greater amounts of runoff attenuation is made.

Development and Research of Method in the Calculation of Transients in Electrical Circuits Based on Polynomials

Long electromagnetic transients occur in electrical systems because of switching and impulse actions As a result, the simulation time of such processes can be long, which is undesirable. Simulation time is significantly increased if the circuit in the study is complex, and also if this circuit is described by a rigid system of state equations. Modern requests of design engineers require an increase in the speed of calculations for realizing a real-time simulation. This work is devoted to the development of a unified spectral method for calculating electromagnetic transients in electrical circuits based on the representation of solution functions by series in algebraic and orthogonal polynomials. The purpose of the work is to offer electrical engineers a method that can significantly reduce the time for modeling transients in electrical circuits. Research methods. Approximation of functions by orthogonal polynomials, numerical methods for integrating differential equations, matrix methods, programming and theory of electrical circuits. Obtained results. Methods for calculating transients in electrical circuits based on the approximation of solution functions by series in algebraic polynomials as well as in the Chebyshev, Hermite and Legendre polynomials, have been developed and investigated. The proposed method made it possible to convert integro-differential equations of state into linear algebraic equations for images of time-dependent functions. The developed circuit model simplifies the calculation method. The images of true current functions are interpreted as direct currents in the proposed equivalent circuit. A computer program for simulating the transient process in an electrical circuit was developed on the basis of the described methods. The performed comparison of methods made it possible to choose the best method and a way to use it. The advantages of the presented method over other known methods are to reduce the simulation time of electromagnetic transients (for the considered examples by more than 6 times) while ensuring the required accuracy. The calculation of the process in the circuit over a long time interval showed a decrease and stabilization of errors, which indicates the prospects for using research methods for calculating complex electrical circuits.

Features of standard time formation to implement construction processes: a case study

Introduction. The current article is based on the theoretical analysis and experience in the construction processes standardization. The advantages and disadvantages of the existing automated process planning systems (APPS) and the system of computer-aided design and standardization of technological processes SPRUT-TP-Regulation are shown.&#x0D; Problem Statement. The existing systems are mainly created for mechanical engineering. The APPS system has also been expanded for the production of metal building structures. However, an issue of the real standard time for construction processes at the construction site remains unresolved. Particular attention is paid to the problem of choosing the structures of formwork systems to optimize the installation of in-situ concrete structures.&#x0D; Purpose.Development of a new method for determining the duration and complexity of construction processes that allows to consider any changes in the structure of processes and to determine the standard time by synthesis.&#x0D; Materials and methods. The method of integer standardization of processes is considered which, in contrast to existing methods, makes possible to compare the various design solutions of formwork forms.&#x0D; Results. The duration of formwork assembly and disassembly is proposed to be determined in whole numbers, depending on the number of formwork elements movements and the degree of responsibility for the reliability and quality of the processes. The article proposes the structure of the construction process and gives the main directions to create an information database regarding the standard time of construction processes implementation.&#x0D; Conclusions. The new approach solves the problem of synthesizing the time of construction processes.

Kompetensi Tenaga Administrasi Dalam Meningkatkan Pelayanan Kepada Mahasiswa STAI Ma’arif Kalirejo Kabupaten Lampung Tengah

This study aims to determine the competence of administrative staff, the quality of administrative services and to determine the competence of administrative staff in improving administrative services. This research is included in quantitative descriptive research with data collection techniques used are, observation, interviews and documentation. The results showed that the competencies possessed by administrative staff in improving the quality of administrative services seen from the aspects of physical evidence, reliability, responsiveness, assurance, and empathy were categorized as very good. Based on the results that have been found, it can be seen that the average competence possessed by administrative staff is seen from the dimensions of service quality which include tangibles, reliability, responsiveness, assurance and empathy indicates that the competence of his personality It can be seen that the most prominent competence possessed by administrative staff is technical competence while the lowest competence is social competence. The conclusions that can be drawn based on the quality of service seen from the tangibles aspect are that it is necessary to add related facilities, from the reliability aspect, it is good because it has reliability in handling any complaints from students, and is reliable in terms of time and accuracy of service processes. From the aspect of responsiveness, it has been very good because of the mutual communication between administrative staff and administrative staff. Judging from the assurance aspect, there is a guarantee for the security of the service environment as well as a definite guarantee for students provided by administrative staff, while from the empathy aspect, the willingness of the head of administration in serving students is good.

On the Hill relation and the mean reaction time for metastable processes

We illustrate how the Hill relation and the notion of quasi-stationary distribution can be used to analyse the biasing error introduced by many numerical procedures that have been proposed in the literature, in particular in molecular dynamics, to compute mean reaction times between metastable states for Markov processes. The theoretical findings are illustrated on various examples demonstrating the sharpness of the biasing error analysis as well as the applicability of our study to elliptic diffusions.

Application of the Maxwell–Stefan theory in modeling gas diffusion experiments into isolated oil droplets by water

We have used the Maxwell–Stefan diffusion theory to model the mass transfer between tertiary-injected gas and residual oil blocked by water, in order to predict the time required for the rupture of the water barrier due to oil swelling. We have also designed and conducted a set of visualization micromodel experiments on various pure and multicomponent oil–gas systems to measure the water rupture time in tertiary gas injection processes. The experimental results show that the initial pressure and dimensions of the system, the oil and gas composition, and the gas solubility in water control the oil swelling process. The experimentally measured rupture times are then employed to evaluate the reliability of the model and to compare its accuracy with that of a similar one using classical Fick's law. Our modeling results show that both models are able to estimate the water rupture time for pure systems with an acceptable precision. As for multicomponent mixtures, however, only the Maxwell–Stefan theory is capable of modeling the molecular diffusion process correctly and yields values close to reality, while the use of Fick's law would lead to erroneous results. Deficiency of the latter model becomes more acute when the diffusion direction in reality is contrary to what the model indicates, which leads to failure in calculating any value for rupture time at all for these cases.

Formation of adaptive subscriptions to the Internet of things data broker

Intoduction: the possibility of interaction with the physical world through the network infrastructures of spatially distributed nodes of Internet of Things, despite the undeniable advantages of the technology, produce significant loads on information consumers. In this regard, the current interest is the creation of methods that provide the reduction of transmitted data due to the adaptive synchronization of monitoring systems with the time of real processes. One effective way to solve this problem is to use the discrete Fourier transform to determine the sampling period of the observations. Purpose: to develop an approach to the formation of adaptive data broker subscriptions based on the study of the cyclicity of observations of Internet of Things devices. Methods: the discrete Fourier transform method was applied and, based on the calculated parameters of the harmonic series, a conclusion about the frequency characteristics of the data was made. The main peaks describing the periodicity of the data are selected, the fluctuation points are determined and, according to the Kotelnikov theorem (Nyquist-Kotelnikov-Shannon Sampling Theorem), a sampling frequency that provides a sufficient intensity of observations is chosen. Results: within the corporate network of the Krasnoyarsk Scientific Center, an infrastructure of devices and applications of the Internet of Things has been deployed to monitor temperature, humidity and PM2.5 in specialized technological rooms with telecommunications equipment. The analysis showed that for different rooms the data are periodic, but their harmonic profiles do not coincide. The choice of harmonic values, the fluctuation amplitude of which determines the dynamics of changes in the observed data, should be carried out periodically for each observed device. This approach is implemented in the broker software, which distributes data in subscriptions from each of the devices in accordance with the frequency of their changes. Practical relevance: the analysis of the frequency characteristics of the data determines the broker settings, which distributes the information flows, which is one of the aspects of reliability of the IoT infrastructure.&#x0D; In addition, observing data changes will allow us to identify malfunctions in the operation of cooling systems, which can lead to the failure of complex, expensive equipment with increased heat irradiation.

On the existence and the Hölder regularity of the local time of the Brownian bridge

Abstract In this paper, we will establish the existence and the Hölder regularity of the local time of the Brownian bridge. Our results are obtained by using a result on Malliavin calculus in [K. Es-Sebaiy, D. Nualart, Y. Ouknine and C. A. Tudor, Occupation densities for certain processes related to fractional Brownian motion, Stochastics 82 2010, 1–3, 133–147] for a Gaussian process with an absolutely continuous random drift, jointly with the classical approach based on the concept of local nondeterminism for Gaussian processes introduced by Berman [S. M. Berman, Local nondeterminism and local times of Gaussian processes, Indiana Univ. Math. J. 23 1973/74, 69–94].

Kinetic parameters of microbial thermal death in goat cheese whey and growth of surviving microorganisms under refrigeration

AbstractWhey is a byproduct of cheese production and, in smallholdings, is usually destined for animal feed or improperly disposed. To create alternatives for whey use, microbiological stabilization is the first step. Therefore, this study evaluated the kinetic parameters of the native microbiota thermal death (62–85°C) in goat cheese whey (GCW) and the growth of survivors after thermal processing performed at three different time–temperatures. The results showed that the come‐up time inactivated 1.0–1.8 log CFU/ml (≤71°C), 3.8 log CFU/ml (75°C), and more than 8 log CFU/ml (≥80°C). The inactivation data at 62, 65, 68, 71, and 75°C were fitted to the Bigelow model, from which D values of 65.7, 31.0, 11.7, 5.4, and 1.2 min, respectively, were determined. Using a first‐order equation, the z value was calculated as 7.5°C (R2 = 0.99). Processes time–temperatures were selected to achieve 2.5 (71°C/20 min), 0.5 (75°C/5 min), and &lt;0.1 log CFU/ml (80°C/1 min) survivors. During the shelf life, microbiological growth was observed in all samples, reaching total bacterial counts (TBC) and psychrotrophic bacteria (TPC) &gt;3 log CFU/ml between 14 and 28 days, with a predominance of non‐acidifying psychrotrophic bacteria. From the results, the time–temperature of 75°C/5 min was established as the best option for GCW processing, ensuring counts &lt;2 log CFU/ml for up to 21 days.Practical ApplicationsThis study showed that the time–temperatures 71°C/20 min, 75°C/5 min, or 80°C/1 min, applied in a batch pasteurization process, were able to inactivate more than 5 log CFU/ml of the native microbiota of goat cheese whey. However, the shelf life of the product at 7°C was limited to 21 days due to the growth of the surviving population, even for samples that reached &lt;0.1 log CFU/ml immediately after heating. Therefore, if extended shelf life is needed, additional barriers to microbial growth should be used. These data can be readily applied by artisanal goat cheese producers as a way to stabilize whey for later use, either in the development of whey beverages or for the use of whey as an ingredient in products.