Subordinate Processes Research Articles

Christian forms of expressing beauty and the religious identity of Old Rus’ (11-13th centuries) according to the Hypatian Codex

Chrześcijańskie formy wyrażania piękna a religijna samoświadomość dawnej rusi xi-xiii wieku w przekazie Kodeksu Hipackiego
 Artykuł stanowi próbę określenia roli chrześcijańskiej estetyki w formowaniu się religijnej samoświadomości Dawnej Rusi (XI-XIII wieku). Na podstawie danych źródłowych pochodzących z Kodeksu Hipackiego i innych zabytków piśmienniczych oraz ustaleń uczonych (paleografów, archeologów, historyków, lingwistów) staram się zaakcentować jeden aspekt ewolucji kulturalno-religijnej Dawnej Rusi – aspekt estetyczny. Wydaje się, że to właśnie chrześcijańska estetyka w formie „zmysłowego oglądu” tj. architektura, ikonografia i rzeźba odegrała istotną rolę w procesie podporządkowywania się światopoglądu pogańskiego chrześcijańskiemu.

Architecture and preservation in the fluvial to marine transition zone of a mixed‐process humid‐tropical delta: Middle Miocene Lambir Formation, Baram Delta Province, north‐west Borneo

AbstractThe interaction of river and marine processes in the fluvial to marine transition zone fundamentally impacts delta plain morphology and sedimentary dynamics. This study aims to improve existing models of the facies distribution, stratigraphic architecture and preservation in the fluvial to marine transition zone of mixed‐process deltas, using a comprehensive sedimentological and stratigraphic dataset from the Middle Miocene Lambir Formation, Baram Delta Province, north‐west Borneo. Eleven facies associations are identified and interpreted to preserve the interaction of fluvial and marine processes in a mixed‐energy delta, where fluvial, wave and tidal processes display spatially and temporally variable interactions. Stratigraphic successions in axial areas associated with active distributary channels are sandstone‐rich, comprising fluvial‐dominated and wave‐dominated units. Successions in lateral areas, which lack active distributary channels, are mudstone‐rich, comprising fluvial‐dominated, tide‐dominated and wave‐dominated units, including mangrove swamps. Widespread mudstone preservation in axial and lateral areas suggests well‐developed turbidity maximum zones, a consequence of high suspended‐sediment concentrations resulting from tropical weathering of a mudstone‐rich hinterland. Within the fluvial to marine transition zone of distributary channels, interpreted proximal–distal sedimentological and stratigraphic trends suggest: (i) a proximal fluvial‐dominated, tide‐influenced subzone; (ii) a distal fluvial‐dominated to wave‐dominated subzone; and (iii) a conspicuously absent tide‐dominated subzone. Lateral areas preserve a more diverse spectrum of facies and stratigraphic elements reflecting combined storm, tidal and subordinate river processes. During coupled storm and river floods, fluvial processes dominated the fluvial to marine transition zone along major and minor distributary channels and channel mouths, causing significant overprinting of preceding interflood deposits. Despite interpreted fluvial–tidal channel units and mangrove influence implying tidal processes, there is a paucity of unequivocal tidal indicators (for example, cyclical heterolithic layering). This suggests that process preservation in the fluvial to marine transition zone preserved in the Lambir Formation primarily records episodic (flashy) river discharge, river flood and storm overprinting of tidal processes, and possible backwater dynamics.

The Entrance Law of the Excursion Measure of the Reflected Process for Some Classes of L\xe9vy Processes

We provide integral formulae for the Laplace transform of the entrance law of the reflected excursions for symmetric Lévy processes in terms of their characteristic exponent. For subordinate Brownian motions and stable processes we express the density of the entrance law in terms of the generalized eigenfunctions for the semigroup of the process killed when exiting the positive half-line. We use the formulae to study in-depth properties of the density of the entrance law such as asymptotic behavior of its derivatives in time variable.

Wor(l)d order and coloniality in language education for migrants. Key ideas for thinking otherwise

Abstract Migration has become an important phenomenon in the contemporary world. In receiving countries, language policies have been put into place to offer migrants education in the national language, in order to give them tools to communicate with and to create a feeling of belonging to the local community. These policies claim to be integration policies; however, they are frequently based on a concept of languages disconnected from the notions of knowledge, culture, politics and power. Languages are shaped in a specific global order and in local practices, in which power relationships that respond to a political, social and economic world system are enmeshed. This paper uses “key-ideas” constructed from data generated in classroom observations and open-ended interviews in Padova, Italy and São Paulo, Brazil as theory promoting insights, and also reflects on the concepts of language, nation and integration. I will engage in a dialogue with the readers, stimulating reflection on encounters with the “other” and on the implications of actions when situated in contexts that are based on a homogenous concept of language, nation and culture. Moreover, through the theorization of coloniality, this article aims to offer a diversified reading of these encounters, suggesting that a process of subordination of the other is put into place by hierarchizing languages and their epistemic meanings. Together with theory, some questions will be offered to stimulate readers in the process of developing their own pedagogical activities.

Are transformational and laissez-faire leadership related to state anxiety among subordinates? A two-wave prospective study of forward and reverse associations

ABSTRACTThe aim of this study was to determine the direction of associations between perceived leadership styles of an immediate leader and state anxiety among subordinates using time-lagged data from a large and heterogeneous probability sample of Norwegian employees. It was hypothesised that high levels of transformational leadership would be associated with a decrease, whereas high levels of laissez-faire leadership would be associated with an increase, in subsequent levels of anxiety. Reciprocal associations were also expected in that higher levels of anxiety were hypothesised to be related to subsequent increase in reports of laissez-faire, and decrease in reported exposure to transformational leadership. The sample comprised 1149 Norwegian employees. The design was a two-wave full panel study with a six-month time interval between the baseline and follow-up assessments. Contrary to hypotheses, neither transformational nor laissez-faire leadership were significantly related to subsequent levels of state anxiety. In support of hypotheses, baseline low levels of state anxiety were associated with reporting the immediate leader as less transformational and more laissez-faire six months later. In conclusion, the findings challenge theoretical models that explain leadership as a one-way superior–subordinate influence process.

OU models based on positive and negative subordinate processes applying in SHIBOR time series analysis and derivative pricing – through discrete differential method

ABSTRACT On account of that the OU models based on Gaussian process cannot describe the characteristics of peak, bias and asymmetric thick tail in SHIBOR time series, this paper replaces the Gaussian process in OU model with Levy process which can be decomposed into positive and negative subordinate processes, constructs OU model based on positive and negative subordinate processes. Methods parameter estimation and stochastic simulation were carried out by making discrete the stochastic differential equations into stochastic difference equations. The result shows that non-Gaussian OU process based on positive and negative subordinate processes not only fits the time series but also has better economic interpretation. The innovation of our research is to build a model of Non-Gaussian OU process based on positive and negative subordinate processes with less stochastic terms, and it provides an efficient tool for forecasting SHIBOR time series.

A autoridade do professor no contexto da autoridade algorítmica digital,

Resumo Na história do desenvolvimento do processo de ensino e aprendizagem, a figura do professor sempre se destacou como de fundamental importância para que os alunos desenvolvessem suas capacidades cognitivas, afetivas e éticas. Porém, na sociedade da cultura digital, observam-se indícios de transformações radicais nessa relação, sobretudo porque os alunos acessam as informações, algoritmicamente localizadas, por meio de seus aparelhos eletrônicos, principalmente os celulares. Diante desse quadro, os autores deste artigo têm como objetivo principal refletir criticamente sobre a forma como a autoridade do professor está gradativamente se subsumindo em relação à autoridade algorítmica digital. Conclui-se que a crítica desse processo de subordinação torna-se necessária para que se possa pensar como os professores e alunos podem se tornar autores e artífices do processo de ensino e aprendizagem por meio da tecnologia digital.

A recursive pricing method for autocallables under multivariate subordination

In this paper we develop a new class of models for pricing autocallables based on multivariate subordinate Orstein Uhlenbeck (OU) processes. Starting from d independent OU processes and an independent d-dimensional Levy subordinator, we construct a new process by time changing each of the OU processes with a coordinate of the Levy subordinator. The prices of underlying assets are then modeled as an exponential function of the subordinate processes. The new models introduce state-dependent jumps in the asset prices and the dependence among jumps is governed by the Levy measure of the d-dimensional subordinator. By employing the eigenfunction expansion technique, we are able to derive the analytical formulas for the worst-of autocallable prices. We also numerically implement a specific model and test its sensitivity to some of the key parameters of the model.

Derivation of Feynman–Kac and Bloch–Torrey Equations in a Trapping Medium

We derive rigorously the fractional counterpart of the Feynman–Kac equation for a transport problem with trapping events characterized by fat-tailed time distributions. Our starting point is a random walk model with an inherent time subordination process due to the difference between clock times and operational times. We pass to the hydrodynamic limit using weak convergence arguments. Due to the lack of regularity of physical data, we use the framework of measure theory. We finally derive a Bloch–Torrey type equation for nuclear magnetic resonance data in this subdiffusive context.

A high expansion implicit finite-element prestack reverse time migration method

Building on the concepts of cohesion degree and local relaxation, we propose an integrated hierarchical equilibrium parallel finite-element reverse time migration (HEP-FE-RTM) algorithm, which is a fine-grained central processing unit (CPU) parallel computation method in two-level host-sub-processors mode. A single master process is responsible for data reading and controlling the progress of the calculation, while each subordinate process deals with a part of the depth domain space. This algorithm is able to achieve single source forward-modelling and inversion calculation using more than 2000 CPUs. On the premise of controlling iteration times for convergence, sub-module/processors only communicate with their adjacent counterparts and the host processor, so the level of data exchange is proportional to cohesion degree. This HEP-FE-RTM algorithm has the distinct advantage that parallel efficiency does not decrease as the number of processors increases. In two-level host-sub-processors mode, more than 2000 processors are used and one billion unknowns are solved. By combining the finite-element implicit dynamic Newmark integral scheme, this approach achieves a prestack reverse time migration (RTM) with high expansion. Making full use of the characteristics of high accuracy and strong boundary adaptability of the finite-element method, through the optimisation of finite-element solving, the HEP-FE-RTM algorithm improved the efficiency of parallel computing and achieved RTM implementation using finite element. Model tests show that this method has a significant effect on both imaging efficiency and accuracy.

Facies and architecture of river-dominated to tide-influenced mouth bars in the lower Lajas Formation (Jurassic), Argentina

The Middle Jurassic Lajas Formation in the Neuquen Basin of Argentina has been considered an ideal analog for tide-dominated deposits because of the widespread presence of tidal sedimentary structures and its heterolithic nature. Outcrops of the Lajas in the Los Molles area provide excellent exposures allowing both sedimentary structures and large-scale architectural information to be documented in detail. The extensive event bed stratification that characterizes the delta front and interdistributary bay deposits is interpreted to be the result of river floods because of the sharp base, fining-upward grain size trend, and seaward-directed paleocurrent indicators within each bed. The absence of wave-generated structures precludes a storm wave origin for these beds. Interflood deposits have two forms. The first is fine-grained sandstone and siltstone that is highly bioturbated with no tidal structures and is indicative of an overall river-dominated system. The second is also finer grained than the river flood beds but shows distinctive tidal features, indicative of a tide-influenced system during times when river influence was least. Mouth bars can be classified as purely river-dominated or river-dominated with tidal influence, depending on the type of interflood beds present. Tide-influenced mouth bars tend to be muddier, with more internal flow baffles or barriers and a lower-angle dip than their river-dominated counterparts. This study suggests that heterolithic successions containing pervasive tidal structures need not be tide-dominated because not all tidal structures are of equal importance in environmental interpretations. Their location (in river flood layers versus interflood layers) can be used as a methodology for determining the dominant and subordinate processes responsible for shaping the delta.

Globalisation, money, taxes – past and present

The article is devoted to changes that have taken place in the world economy and in the econo- mics, starting with the Great Depression of the 1930s to the contemporary Global Crisis. The author pays special attention to the phenomenon of free movement of capital across borders, which lead to weakening of the importance and role of the state.

Cafeicultura em Rondônia: circuito espacial de produção, modernização e subordinação

A cafeicultura tem passado por transformações técnico-produtivas em Rondônia, que resulta da atuação direta de instituições públicas e privadas, responsáveis pelo fluxo material e imaterial da produção agrícola. A partir dos conceitos de circuito espacial da produção e círculo de cooperação buscamos analisar a organização espacial da cafeicultura, contextualizando o processo de modernização tecnológica na escala estadual. A metodologia da pesquisa foi realizada com sistematização bibliográfica e dados obtidos em trabalho de campo efetivado no município de Cacoal (RO). Dessa forma, conclui-se que a transformação agrícola indica o processo geral de subordinação da agricultura familiar ao capital, criando uma psicosfera do café, com formação de regiões produtivas, indicando que as variáveis do mercado nacional e global atingem as áreas de fronteira agrícola.

Hierarchically Organized Medial Frontal Cortex-Basal Ganglia Loops Selectively Control Task- and Response-Selection.

Adaptive behavior requires context-sensitive configuration of task-sets that specify time-varying stimulus-response mappings. Intriguingly, response time costs associated with changing task-sets and motor responses are known to be strongly interactive: switch costs at the task level are small in the presence of a response-switch but large when accompanied by a response-repetition, and vice versa for response-switch costs. The reasons behind this well known interdependence between task- and response-level control processes are currently not well understood. Here, we formalized and tested a model assuming a hierarchical organization of superordinate task-set and subordinate response-set selection processes to account for this effect. The model was found to successfully explain the full range of behavioral task- and response-switch costs across first and second order trial transitions. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in healthy humans, we then characterized the neural circuitry mediating these effects. We found that presupplementary motor area (preSMA) activity tracked task-set control costs, SMA activity tracked response-set control costs, and basal ganglia (BG) activity mirrored the interaction between task- and response-set regulation processes that characterized participants' response times. A subsequent fMRI-guided transcranial magnetic stimulation experiment confirmed dissociable roles of the preSMA and SMA in determining response costs. Together, these data provide evidence for a hierarchical organization of posterior medial frontal cortex and its interaction with the BG, where a superordinate preSMA-BG loop establishes task-set selection, which imposes a (unidirectional) constraint on a subordinate SMA-BG loop that determines response-selection, resulting in the characteristic interdependence in task- and response-switch costs in behavior.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The ability to use context-sensitive task-sets to guide our responses is central to human adaptive behavior. Task and response selection are strongly interactive: it is more difficult to repeat a response in the context of a changing task-set, and vice versa. However, the neurocognitive architecture giving rise to this interdependence is currently not understood. Here we use modeling, neuroimaging, and noninvasive neurostimulation to show that this phenomenon derives from a hierarchical organization of posterior medial frontal cortex and its interaction with the basal ganglia, where a more anterior corticostriatal loop establishes task-set selection, which constrains a more posterior loop responsible for response-selection. These data provide a neural explanation for a key behavioral signature of human cognitive control.

The perforated borders of labour migration and the formal state

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to explore the variation in migrant labour market regimes and what these reveal about variant patterns of state and extra state regulation in two contemporary political economies.Design/methodology/approachResearch based upon a participatory action research agenda in Mexico and the north of Ireland. Migrant workers and their families where involved in the project and its development. This included participation in the research design, its focus and purpose.FindingsMigrant workers experiences of labour market subordination are part of wider processes of subordination and exclusion involving both the state, but also wider, often meta- and para-state, agents. In different locations, states and contexts, the precarity experienced by migrant workers and their families highlights the porosity of the formal rational legal state and moreover, in the current economic context, the compatibility of illegality and state sponsored neoliberal economic policies.Research limitations/implicationsIt is important to extend this study to other geographic and political economy spaces.Practical implicationsThe study challenges the limits of state agency suggesting the need for extra state, i.e. civil society, participation to support and defend migrant workers.Originality/valueNotwithstanding the two very different socio-economic contexts, the paper reveals that the interaction, dependence and restructuring of migrant labour markets can be understood within the context of meta- and para-state activities that link neoliberal employment insecurities. Migrants’ experiences illustrate the extent to which even formal legal employment relations can also be sustained by para- and meta- (illegal and alegal) actions and institutions.

Subgeometric rates of convergence for Markov processes under subordination

Abstract We are interested in the rate of convergence of a subordinate Markov process to its invariant measure. Given a subordinator and the corresponding Bernstein function (Laplace exponent), we characterize the convergence rate of the subordinate Markov process; the key ingredients are the rate of convergence of the original process and the (inverse of the) Bernstein function. At a technical level, the crucial point is to bound three types of moment (subexponential, algebraic, and logarithmic) for subordinators as time t tends to ∞. We also discuss some concrete models and we show that subordination can dramatically change the speed of convergence to equilibrium.

Performing blackness in the “Rainbow Nation”: Athi-Patra Ruga’s The Future White Women of Azania

This article applies Saidiya Hartman’s framework of performing blackness to South African performance artist Athi-Patra Ruga’s performance series, The Future White Women of Azania, to consider the ways in which the performances index the convoluted imbrications of colonialism, specifically Apartheid policy in South Africa, and postcolonialism, specifically the anti-Apartheid struggle(s) and the current political and economic structure of South African democracy. It argues that Ruga’s performance makes evident political and economic systems that tout black and queer liberation while perpetuating black queer death. Ruga’s work also relocates Hartman’s framework to a transnational, postcolonial context, expanding the notion of performing blackness (and the entangled processes of domination and subordination that it maps) beyond the trans-Atlantic paradigm, suggesting that performing blackness could be used to understand the correlation between broader spatial and temporal phenomena that shape blackness. Finally, situating The Future White Women of Azania as not only a performance of blackness, but of queerness as well, postulates that layering sexuality onto Hartman’s model reveals that the dynamics articulated under performing blackness are evident between oppressors and oppressed and between members of each of these groups as Hartman notes, but also between the contingent axes of subjectivity within an individual’s experience.

Editor’s Introduction: The World, The Multi-Ethnic Text, and the Critic

Multi-ethnic literature and criticism has always been interdisciplinary and thoroughly grounded in worldly contexts. In The World, the Text, and the Critic (1983), Edward W. Said is interested in the strategies we use “to get at what occurs between the world and the aesthetic or textual object” (32). Said claims that “texts have ways of existing that even in their most rarefied form are always enmeshed in circumstance, time, place, and society—in short, they are in the world, and hence worldly” (35). He affirms that a text’s worldliness is “an infrangible part of its capacity for conveying and producing meaning” (39). Said also includes the critic in his theory of worldliness, for the implications of the text are also “true of critics in their capacities as readers and writers in the world” (35). Indeed, if, Said argues, “we assume … that texts make up what Foucault calls archival facts, the archive being defined as the text’s social discursive presence in the world, then criticism too is another aspect of that present” (51). Thus, “critics create not only the values by which art is judged and understood, but they embody in writing those processes and actual conditions in the present by means of which art and writing bear significance” (53). Said also warns of “the fallacy of imagining the life of texts as being pleasantly ideal and without force or conflict” (47), as his theory of Orientalism and its processes of subordination makes clear. Given the operations of power and conflict in which texts are complicit, Said asserts that the “critic is responsible to a degree for articulating those voices dominated, displaced, or silenced by the textuality of texts.” Further, the critic should be “finding and exposing things that otherwise lie hidden beneath piety, heedlessness, or routine” (53). The critic’s role, then, is to read beyond the page to both reveal the worldliness of the text and to contribute archival facts about the significance of “the text’s social discursive presence in the world,” particularly regarding any voices that have been silenced or otherwise subjugated.

Testing for Hermite Rank in Gaussian Subordination Processes

Statistical inference for time series with long-range dependence is often based on the assumption of Gaussian subordination Xt = G(Zt). Although the Hermite rank m of G plays an essential role for statistical inference in these situations, the question of estimating m or of testing hypotheses about the Hermite rank has not been addressed in the literature. In this article, a method is introduced for testing H0: m = 1 against H1: m > 1. This allows for deciding whether inference based on the usual assumption of m = 1 is appropriate. Simulations and data examples illustrate the method.

Manhood Deprived and (Re)constructed during Conflicts and International Prosecutions: The Curious Case of the Prosecutor v. Uhuru Muigai Kenyatta et al.

Recent case law on sexual violence crimes heard before the ad hoc international criminal tribunals and courts, that interpret them in connection with ethnic conflict, raises the question of which acts can be defined as sexual violence. The International Criminal Court (ICC), in the situation of Kenya, does not regard acts of forced nudity, forcible circumcision and penile amputation as sexual violence when they are motivated by ethnic prejudice and intended to demonstrate the cultural superiority of one tribe over another. The Court argues that not every act of violence that targets parts of the body commonly associated with sexuality should be considered an act of sexual violence. This recent interpretation of what counts as sexual violence provides another example of the complicity of international criminal law institutions in the ongoing construction process of female subordination. The ICC, in the Kenya situation, implicitly confirms the mutilation of female agency by interpreting penile amputation as a kind of power game between males, and by instrumentalizing the male sexual organ as an indicator of masculinity and manhood.