Judgment Process Research Articles

A just-in-time learning-based compensation prediction method for hull plate welding

ABSTRACT The accuracy of plate welding substantially impacts the quality of the final hull and the hull construction efficiency. To control the accuracy of plate welding, one effective method is to estimate the extent of plate welding compensation for planning a reasonable accuracy management plan. This paper proposes a method that utilizes a Gaussian mixture model (GMM) and just-in-time learning (JITL) for this purpose. To develop the method, the raw data collected by the shipyard were used to perform accuracy judgment and missing value processing. Then, correlation analysis of various parameters and feature extraction methods were implemented to extract features that can be used to predict the compensation of plate welding. The plate welding process can be divided into different stages by using GMM to cluster the different data distributions. To track the welding process, the local models should be established based on the JITL principle. By comparing the performance of different models, the support vector regression model optimized by the particle swarm optimization algorithm was applied as the local model of the JITL model. The results demonstrated that the proposed model yields excellent compensation prediction performance.

Adaptación argentina del Cuestionario de Reserva Cognitiva: CRC-a

Cognitive reserve (CR) refers to the level of adaptability of cognition after brain changes. It is based on processes that allow the activation of new synaptic connections after neurodegeneration, which permits to better withstand the consequences. This reserve is constituted by the interaction of innate individual characteristics (intrauterine or genetically determined) and the exposure to different life experiences. It begins its development in early stages of life and continues its transformation up to advances ages. The sociodemographic variables reported as the main ones to build the reserve are education, leisure activities, lifestyle, socioeconomic level and intelligence. Several studies have considered it as a protective factor for Alzheimer's Disease (AD). Subjects with high levels of CR have lower prevalence and incidence of AD in comparison to those with low levels of reserve. CR would lead to a late onset of symptoms, despite not having any effect on the underlying pathophysiological process of the disease. The reserve would not prevent AD from developing, but it would compensate the symptoms and, therefore, delay their onset. In some cases, there is such compensation that the symptoms do not manifest. There is no validated instrument available for the Argentinian region that allows to measure this construct. The aim of this study is to adapt the Cognitive Reserve Questionnaire to the Argentinian population, to establish cut-off scores to distinguish between low, medium, high and superior levels of CR and analyze which variables could predict the total reserve score. The modifications introduced in the adaptation were evaluated through an expert judgment process. A total of 177 healthy subjects completed the Cognitive Reserve Questionnaire in its Argentinian adaptation (CRQ-a). Through the measure of quartiles, cut-off scores were established to determine low, medium, high and superior levels of the reserve. A lineal regression was made to evaluate if age, education, and sex might predict the level of CR. Three of the eight total dimensions and 16 of the 33 total items that make up the original questionnaire were modified. The mean of the total score obtained by the sample from the questionnaire was 15.06 with SD = 3.42. Scores under 13 reflected low CR levels, scores between 13 and 16 reflected medium levels, scores between 16 and 20 reflected high levels, and scores above 20 reflected superior levels. Education turned out to be the only predictor variable for the level of CR. Although differences were found between groups of different sex, this variable turned out to be not predictive. The CRQ-a is the first instrument for the Argentinian population to measure the level of the reserve. It allows to quickly explore different dimensions, considered as the most relevant for its formation. These are: formal education, courses, parents' formal education, employment, musical training, languages, reading activity and intellectual games. In patients with AD, is particularly important to have a measure for CR to prepare interventions for those subjects whose reserve levels are perceived as low, aiming to delay and, when possible, prevent the clinical manifestation of the disease. Its validation would open future lines of research on possible interventions for the prevention of diseases such as AD. https://doi.org/10.16888/interd.2023.40.1.8

A Study of Sunaryo’s Wot Batu through Art Criticism

The Indonesian modern art scene in the 1940s, which related to many ideologies, also influenced the art of Indonesian artist Sunaryo (1943). One of his recent works, Wot Batu, is a work of land art consisting of sequential installations made with stones lying in a landscape in Bandung. Wot Batu means ‘stone bridge’ in old Javanese. This study aimed to discover Sunaryo’s artistic qualities in Wot Batu in order to trace Sunaryo’s perspective of spirituality and his background as a modern Indonesian artist. This research used Feldmann’s art criticism approach. The interpretation and judgment process in this work was obtained by connecting a formal analysis of the artwork to Sunaryo’s background as an artist. The research findings confirm that Sunaryo presents his own perspective on spirituality in this work through the use of stones as the main material and other natural elements. He made use of various aspects, such as combining and assembling stones, multisensory stimulation of the visitor, the site and the movement of the visitor inside it, support his concept. This study revealed that Sunaryo’s perspective on spirituality not merely concerns the relationship between humans and a greater power, but also humans as a part of nature, balance, the perpetuity of the universe, and the experience of nothingness and serenity.

The effect of spiritual and social norm in moral judgement

ABSTRACT The main aim of the study was to explore information related to the concept of Islamic moral judgement among religious school students. For this group of students, academic syllabus and schooling daily activities was purposely designed to the enhancement of spiritual and religious interpretation in practical life. This study used a quantitative method based on cross sectional approach. The findings showed that the dimensions of Islamic spiritual disposition and social norm were significant in the moral judgement of Islamic secondary school students. Result from the study also indicates spiritual disposition and social norms to certain extent play as significant role in moral judgment process. This findings have helped developed the Islamic Moral Judgement Model. The impact of this study was that religious secondary school students' tendencies toward aspects of Islamic spirituality play an important role in determining the quality of their Islamic moral judgement.

Predicting information usefulness in health information identification from modal behaviors

Finding useful health information should be the highest priority when identifying health information. Predicting information usefulness will significantly improve the effectiveness and efficiency of health information identification, which plays a vital role in fighting against misinformation. Modal behaviors, such as gesture and gaze, are promising indicators of usefulness since they deliver a reliable, thorough, natural, and direct process of user cognitive processing. Therefore, this study aimed to use gesture and gaze behaviors to predict whether information is useful for health information identification. Twenty-four college students were recruited to freely search for information using a smartphone to identify the truthfulness of four propositions (two were true and two were false) about public health epidemics. The participants' gesture behavior, gaze behavior, and information usefulness as perceived by themselves were collected. Based on user cognition, the process of information usefulness judgment was placed into two phases: skimming and reading. Thirty-one features derived from modal behaviors in each phase were extracted. Feature optimization based on the Mann-Whitney U test and random forest was performed. Five common algorithms were used to construct information usefulness prediction models, and these models were compared by the F1_score. Finally, dwell time and gaze entropy in the reading phase were the most important gesture and gaze features respectively. BP neural network was selected to build a unimodal model based on gesture, and gradient boosting decision tree was selected to build a unimodal model based on gaze and a multimodal model combining both. These models all achieved F1_score above 77% and were applicable to different scenarios in health information identification. The model based on gesture could satisfy strong technology or legal constrains, the model based on gaze was ideal for AR, MR or metaverse applications, and the model combining both offered an alternative for multimodal human-computer interaction.

Exploring the process of evaluative judgement: the case of engineering students judging intercultural competence

For students to sustain their learning beyond higher education, it is important for them to develop their evaluative judgement. Although the importance of evaluative judgement is well-established, the process through which students make such judgements remains contested. This study explores students’ evaluative judgement process by asking 20 engineering students to evaluate their own intercultural competence and that of other engineers in task-based interviews. The findings reveal that in the process of judgement-making, students negotiate and navigate multiple dimensions, including their ‘knowledge of intercultural competence’, ‘awareness of bias’, ‘attitude towards development’, ‘capability to judge’, ‘action towards improvement’ and ‘identity as assessor’. Building on these findings, the study further reconceptualises evaluative judgement as a negotiated process rather than a capability.

Aplikasi Profiling Tes Psikologi Berbasis Website dalam Pendidikan

This research aim to developing new application and program of psychological profiling testing. This based on need assessment about condition of pandemic that needed for psychological test in website based, for facilitate a testee for testing service. This research was a research and development and using Borg & Gall’s design with 9 phase such exploration study, literature review, arrangement of hypothetic, expert judgement, model revision, try out, analysis and revision, final model, diseminasion and socialization. This product using expert judgement and validation process with Interrater Agreement Model, and research subject were guidance and couneling students of Masoem University. The result of the research with the development process have been revised and have succeeded in developing and functioning of the guidance and counseling and profiling psychological test for all testee or student were needed in Masoem University.

Generation Z diners’ moral judgements of restaurant food waste in the United States: a qualitative inquiry

This study explores Gen Z diners’ perceptions of restaurant food waste generation and prevention, as well as their related moral decision-making. Drawing on the norm activation model and moral disengagement theory, a dual-route process model was developed to depict Gen Zers’ the moral judgement for wasting food or not at restaurants. Six online focus groups with Gen Z diners in the United States were conducted and thematic analysis was applied. The findings of this study identified multiple underlying psychological mechanisms (e.g., moral obligation activation vs. moral disengagement) for explaining Gen Z diners’ food waste behaviors. Situational factors, cultural factors, and restaurant-related factors all play a key role in the moral judgment process. The findings also revealed what Gen Z diners expect restaurants to do in order to address the food waste problem. This study provides valuable theoretical and managerial implications for tackling the food waste issue. The practical contribution of this study supports the restaurant industry to achieve the UN Sustainable Development Goal 12 “Responsible Consumption and Production”.

Distributive justice and development: Toward an integrative understanding of reward and responsibility distributions

ABSTRACT Studies on development and fairness judgments in resource allocations have mainly addressed the distribution of reward. However, the distribution of responsibility also requires exploration in the context of research on development and distributive justice. For an integrated understanding of reward and responsibility distributions, we briefly reviewed the studies on children’s fairness judgments in reward and responsibility distributions. We then discussed the theoretical basis and methodological framework to further our understanding. After reviewing a study which considered both reward and responsibility distributions in the same experiment, we also discussed the questions to be solved to understand children’s fairness judgments in both types of distributions. Individual developmental process of fairness judgments, (in)consistency of judgments in reward and responsibility distributions, and generous judgments in allocations were discussed by referring to theoretical discussions of culture and reciprocity.

Analyzing Chinese text with clause relevance structure

Discourse structure is generally represented as hierarchical structure, the two most well known representations are rhetorical structure theory (RST) and Penn discourse treebank (PDTB). The main problem of the hierarchical structure is that it can not describe the direct semantic relevance between the elementary discourse units (EDU), especially the non-adjacent and cross-level EDUs. Discourse dependency structure (DDS) has been put forward in recent years to describe the head-dependent relation between the EDUs. However, the judgment process of the head can not be answered theoretically. This problem is particularly serious in Chinese discourse analysis, because Chinese lacks the form differences between the main clauses and the subordinate clauses. In this paper, we propose clause relevance structure to represent the discourse structure. Compared with the hierarchical discourse structure and DDS, the clause relevance structure can effectively describe the direct semantic association between discontinuous and cross-level clauses in a text, and the construction of structure is not presupposed by the head recognition. We propose the judgment criteria and formal constraints of the clause relevance structure, and built a human-annotated corpus on Chinese text. Based on the Chinese corpus, we explore the automatic recognition of clause relevance structure. The clause relevance recognition task is formalized as a classification problem and performed by the BERT-based model. A bidirectional LSTM layer is added on the top of the BERT to improve the performance, and the recognition accuracy (90.77%) is achieved by the BERT-LSTM model. Experimental results show that the long distance clause pairs are the main difficulties in the clause relevance recognition, and these difficulties mainly focus on the positive examples, while the clause pairs with short distance are especially difficult to be correctly recognized as negative relevance.

Windmill Global Sourcing in an Initiative Using a Spherical Fuzzy Multiple-Criteria Decision Prototype

The government of Karnataka has resolved to promote and employ an increasing number of alternative fuels, particularly, wind energy. Selecting a windmill supplier is a key decision when developing a wind energy project, and investors must evaluate various qualitative and quantitative variables that interact symmetrically to discover the best source. As a result, a multi-criteria decision-making procedure is applied to choose a wind turbine provider for wind power projects. A variety of approaches have been used to address this judgment process, some of which were predicated on the use of multi-criteria judgment techniques alone or in conjunction with some different multiple-criteria decision approaches. In this study, the researchers advocated selecting windmill producers for geothermal power generation using a judgment method based on a spherical fuzzy system. After the analyses of the last stage of this research, turbine manufacturers for installations could be suggested. The purpose of this research was to develop a fuzzy multi-criteria foundation for choosing appropriate rotor makers for electricity production. Specialists can utilize the conclusions of this study to choose an appropriate windmill operator in other states, including for green initiatives of a similar nature.

Enhancing quality and equity? Performance assessment validation in examination physical education in Western Australia

ABSTRACT The positioning and format of performance assessment in examination physical education varies between courses across Australia and internationally. This paper centres on developments in performance assessment in the Physical Education Studies (PES) course in Western Australia (WA). In 2021 The School Curriculum and Standards Authority (SCSA) undertook an assessment validation trial of school-based assessment of students participating in modified format competitive game play in the 10 PES sports. This contrasted to existing centralised examination arrangements. The paper reports on findings from observation of the trial in nine of the 10 sport contexts, and semi-structured interviews with teachers, validators and SCSA staff. Analysis drew on conceptualisations of quality assessment to critically examine features of assessment information collection and judgement processes in the trial and the inter-relationships between these two elements of assessment. Discussion highlights issues of quality and equity in performance assessment for future policy and research to consider.

Integrated artificial intelligence effect on crisis management and lean production: structural equation modelling frame work

It is a goal that manufacturing companies strive towards on a regular basis, and it involves enhancing the efficiency and productivity of maintenance operations. It is especially vital to avoid unforeseen breakdowns, which may result in costly charges and production losses if they do not occur in advance. While the execution of an acceptable management plan affects maintenance productivity, it also affects the adoption of proper procedures and tools to help in the assessment processes in this field. This difficulty, among other things, affects a company's capacity to achieve high performance with the equipment it employs, as well as the judgement process and the design of the firm's maintenance plan. In order to achieve this goal, the aim of this paper is to exemplify how intelligent systems can be used to enhance judgement techniques in the implementation of the lean maintenance perspective, allowing for an advancement in the functional capabilities of the industry's technological infrastructure. The reseachers employed artificial intelligence technologies to look for connections between specific operations carried out as part of the deployment of lean maintenance and the findings achieved. The raw set notion, which was used in this situation, was used to determine whether or not the lean maintenance method was being used in this study. The crisis management process carries with it some of the most complex data technology concerns ever encountered. It necessitates, among other items, active information gathering and information transfer efforts, that are used for a range of functions, such as decreasing uncertainty, attempting to measure and manage consequences, and attempting to manage resources in a way that goes beyond what is generally possible to deal with daily problems. It also needs the employment of artificial intelligence technology, among other things, to increase crisis awareness.

Advancing judgment and decision-making research in sport psychology by using the body as an informant in embodied choices

Successful sports performance often requires choosing what to do and how to do it in dynamic, complex, and uncertain environments. Thus, an understanding of the processes underpinning judgment and decision making in sports (JDMS) is crucial for both researchers and applied practitioners. Despite the research developments, examining JDMS from several perspectives, there are still significant gaps in the knowledge of the processes involved. In this article we explore how the theoretical understanding of JDMS can be extended by acknowledging that cognition and action dynamics are intertwined, deploy in parallel, and influence each other bidirectionally. We present a holistic approach that integrates simple heuristics and embodied cognition to explain JDMS. Importantly, our aim is not to devalue previous JDMS theories but rather to exemplify how embodied choices can redirect the current interpretation of judgment and decision-making processes in sports. Taking this embodied choice perspective, we reinterpret the findings of four prototypical research papers on JDMS, each representing one of the most influential perspectives in JDMS (i.e., the economic, social cognition, cognitive, and ecological dynamics approaches). Last, we discuss future directions for JDMS research from an embodied choice perspective.

How privacy practices affect customer commitment in the sharing economy: A study of Airbnb through an institutional perspective

Privacy is an emerging issue for home-sharing platforms such as Airbnb. Home-sharing providers (business customers) are subject to both digital privacy risks (e.g., data breaches and unauthorized data access) and physical privacy risks (e.g., property damage and invasion of their personal space). Therefore, platforms need to strengthen their institutions of privacy management to protect the interests of providers and maintain their commitment. By applying the micro-level psychological aspect of institutional theory, our research investigates how providers decide their level of commitment to a platform by evaluating the institutions of the platform's privacy management. Our survey recruited 380 Airbnb providers from the Prolific panel. Structural equation modelling analysis shows that both physical and digital privacy practices strengthen providers' legitimacy judgement of the platform's privacy management and subsequently increase their commitment to the platform. Our theoretical contribution lies in revealing the effects of physical and digital privacy practices on B2B relationships from an institutional perspective. Our research is among the first to provide an integrative framework illustrating providers' psychological process of legitimacy judgement. It also has practical implications for sharing economy platforms to manage privacy.

The Process of Ethical Judgment on Multi-Role Conflicts of High School Counselors in Chinese Cultural Context

高中職輔導教師被賦予多種角色任務，多重角色不僅易涉及多重關係的輔導倫理議題，亦影響輔導教師的專業角色定位與輔導效能。本研究旨在探討華人文化脈絡下台灣高中職輔導教師因承擔多重角色導致倫理衝突之倫理判斷歷程。針對五位高中職輔導教師進行個別深度訪談，採樣版式質性分析進行資料分析。結果顯示：倫理判斷歷程可歸納為四階段：一、倫理衝突階段：衝突情境包括：（1）多重角色間不同角色職責之衝突；（2）專業理念與行政要求之衝突；（3）專業期許與人際需求之衝突；二、倫理判斷階段：主要考量包括：（1）以個案福祉最佳利益為判斷依據；（2）以校園組織行政倫理為判斷考量；（3）以華人人際互動模式為判斷參考；三、倫理行動階段：（1）釐清輔導教師專業角色之職責；（2）尋求專家督導諮詢或參考同業作法；（3）運用外部資源以緩解倫理困境；（4）調整自我期待以符合情境需求；四、倫理影響階段：（1）重新思考輔導教師之角色定位；（2）調整自我不適與接納自我限制；（3）省思衝突事件結果，重新建構倫理態度。藉由倫理判斷歷程之釐清，能了解輔導教師的倫理困境整體經驗脈絡，有助輔導教師洞察困境來源，歷經沉澱與省思後昇華為未來面對倫理挑戰的養分，避免陷於倫理困頓的負向循環導致專業耗竭而影響輔導效能。School counseling plays an important role as the problems that high school students face become more complex. However, there are many challenging ethical situations on school grounds nowadays. Particularly, school counselors frequently confront complex ethical dilemmas that often involve relationships with principals, parents, and other stakeholders. In interacting with different people, school counselors must play various roles involving ethical issues. In Taiwanese high schools currently, school counselors must play multiple roles at the same time, including as educators, counselors, administrators, and so on. The potential for conflict in these situations can be exacerbated by differences in the roles and responsibilities of personnel within the school. Furthermore, unlike Western cultures that value individualism, Chinese culture is strongly influenced by the relationship network society. Therefore, playing multiple roles towards students is more likely to face ethical issues in Chinese culture. Based on the nature and characteristics of Chinese society, the ethical issue of multiple relationships is more complicated in Chinese culture. Hence, this study aims to explore the process of ethical judgment on multi-role conflicts encountered by high school counselors. Ethical judgment involves personal experiences, such as mental health struggles, ethical values, action decisions, adjustment strategies, reflection, etc. Therefore, the current study employed an exploratory, qualitative research design to assess the experiences and perceptions of participants. The study data was collected from the interviews of five participants working in senior high schools for at least three years. This study employed purposive sampling methods to find school counselors for the interviews. All participants indicated their interest in the study by providing their names and signing research consent. The data analysis was conducted with Template Analysis Style, which is a method of thematic analysis that has been applied in a broad range of research areas in the social sciences. Regarding the results, participants' experiences of the ethical judgment process were divided into four stages, including the conflict stage, decision stage, action stage, and influence stage. Initially, the first stage was identified as the conflict stage. High school counselors encountered: (1) the conflict of different responsibilities among multiple roles, (2) the conflict between clients' well-being and administrative requirements, and (3) the conflict between professional expectations and interpersonal needs. In the decision stage, the main considerations included: (1) the best welfare of clients, (2) considering the administrative ethics in a school organization, and (3) the influence of Chinese interpersonal interaction. In the action stage, the current study indicated that high school counselors would take four strategies in the ethical dilemma: (1) clarifying professional responsibilities of school counselors, (2) seeking professional supervisors' assistance or consulting senior colleagues, (3) applying for external resources to reduce the ethical dilemma, and (4) adjusting self-expectations to meet the needs of the situation. The influence stage refers to the impact of ethical dilemmas for high school counselors. According to the result of the study, this stage showed that (1) participants would rethink the professional role of high school counselors, (2) they would adjust inadaptation and accept role restrictions, and (3) they would reflect on the results of the conflict and reconstruct ethical attitudes. Based on the results of the current study, relevant recommendations were proposed: (1) encouraging high school counselors to examine their criteria for making ethical judgments, (2) enhancing the awareness of indigenous psychology in ethical education, and (3) establishing a system of professional supervisors for high school counselors.

De-stereotyping public performance evaluation

Experimental evidence suggests that citizens’ judgments of service quality often rely on prior beliefs about providers’ characteristics, such as racial stereotypes. Such a biased judgment process prevents the public from understanding performance information accurately and choosing high-quality service providers. To address this, we studied the relation between performance information and the evaluation mode and proposed that presenting information jointly (joint evaluation) rather than separately (separate evaluation) may help people avoid stereotyping and consider actual performance. We compared people’s perceived performance and preferences through the separate and joint evaluation modes (SE and JE) in three online experiments (N > 2,000), and obtained similar results in all studies: Subjects used racial stereotype to evaluate school performance in the SE condition, but such stereotyping decreased in the JE condition. Our findings provide an effective tool to de-stereotype performance evaluations, which also has implications for other public management research areas in reducing stereotyping behaviors.

Beyond an abstract and technical conception of psychotherapy: The indispensable role of practical wisdom

The work of psychotherapy is complex and seems to resist algorithmic formulation. Psychotherapy theory, technique, and research help to manage this complexity to some degree, but clinical excellence also seems to require clinical judgment, and this judgment cuts across therapeutic theories. However, the content and process of clinical judgment remain relatively untheorized, often relegated to the “art of psychotherapy.” This article focuses on elucidating clinical judgment in terms of the neo-Aristotelian concept of practical wisdom, which includes recognizing what is salient, integrating multiple considerations, infusing emotional experience with reason, and pursuing an intervention plan with discernment and flexibility. The argument is that practical wisdom provides a rich description of the work of clinically adept therapists by more clearly portraying therapists’ decisions and activities than the general, unsystematic concept of clinical judgment or in terms of the many theories of psychotherapy.

Predicting the Performance Deterioration of a Three-Shaft Industrial Gas Turbine.

The gas turbine was one of the most important technological developments of the early 20th century, and it has had a significant impact on our lives. Although some researchers have worked on predicting the performance of three-shaft gas turbines, the effects of the deteriorated components on other primary components and of the physical faults on the component measurement parameters when considering the variable inlet guide valve scheduling and secondary air system for three-shaft gas turbine engines have remained unexplored. In this paper, design point and off-design performance models for a three-shaft gas turbine were developed and validated using the GasTurb 13 commercial software. Since the input data were limited, some engineering judgment and optimization processes were applied. Later, the developed models were validated using the engine manufacturer’s data. Right after the validation, using the component health parameters, the physical faults were implanted into the non-linear steady-state model to investigate the performance of the gas turbine during deterioration conditions. The effects of common faults, namely fouling and erosion in primary components of the case study engine, were simulated during full-load operation. The fault simulation results demonstrated that as the severity of the fault increases, the component performance parameters and measurement parameters deviated linearly from the clean state. Furthermore, the sensitivity of the measurement parameters to the fault location and type were discussed, and as a result they can be used to determine the location and kind of fault during the development of a diagnosis model.

Effect of Moods on Perception of Organizational Justice

Objectives This study aimed to identify the effect of mood on perceptions of organizational justice (distributional, procedural, interpersonal, and informational), expecting that those with pleasant moods tend to perceive a work situation as more fair, and those with unpleasant moods are more likely to see work events as less fair. Methods The sample consisted of 180 Kuwaiti employees divided evenly among the three experimental groups (pleasant, unpleasant, and neutral groups). Each group watched either positive, negative, or neutral film. The study used the Organizational Justice Measure and the Brief Mood Introspection Survey. Results The repeated measures ANCOVA for the effects of mood on the justice measure, after controlling for pre-mood and the pre-justice scores, showed a significant difference among the three mood groups. The pleasant group had a higher justice mean than the unpleasant and neutral groups. However, no significant difference was found between the unpleasant and neutral groups. Also, there was no significant interaction between the justice type (distributional, procedural, interpersonal, and informational) and mood group (pleasant, unpleasant, and neutral). Conclusions A pleasant mood may have a stronger effect on justice perception than an unpleasant mood. Suggesting that mood affects justice in a consistent way regardless of justice type. Justice perceptions are inherently subjective and are receptive to the effects of internal states. And that mood states that have no logical relationship with the justice of the situation may serve as inputs in the justice judgment process, highlighting the subjective quality of justice perception.